Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Breast Cancer Research 3/2010

01-06-2010 | Review

The contribution of dynamic stromal remodeling during mammary development to breast carcinogenesis

Authors: Jessica McCready, Lisa M Arendt, Jenny A Rudnick, Charlotte Kuperwasser

Published in: Breast Cancer Research | Issue 3/2010

Login to get access

Abstract

Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease whose prognosis varies depending upon the developmental stage of the breast tissue at diagnosis. Notably, breast cancers associated with pregnancy exhibit increased rates of metastasis and poorer long-term survival compared to those diagnosed after menopause. However, postmenopausal breast cancers associated with obesity exhibit a more aggressive behavior and confer decreased overall patient survival compared to those diagnosed in non-obese individuals. Since the mammary gland is a dynamic tissue that undergoes significant changes throughout a woman's lifetime, especially during pregnancy and following menopause, we present evidence to support the notion that changes occurring throughout development within the mammary stromal compartment may account for some of the biological differences in breast cancer subtypes and behaviors.
Literature
1.
go back to reference American Cancer S: Breast Cancer Facts and Figures 2007-2008. 2008, Atlanta: American Cancer Society, Inc American Cancer S: Breast Cancer Facts and Figures 2007-2008. 2008, Atlanta: American Cancer Society, Inc
2.
go back to reference Shannon C, Smith IE: Breast cancer in adolescents and young women. Eur J Cancer. 2003, 39: 2632-2642. 10.1016/S0959-8049(03)00669-5.PubMedCrossRef Shannon C, Smith IE: Breast cancer in adolescents and young women. Eur J Cancer. 2003, 39: 2632-2642. 10.1016/S0959-8049(03)00669-5.PubMedCrossRef
3.
4.
go back to reference Colditz GA: Epidemiology of breast cancer. Findings from the nurses' health study. Cancer. 1993, 71 (4 Suppl): 1480-1489.PubMedCrossRef Colditz GA: Epidemiology of breast cancer. Findings from the nurses' health study. Cancer. 1993, 71 (4 Suppl): 1480-1489.PubMedCrossRef
5.
go back to reference Colditz GA, Rosner BA, Chen WY, Holmes MD, Hankinson SE: Risk factors for breast cancer according to estrogen and progesterone receptor status. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2004, 96: 218-228. 10.1093/jnci/djh025.PubMedCrossRef Colditz GA, Rosner BA, Chen WY, Holmes MD, Hankinson SE: Risk factors for breast cancer according to estrogen and progesterone receptor status. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2004, 96: 218-228. 10.1093/jnci/djh025.PubMedCrossRef
6.
go back to reference Albrektsen G, Heuch I, Kvale G: The short-term and long-term effect of a pregnancy on breast cancer risk: a prospective study of 802,457 parous Norwegian women. Br J Cancer. 1995, 72: 480-484.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Albrektsen G, Heuch I, Kvale G: The short-term and long-term effect of a pregnancy on breast cancer risk: a prospective study of 802,457 parous Norwegian women. Br J Cancer. 1995, 72: 480-484.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
7.
go back to reference Lyons TR, Schedin PJ, Borges VF: Pregnancy and breast cancer: when they collide. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia. 2009, 14: 87-98. 10.1007/s10911-009-9119-7.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Lyons TR, Schedin PJ, Borges VF: Pregnancy and breast cancer: when they collide. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia. 2009, 14: 87-98. 10.1007/s10911-009-9119-7.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
8.
go back to reference Keinan-Boker L, Lerner-Geva L, Kaufman B, Meirow D: Pregnancy-associated breast cancer. Isr Med Assoc J. 2008, 10: 722-727.PubMed Keinan-Boker L, Lerner-Geva L, Kaufman B, Meirow D: Pregnancy-associated breast cancer. Isr Med Assoc J. 2008, 10: 722-727.PubMed
9.
go back to reference Schedin P: Pregnancy-associated breast cancer and metastasis. Nat Rev Cancer. 2006, 6: 281-291. 10.1038/nrc1839.PubMedCrossRef Schedin P: Pregnancy-associated breast cancer and metastasis. Nat Rev Cancer. 2006, 6: 281-291. 10.1038/nrc1839.PubMedCrossRef
10.
go back to reference Litwiniuk M, Breborowicz E, Breborowicz D, Filas V, Breborowicz J: Steroid hormone status and HER2/neu expression in pregnancy-associate breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2007, 25: 21115- Litwiniuk M, Breborowicz E, Breborowicz D, Filas V, Breborowicz J: Steroid hormone status and HER2/neu expression in pregnancy-associate breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2007, 25: 21115-
11.
go back to reference Rodriguez AO, Chew H, Cress R, Xing G, McElvy S, Danielsen B, Smith L: Evidence of poorer survival in pregnancy-associated breast cancer. Obstet Gynecol. 2008, 112: 71-78.PubMedCrossRef Rodriguez AO, Chew H, Cress R, Xing G, McElvy S, Danielsen B, Smith L: Evidence of poorer survival in pregnancy-associated breast cancer. Obstet Gynecol. 2008, 112: 71-78.PubMedCrossRef
12.
go back to reference Ishida T, Yokoe T, Kasumi F, Sakamoto G, Makita M, Tominaga T, Simozuma K, Enomoto K, Fujiwara K, Nanasawa T, et al: Clinicopathologic characteristics and prognosis of breast cancer patients associated with pregnancy and lactation: analysis of case-control study in Japan. Jpn J Cancer Res. 1992, 83: 1143-1149.PubMedCrossRef Ishida T, Yokoe T, Kasumi F, Sakamoto G, Makita M, Tominaga T, Simozuma K, Enomoto K, Fujiwara K, Nanasawa T, et al: Clinicopathologic characteristics and prognosis of breast cancer patients associated with pregnancy and lactation: analysis of case-control study in Japan. Jpn J Cancer Res. 1992, 83: 1143-1149.PubMedCrossRef
13.
go back to reference Bladstrom A, Anderson H, Olsson H: Worse survival in breast cancer among women with recent childbirth: results from a Swedish population-based register study. Clin Breast Cancer. 2003, 4: 280-285. 10.3816/CBC.2003.n.033.PubMedCrossRef Bladstrom A, Anderson H, Olsson H: Worse survival in breast cancer among women with recent childbirth: results from a Swedish population-based register study. Clin Breast Cancer. 2003, 4: 280-285. 10.3816/CBC.2003.n.033.PubMedCrossRef
14.
go back to reference Berclaz G, Li S, Price KN, Coates AS, Castiglione-Gertsch M, Rudenstam CM, Holmberg SB, Lindtner J, Erien D, Collins J, Snyder R, Thürlimann B, Fey MF, Mendiola C, Werner ID, Simoncini E, Crivellari D, Gelber RD, Goldhirsch A, International Breast Cancer Study Group: Body mass index as a prognostic feature in operable breast cancer: the International Breast Cancer Study Group experience. Ann Oncol. 2004, 15: 875-884. 10.1093/annonc/mdh222.PubMedCrossRef Berclaz G, Li S, Price KN, Coates AS, Castiglione-Gertsch M, Rudenstam CM, Holmberg SB, Lindtner J, Erien D, Collins J, Snyder R, Thürlimann B, Fey MF, Mendiola C, Werner ID, Simoncini E, Crivellari D, Gelber RD, Goldhirsch A, International Breast Cancer Study Group: Body mass index as a prognostic feature in operable breast cancer: the International Breast Cancer Study Group experience. Ann Oncol. 2004, 15: 875-884. 10.1093/annonc/mdh222.PubMedCrossRef
15.
go back to reference Calle EE, Rodriguez C, Walker-Thurmond K, Thun MJ: Overweight, obesity, and mortality from cancer in a prospectively studied cohort of U.S. adults. N Engl J Med. 2003, 348: 1625-1638. 10.1056/NEJMoa021423.PubMedCrossRef Calle EE, Rodriguez C, Walker-Thurmond K, Thun MJ: Overweight, obesity, and mortality from cancer in a prospectively studied cohort of U.S. adults. N Engl J Med. 2003, 348: 1625-1638. 10.1056/NEJMoa021423.PubMedCrossRef
16.
go back to reference Lahmann PH, Hoffmann K, Allen N, van Gils CH, Khaw KT, Tehard B, Berrino F, Tjønneland A, Bigaard J, Olsen A, Overvad K, Clavel-Chapelon F, Nagel G, Boeing H, Trichopoulos D, Economou G, Bellos G, Palli D, Tumino R, Panico S, Sacerdote C, Krogh V, Peeters PH, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, Lund E, Ardanaz E, Amiano P, Pera G, Quirós JR, Martínez C, et al: Body size and breast cancer risk: findings from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer And Nutrition (EPIC). Int J Cancer. 2004, 111: 762-771. 10.1002/ijc.20315.PubMedCrossRef Lahmann PH, Hoffmann K, Allen N, van Gils CH, Khaw KT, Tehard B, Berrino F, Tjønneland A, Bigaard J, Olsen A, Overvad K, Clavel-Chapelon F, Nagel G, Boeing H, Trichopoulos D, Economou G, Bellos G, Palli D, Tumino R, Panico S, Sacerdote C, Krogh V, Peeters PH, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, Lund E, Ardanaz E, Amiano P, Pera G, Quirós JR, Martínez C, et al: Body size and breast cancer risk: findings from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer And Nutrition (EPIC). Int J Cancer. 2004, 111: 762-771. 10.1002/ijc.20315.PubMedCrossRef
17.
go back to reference van den Brandt PA, Spiegelman D, Yaun SS, Adami HO, Beeson L, Folsom AR, Fraser G, Goldbohm RA, Graham S, Kushi L, Marshall JR, Miller AB, Rohan T, Smith-Warner SA, Speizer FE, Willett WC, Wolk A, Hunter DJ: Pooled analysis of prospective cohort studies on height, weight, and breast cancer risk. Am J Epidemiol. 2000, 152: 514-527. 10.1093/aje/152.6.514.PubMedCrossRef van den Brandt PA, Spiegelman D, Yaun SS, Adami HO, Beeson L, Folsom AR, Fraser G, Goldbohm RA, Graham S, Kushi L, Marshall JR, Miller AB, Rohan T, Smith-Warner SA, Speizer FE, Willett WC, Wolk A, Hunter DJ: Pooled analysis of prospective cohort studies on height, weight, and breast cancer risk. Am J Epidemiol. 2000, 152: 514-527. 10.1093/aje/152.6.514.PubMedCrossRef
18.
go back to reference Hsieh C, Pavia M, Lambe M, Lan SJ, Colditz GA, Ekbom A, Adami HO, Trichopoulos D, Willett WC: Dual effect of parity on breast cancer risk. Eur J Cancer. 1994, 30A: 969-973. 10.1016/0959-8049(94)90125-2.PubMedCrossRef Hsieh C, Pavia M, Lambe M, Lan SJ, Colditz GA, Ekbom A, Adami HO, Trichopoulos D, Willett WC: Dual effect of parity on breast cancer risk. Eur J Cancer. 1994, 30A: 969-973. 10.1016/0959-8049(94)90125-2.PubMedCrossRef
19.
go back to reference Janerich DT, Hoff MB: Evidence for a crossover in breast cancer risk factors. Am J Epidemiol. 1982, 116: 737-742.PubMed Janerich DT, Hoff MB: Evidence for a crossover in breast cancer risk factors. Am J Epidemiol. 1982, 116: 737-742.PubMed
20.
go back to reference Moore HC, Foster RS: Breast cancer and pregnancy. Semin Oncol. 2000, 27: 646-653.PubMed Moore HC, Foster RS: Breast cancer and pregnancy. Semin Oncol. 2000, 27: 646-653.PubMed
21.
go back to reference Olson SH, Zauber AG, Tang J, Harlap S: Relation of time since last birth and parity to survival of young women with breast cancer. Epidemiology. 1998, 9: 669-671. 10.1097/00001648-199811000-00019.PubMedCrossRef Olson SH, Zauber AG, Tang J, Harlap S: Relation of time since last birth and parity to survival of young women with breast cancer. Epidemiology. 1998, 9: 669-671. 10.1097/00001648-199811000-00019.PubMedCrossRef
22.
go back to reference Trichopoulos D, Hsieh CC, MacMahon B, Lin TM, Lowe CR, Mirra AP, Ravnihar B, Salber EJ, Valaoras VG, Yuasa S: Age at any birth and breast cancer risk. Int J Cancer. 1983, 31: 701-704. 10.1002/ijc.2910310604.PubMedCrossRef Trichopoulos D, Hsieh CC, MacMahon B, Lin TM, Lowe CR, Mirra AP, Ravnihar B, Salber EJ, Valaoras VG, Yuasa S: Age at any birth and breast cancer risk. Int J Cancer. 1983, 31: 701-704. 10.1002/ijc.2910310604.PubMedCrossRef
23.
go back to reference Lambe M, Hsieh C, Trichopoulos D, Ekbom A, Pavia M, Adami HO: Transient increase in the risk of breast cancer after giving birth. N Engl J Med. 1994, 331: 5-9. 10.1056/NEJM199407073310102.PubMedCrossRef Lambe M, Hsieh C, Trichopoulos D, Ekbom A, Pavia M, Adami HO: Transient increase in the risk of breast cancer after giving birth. N Engl J Med. 1994, 331: 5-9. 10.1056/NEJM199407073310102.PubMedCrossRef
24.
go back to reference Wohlfahrt J, Melbye M: Age at any birth is associated with breast cancer risk. Epidemiology. 2001, 12: 68-73. 10.1097/00001648-200101000-00012.PubMedCrossRef Wohlfahrt J, Melbye M: Age at any birth is associated with breast cancer risk. Epidemiology. 2001, 12: 68-73. 10.1097/00001648-200101000-00012.PubMedCrossRef
25.
26.
go back to reference Djonov V, Andres AC, Ziemiecki A: Vascular remodelling during the normal and malignant life cycle of the mammary gland. Microsc Res Tech. 2001, 52: 182-189. 10.1002/1097-0029(20010115)52:2<182::AID-JEMT1004>3.0.CO;2-M.PubMedCrossRef Djonov V, Andres AC, Ziemiecki A: Vascular remodelling during the normal and malignant life cycle of the mammary gland. Microsc Res Tech. 2001, 52: 182-189. 10.1002/1097-0029(20010115)52:2<182::AID-JEMT1004>3.0.CO;2-M.PubMedCrossRef
27.
go back to reference D'Cruz CM, Moody SE, Master SR, Hartman JL, Keiper EA, Imielinski MB, Cox JD, Wang JY, Ha SI, Keister BA, Chodosh LA: Persistent parity-induced changes in growth factors, TGF-beta3, and differentiation in the rodent mammary gland. Mol Endocrinol. 2002, 16: 2034-2051. 10.1210/me.2002-0073.PubMedCrossRef D'Cruz CM, Moody SE, Master SR, Hartman JL, Keiper EA, Imielinski MB, Cox JD, Wang JY, Ha SI, Keister BA, Chodosh LA: Persistent parity-induced changes in growth factors, TGF-beta3, and differentiation in the rodent mammary gland. Mol Endocrinol. 2002, 16: 2034-2051. 10.1210/me.2002-0073.PubMedCrossRef
28.
go back to reference Ronnov-Jessen L, Petersen OW, Bissell MJ: Cellular changes involved in conversion of normal to malignant breast: importance of the stromal reaction. Physiol Rev. 1996, 76: 69-125.PubMed Ronnov-Jessen L, Petersen OW, Bissell MJ: Cellular changes involved in conversion of normal to malignant breast: importance of the stromal reaction. Physiol Rev. 1996, 76: 69-125.PubMed
29.
go back to reference Thomasset N, Lochter A, Sympson CJ, Lund LR, Williams DR, Behrendtsen O, Werb Z, Bissell MJ: Expression of autoactivated stromelysin-1 in mammary glands of transgenic mice leads to a reactive stroma during early development. Am J Pathol. 1998, 153: 457-467.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Thomasset N, Lochter A, Sympson CJ, Lund LR, Williams DR, Behrendtsen O, Werb Z, Bissell MJ: Expression of autoactivated stromelysin-1 in mammary glands of transgenic mice leads to a reactive stroma during early development. Am J Pathol. 1998, 153: 457-467.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
30.
go back to reference Ruder AM, Lubin F, Wax Y, Geier A, Alfundary E, Chetrit A: Estrogen and progesterone receptors in breast cancer patients. Epidemiologic characteristics and survival differences. Cancer. 1989, 64: 196-202. 10.1002/1097-0142(19890701)64:1<196::AID-CNCR2820640134>3.0.CO;2-3.PubMedCrossRef Ruder AM, Lubin F, Wax Y, Geier A, Alfundary E, Chetrit A: Estrogen and progesterone receptors in breast cancer patients. Epidemiologic characteristics and survival differences. Cancer. 1989, 64: 196-202. 10.1002/1097-0142(19890701)64:1<196::AID-CNCR2820640134>3.0.CO;2-3.PubMedCrossRef
31.
go back to reference Hildreth NG, Kelsey JL, Eisenfeld AJ, LiVolsi VA, Holford TR, Fischer DB: Differences in breast cancer risk factors according to the estrogen receptor level of the tumor. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1983, 70: 1027-1031.PubMed Hildreth NG, Kelsey JL, Eisenfeld AJ, LiVolsi VA, Holford TR, Fischer DB: Differences in breast cancer risk factors according to the estrogen receptor level of the tumor. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1983, 70: 1027-1031.PubMed
32.
go back to reference Gupta PB, Proia D, Cingoz O, Weremowicz J, Naber SP, Weinberg RA, Kuperwasser C: Systemic stromal effects of estrogen promote the growth of estrogen receptor-negative cancers. Cancer Res. 2007, 67: 2062-2071. 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-06-3895.PubMedCrossRef Gupta PB, Proia D, Cingoz O, Weremowicz J, Naber SP, Weinberg RA, Kuperwasser C: Systemic stromal effects of estrogen promote the growth of estrogen receptor-negative cancers. Cancer Res. 2007, 67: 2062-2071. 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-06-3895.PubMedCrossRef
33.
go back to reference Lund E, Adami HO, Bergstrom R, Meirik O: Anthropometric measures and breast cancer in young women. Cancer Causes Control. 1990, 1: 169-172. 10.1007/BF00053169.PubMedCrossRef Lund E, Adami HO, Bergstrom R, Meirik O: Anthropometric measures and breast cancer in young women. Cancer Causes Control. 1990, 1: 169-172. 10.1007/BF00053169.PubMedCrossRef
34.
go back to reference Vona-Davis L, Rose DP: Adipokines as endocrine, paracrine, and autocrine factors in breast cancer risk and progression. Endocr Relat Cancer. 2007, 14: 189-206. 10.1677/ERC-06-0068.PubMedCrossRef Vona-Davis L, Rose DP: Adipokines as endocrine, paracrine, and autocrine factors in breast cancer risk and progression. Endocr Relat Cancer. 2007, 14: 189-206. 10.1677/ERC-06-0068.PubMedCrossRef
35.
go back to reference Gouon-Evans V, Rothenberg ME, Pollard JW: Postnatal mammary gland development requires macrophages and eosinophils. Development. 2000, 127: 2269-2282.PubMed Gouon-Evans V, Rothenberg ME, Pollard JW: Postnatal mammary gland development requires macrophages and eosinophils. Development. 2000, 127: 2269-2282.PubMed
36.
go back to reference Ryan GR, Dai XM, Dominguez MG, Tong W, Chuan F, Chisholm O, Russell RG, Pollard JW, Stanley ER: Rescue of the colony-stimulating factor 1 (CSF-1)-nullizygous mouse (Csf1(op)/Csf1(op)) phenotype with a CSF-1 transgene and identification of sites of local CSF-1 synthesis. Blood. 2001, 98: 74-84. 10.1182/blood.V98.1.74.PubMedCrossRef Ryan GR, Dai XM, Dominguez MG, Tong W, Chuan F, Chisholm O, Russell RG, Pollard JW, Stanley ER: Rescue of the colony-stimulating factor 1 (CSF-1)-nullizygous mouse (Csf1(op)/Csf1(op)) phenotype with a CSF-1 transgene and identification of sites of local CSF-1 synthesis. Blood. 2001, 98: 74-84. 10.1182/blood.V98.1.74.PubMedCrossRef
37.
go back to reference Patsialou A, Wyckoff J, Wang Y, Goswami S, Stanley ER, Condeelis JS: Invasion of human breast cancer cells in vivo requires both paracrine and autocrine loops involving the colony-stimulating factor-1 receptor. Cancer Res. 2009, 69: 9498-9506. 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-09-1868.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Patsialou A, Wyckoff J, Wang Y, Goswami S, Stanley ER, Condeelis JS: Invasion of human breast cancer cells in vivo requires both paracrine and autocrine loops involving the colony-stimulating factor-1 receptor. Cancer Res. 2009, 69: 9498-9506. 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-09-1868.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
38.
go back to reference Watson CJ: Involution: apoptosis and tissue remodelling that convert the mammary gland from milk factory to a quiescent organ. Breast Cancer Res. 2006, 8: 203-10.1186/bcr1401.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Watson CJ: Involution: apoptosis and tissue remodelling that convert the mammary gland from milk factory to a quiescent organ. Breast Cancer Res. 2006, 8: 203-10.1186/bcr1401.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
39.
go back to reference Radisky DC, Hartmann LC: Mammary involution and breast cancer risk: transgenic models and clinical studies. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia. 2009, 14: 181-191. 10.1007/s10911-009-9123-y.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Radisky DC, Hartmann LC: Mammary involution and breast cancer risk: transgenic models and clinical studies. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia. 2009, 14: 181-191. 10.1007/s10911-009-9123-y.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
40.
go back to reference Kritikou EA, Sharkey A, Abell K, Came PJ, Anderson E, Clarkson RW, Watson CJ: A dual, non-redundant, role for LIF as a regulator of development and STAT3-mediated cell death in mammary gland. Development. 2003, 130: 3459-3468. 10.1242/dev.00578.PubMedCrossRef Kritikou EA, Sharkey A, Abell K, Came PJ, Anderson E, Clarkson RW, Watson CJ: A dual, non-redundant, role for LIF as a regulator of development and STAT3-mediated cell death in mammary gland. Development. 2003, 130: 3459-3468. 10.1242/dev.00578.PubMedCrossRef
41.
go back to reference Song J, Sapi E, Brown W, Nilsen J, Tartaro K, Kacinski BM, Craft J, Naftolin F, Mor G: Roles of Fas and Fas ligand during mammary gland remodeling. J Clin Invest. 2000, 106: 1209-1220. 10.1172/JCI10411.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Song J, Sapi E, Brown W, Nilsen J, Tartaro K, Kacinski BM, Craft J, Naftolin F, Mor G: Roles of Fas and Fas ligand during mammary gland remodeling. J Clin Invest. 2000, 106: 1209-1220. 10.1172/JCI10411.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
42.
go back to reference Zhao L, Melenhorst JJ, Hennighausen L: Loss of interleukin 6 results in delayed mammary gland involution: a possible role for mitogen-activated protein kinase and not signal transducer and activator of transcription 3. Mol Endocrinol. 2002, 16: 2902-2912. 10.1210/me.2001-0330.PubMedCrossRef Zhao L, Melenhorst JJ, Hennighausen L: Loss of interleukin 6 results in delayed mammary gland involution: a possible role for mitogen-activated protein kinase and not signal transducer and activator of transcription 3. Mol Endocrinol. 2002, 16: 2902-2912. 10.1210/me.2001-0330.PubMedCrossRef
43.
go back to reference Sohn BH, Moon HB, Kim TY, Kang HS, Bae YS, Lee KK, Kim SJ: Interleukin-10 up-regulates tumour-necrosis-factor-alpha-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) gene expression in mammary epithelial cells at the involution stage. Biochem J. 2001, 360: 31-38. 10.1042/0264-6021:3600031.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Sohn BH, Moon HB, Kim TY, Kang HS, Bae YS, Lee KK, Kim SJ: Interleukin-10 up-regulates tumour-necrosis-factor-alpha-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) gene expression in mammary epithelial cells at the involution stage. Biochem J. 2001, 360: 31-38. 10.1042/0264-6021:3600031.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
44.
go back to reference Nguyen AV, Pollard JW: Transforming growth factor beta3 induces cell death during the first stage of mammary gland involution. Development. 2000, 127: 3107-3118.PubMed Nguyen AV, Pollard JW: Transforming growth factor beta3 induces cell death during the first stage of mammary gland involution. Development. 2000, 127: 3107-3118.PubMed
45.
go back to reference Jager R, Herzer U, Schenkel J, Weiher H: Overexpression of Bcl-2 inhibits alveolar cell apoptosis during involution and accelerates c-myc-induced tumorigenesis of the mammary gland in transgenic mice. Oncogene. 1997, 15: 1787-1795. 10.1038/sj.onc.1201353.PubMedCrossRef Jager R, Herzer U, Schenkel J, Weiher H: Overexpression of Bcl-2 inhibits alveolar cell apoptosis during involution and accelerates c-myc-induced tumorigenesis of the mammary gland in transgenic mice. Oncogene. 1997, 15: 1787-1795. 10.1038/sj.onc.1201353.PubMedCrossRef
46.
go back to reference Schorr K, Li M, Bar-Peled U, Lewis A, Heredia A, Lewis B, Knudson CM, Korsmeyer SJ, Jäger R, Weiher H, Furth PA: Gain of Bcl-2 is more potent than bax loss in regulating mammary epithelial cell survival in vivo. Cancer Res. 1999, 59: 2541-2545.PubMed Schorr K, Li M, Bar-Peled U, Lewis A, Heredia A, Lewis B, Knudson CM, Korsmeyer SJ, Jäger R, Weiher H, Furth PA: Gain of Bcl-2 is more potent than bax loss in regulating mammary epithelial cell survival in vivo. Cancer Res. 1999, 59: 2541-2545.PubMed
47.
go back to reference Jerry DJ, Kuperwasser C, Downing SR, Pinkas J, He C, Dickinson E, Marconi S, Naber SP: Delayed involution of the mammary epithelium in BALB/c-p53null mice. Oncogene. 1998, 17: 2305-2312. 10.1038/sj.onc.1202157.PubMedCrossRef Jerry DJ, Kuperwasser C, Downing SR, Pinkas J, He C, Dickinson E, Marconi S, Naber SP: Delayed involution of the mammary epithelium in BALB/c-p53null mice. Oncogene. 1998, 17: 2305-2312. 10.1038/sj.onc.1202157.PubMedCrossRef
48.
go back to reference McCawley LJ, Matrisian LM: Matrix metalloproteinases: they're not just for matrix anymore!. Curr Opin Cell Biol. 2001, 13: 534-540. 10.1016/S0955-0674(00)00248-9.PubMedCrossRef McCawley LJ, Matrisian LM: Matrix metalloproteinases: they're not just for matrix anymore!. Curr Opin Cell Biol. 2001, 13: 534-540. 10.1016/S0955-0674(00)00248-9.PubMedCrossRef
49.
go back to reference Powell WC, Fingleton B, Wilson CL, Boothby M, Matrisian LM: The metalloproteinase matrilysin proteolytically generates active soluble Fas ligand and potentiates epithelial cell apoptosis. Curr Biol. 1999, 9: 1441-1447. 10.1016/S0960-9822(00)80113-X.PubMedCrossRef Powell WC, Fingleton B, Wilson CL, Boothby M, Matrisian LM: The metalloproteinase matrilysin proteolytically generates active soluble Fas ligand and potentiates epithelial cell apoptosis. Curr Biol. 1999, 9: 1441-1447. 10.1016/S0960-9822(00)80113-X.PubMedCrossRef
50.
go back to reference Alexander CM, Selvarajan S, Mudgett J, Werb Z: Stromelysin-1 regulates adipogenesis during mammary gland involution. J Cell Biol. 2001, 152: 693-703. 10.1083/jcb.152.4.693.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Alexander CM, Selvarajan S, Mudgett J, Werb Z: Stromelysin-1 regulates adipogenesis during mammary gland involution. J Cell Biol. 2001, 152: 693-703. 10.1083/jcb.152.4.693.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
51.
go back to reference Sympson CJ, Talhouk RS, Alexander CM, Chin JR, Clift SM, Bissell MJ, Werb Z: Targeted expression of stromelysin-1 in mammary gland provides evidence for a role of proteinases in branching morphogenesis and the requirement for an intact basement membrane for tissue-specific gene expression. J Cell Biol. 1994, 125: 681-693. 10.1083/jcb.125.3.681.PubMedCrossRef Sympson CJ, Talhouk RS, Alexander CM, Chin JR, Clift SM, Bissell MJ, Werb Z: Targeted expression of stromelysin-1 in mammary gland provides evidence for a role of proteinases in branching morphogenesis and the requirement for an intact basement membrane for tissue-specific gene expression. J Cell Biol. 1994, 125: 681-693. 10.1083/jcb.125.3.681.PubMedCrossRef
52.
go back to reference Stein T, Morris JS, Davies CR, Weber-Hall SJ, Duffy MA, Heath VJ, Bell AK, Ferrier RK, Sandilands GP, Gusterson BA: Involution of the mouse mammary gland is associated with an immune cascade and an acute-phase response, involving LBP, CD14 and STAT3. Breast Cancer Res. 2004, 6: R75-91. 10.1186/bcr753.PubMedCrossRef Stein T, Morris JS, Davies CR, Weber-Hall SJ, Duffy MA, Heath VJ, Bell AK, Ferrier RK, Sandilands GP, Gusterson BA: Involution of the mouse mammary gland is associated with an immune cascade and an acute-phase response, involving LBP, CD14 and STAT3. Breast Cancer Res. 2004, 6: R75-91. 10.1186/bcr753.PubMedCrossRef
53.
go back to reference McDaniel SM, Rumer KK, Biroc SL, Metz RP, Singh M, Porter W, Schedin P: Remodeling of the mammary microenvironment after lactation promotes breast tumor cell metastasis. Am J Pathol. 2006, 168: 608-620. 10.2353/ajpath.2006.050677.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef McDaniel SM, Rumer KK, Biroc SL, Metz RP, Singh M, Porter W, Schedin P: Remodeling of the mammary microenvironment after lactation promotes breast tumor cell metastasis. Am J Pathol. 2006, 168: 608-620. 10.2353/ajpath.2006.050677.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
54.
go back to reference Schedin P, Mitrenga T, McDaniel S, Kaeck M: Mammary ECM composition and function are altered by reproductive state. Mol Carcinog. 2004, 41: 207-220. 10.1002/mc.20058.PubMedCrossRef Schedin P, Mitrenga T, McDaniel S, Kaeck M: Mammary ECM composition and function are altered by reproductive state. Mol Carcinog. 2004, 41: 207-220. 10.1002/mc.20058.PubMedCrossRef
55.
go back to reference Leek RD, Harris AL: Tumor-associated macrophages in breast cancer. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia. 2002, 7: 177-189. 10.1023/A:1020304003704.PubMedCrossRef Leek RD, Harris AL: Tumor-associated macrophages in breast cancer. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia. 2002, 7: 177-189. 10.1023/A:1020304003704.PubMedCrossRef
56.
go back to reference Crowther M, Brown NJ, Bishop ET, Lewis CE: Microenvironmental influence on macrophage regulation of angiogenesis in wounds and malignant tumors. J Leukoc Biol. 2001, 70: 478-490.PubMed Crowther M, Brown NJ, Bishop ET, Lewis CE: Microenvironmental influence on macrophage regulation of angiogenesis in wounds and malignant tumors. J Leukoc Biol. 2001, 70: 478-490.PubMed
57.
go back to reference Lin EY, Li JF, Gnatovskiy L, Deng Y, Zhu L, Grzesik DA, Qian H, Xue XN, Pollard JW: Macrophages regulate the angiogenic switch in a mouse model of breast cancer. Cancer Res. 2006, 66: 11238-11246. 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-06-1278.PubMedCrossRef Lin EY, Li JF, Gnatovskiy L, Deng Y, Zhu L, Grzesik DA, Qian H, Xue XN, Pollard JW: Macrophages regulate the angiogenic switch in a mouse model of breast cancer. Cancer Res. 2006, 66: 11238-11246. 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-06-1278.PubMedCrossRef
58.
go back to reference Quong J, Eppenberger-Castori S, Moore D, Scott GK, Birrer MJ, Kueng W, Eppenberger U, Benz CC: Age-dependent changes in breast cancer hormone receptors and oxidant stress markers. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2002, 76: 221-236. 10.1023/A:1020886801674.PubMedCrossRef Quong J, Eppenberger-Castori S, Moore D, Scott GK, Birrer MJ, Kueng W, Eppenberger U, Benz CC: Age-dependent changes in breast cancer hormone receptors and oxidant stress markers. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2002, 76: 221-236. 10.1023/A:1020886801674.PubMedCrossRef
59.
60.
go back to reference La Vecchia C, Negri E, Franceschi S, Talamini R, Bruzzi P, Palli D, Decarli A: Body mass index and post-menopausal breast cancer: an age-specific analysis. Br J Cancer. 1997, 75: 441-444.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef La Vecchia C, Negri E, Franceschi S, Talamini R, Bruzzi P, Palli D, Decarli A: Body mass index and post-menopausal breast cancer: an age-specific analysis. Br J Cancer. 1997, 75: 441-444.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
61.
go back to reference Suzuki R, Orsini N, Saji S, Key TJ, Wolk A: Body weight and incidence of breast cancer defined by estrogen and progesterone receptor status - a metaanalysis. Int J Cancer. 2009, 124: 698-712. 10.1002/ijc.23943.PubMedCrossRef Suzuki R, Orsini N, Saji S, Key TJ, Wolk A: Body weight and incidence of breast cancer defined by estrogen and progesterone receptor status - a metaanalysis. Int J Cancer. 2009, 124: 698-712. 10.1002/ijc.23943.PubMedCrossRef
62.
go back to reference Mannisto S, Pietinen P, Pyy M, Palmgren J, Eskelinen M, Uusitupa M: Body-size indicators and risk of breast cancer according to menopause and estrogen-receptor status. Int J Cancer. 1996, 68: 8-13. 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0215(19960927)68:1<8::AID-IJC2>3.0.CO;2-V.PubMedCrossRef Mannisto S, Pietinen P, Pyy M, Palmgren J, Eskelinen M, Uusitupa M: Body-size indicators and risk of breast cancer according to menopause and estrogen-receptor status. Int J Cancer. 1996, 68: 8-13. 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0215(19960927)68:1<8::AID-IJC2>3.0.CO;2-V.PubMedCrossRef
63.
go back to reference Grodin JM, Siiteri PK, MacDonald PC: Source of estrogen production in postmenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1973, 36: 207-214. 10.1210/jcem-36-2-207.PubMedCrossRef Grodin JM, Siiteri PK, MacDonald PC: Source of estrogen production in postmenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1973, 36: 207-214. 10.1210/jcem-36-2-207.PubMedCrossRef
64.
go back to reference Simpson ER, Zhao Y, Agarwal VR, Michael MD, Bulun SE, Hinshelwood MM, Graham-Lorence S, Sun T, Fisher CR, Qin K, Mendelson CR: Aromatase expression in health and disease. Recent Prog Horm Res. 1997, 52: 185-213. discussion 213-184PubMed Simpson ER, Zhao Y, Agarwal VR, Michael MD, Bulun SE, Hinshelwood MM, Graham-Lorence S, Sun T, Fisher CR, Qin K, Mendelson CR: Aromatase expression in health and disease. Recent Prog Horm Res. 1997, 52: 185-213. discussion 213-184PubMed
65.
go back to reference van Landeghem AA, Poortman J, Nabuurs M, Thijssen JH: Endogenous concentration and subcellular distribution of estrogens in normal and malignant human breast tissue. Cancer Res. 1985, 45: 2900-2906.PubMed van Landeghem AA, Poortman J, Nabuurs M, Thijssen JH: Endogenous concentration and subcellular distribution of estrogens in normal and malignant human breast tissue. Cancer Res. 1985, 45: 2900-2906.PubMed
66.
go back to reference Lorincz AM, Sukumar S: Molecular links between obesity and breast cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer. 2006, 13: 279-292. 10.1677/erc.1.00729.PubMedCrossRef Lorincz AM, Sukumar S: Molecular links between obesity and breast cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer. 2006, 13: 279-292. 10.1677/erc.1.00729.PubMedCrossRef
67.
go back to reference Russo J, Lynch H, Russo IH: Mammary gland architecture as a determining factor in the susceptibility of the human breast to cancer. Breast J. 2001, 7: 278-291. 10.1046/j.1524-4741.2001.21033.x.PubMedCrossRef Russo J, Lynch H, Russo IH: Mammary gland architecture as a determining factor in the susceptibility of the human breast to cancer. Breast J. 2001, 7: 278-291. 10.1046/j.1524-4741.2001.21033.x.PubMedCrossRef
68.
go back to reference Shoker BS, Jarvis C, Sibson DR, Walker C, Sloane JP: Oestrogen receptor expression in the normal and pre-cancerous breast. J Pathol. 1999, 188: 237-244. 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9896(199907)188:3<237::AID-PATH343>3.0.CO;2-8.PubMedCrossRef Shoker BS, Jarvis C, Sibson DR, Walker C, Sloane JP: Oestrogen receptor expression in the normal and pre-cancerous breast. J Pathol. 1999, 188: 237-244. 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9896(199907)188:3<237::AID-PATH343>3.0.CO;2-8.PubMedCrossRef
69.
go back to reference Hutson SW, Cowen PN, Bird CC: Morphometric studies of age related changes in normal human breast and their significance for evolution of mammary cancer. J Clin Pathol. 1985, 38: 281-287. 10.1136/jcp.38.3.281.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Hutson SW, Cowen PN, Bird CC: Morphometric studies of age related changes in normal human breast and their significance for evolution of mammary cancer. J Clin Pathol. 1985, 38: 281-287. 10.1136/jcp.38.3.281.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
70.
go back to reference Howard BA, Gusterson BA: Human breast development. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia. 2000, 5: 119-137. 10.1023/A:1026487120779.PubMedCrossRef Howard BA, Gusterson BA: Human breast development. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia. 2000, 5: 119-137. 10.1023/A:1026487120779.PubMedCrossRef
71.
go back to reference Boyd N, Martin L, Stone J, Little L, Minkin S, Yaffe M: A longitudinal study of the effects of menopause on mammographic features. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2002, 11: 1048-1053.PubMed Boyd N, Martin L, Stone J, Little L, Minkin S, Yaffe M: A longitudinal study of the effects of menopause on mammographic features. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2002, 11: 1048-1053.PubMed
72.
go back to reference Brisson J, Morrison AS, Kopans DB, Sadowsky NL, Kalisher L, Twaddle JA, Meyer JE, Henschke CI, Cole P: Height and weight, mammographic features of breast tissue, and breast cancer risk. Am J Epidemiol. 1984, 119: 371-381.PubMed Brisson J, Morrison AS, Kopans DB, Sadowsky NL, Kalisher L, Twaddle JA, Meyer JE, Henschke CI, Cole P: Height and weight, mammographic features of breast tissue, and breast cancer risk. Am J Epidemiol. 1984, 119: 371-381.PubMed
73.
go back to reference Wolfe JN: Risk for breast cancer development determined by mammographic parenchymal pattern. Cancer. 1976, 37: 2486-2492. 10.1002/1097-0142(197605)37:5<2486::AID-CNCR2820370542>3.0.CO;2-8.PubMedCrossRef Wolfe JN: Risk for breast cancer development determined by mammographic parenchymal pattern. Cancer. 1976, 37: 2486-2492. 10.1002/1097-0142(197605)37:5<2486::AID-CNCR2820370542>3.0.CO;2-8.PubMedCrossRef
74.
go back to reference Wolfe JN: Breast patterns as an index of risk for developing breast cancer. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1976, 126: 1130-1137.PubMedCrossRef Wolfe JN: Breast patterns as an index of risk for developing breast cancer. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1976, 126: 1130-1137.PubMedCrossRef
75.
go back to reference Boyd NF, Guo H, Martin LJ, Sun L, Stone J, Fishell E, Jong RA, Hislop G, Chiarelli A, Minkin S, Yaffe MJ: Mammographic density and the risk and detection of breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 2007, 356: 227-236. 10.1056/NEJMoa062790.PubMedCrossRef Boyd NF, Guo H, Martin LJ, Sun L, Stone J, Fishell E, Jong RA, Hislop G, Chiarelli A, Minkin S, Yaffe MJ: Mammographic density and the risk and detection of breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 2007, 356: 227-236. 10.1056/NEJMoa062790.PubMedCrossRef
76.
go back to reference Byrne C, Schairer C, Wolfe J, Parekh N, Salane M, Brinton LA, Hoover R, Haile R: Mammographic features and breast cancer risk: effects with time, age, and menopause status. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1995, 87: 1622-1629. 10.1093/jnci/87.21.1622.PubMedCrossRef Byrne C, Schairer C, Wolfe J, Parekh N, Salane M, Brinton LA, Hoover R, Haile R: Mammographic features and breast cancer risk: effects with time, age, and menopause status. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1995, 87: 1622-1629. 10.1093/jnci/87.21.1622.PubMedCrossRef
77.
go back to reference Guo YP, Martin LJ, Hanna W, Banerjee D, Miller N, Fishell E, Khokha R, Boyd NF: Growth factors and stromal matrix proteins associated with mammographic densities. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2001, 10: 243-248.PubMed Guo YP, Martin LJ, Hanna W, Banerjee D, Miller N, Fishell E, Khokha R, Boyd NF: Growth factors and stromal matrix proteins associated with mammographic densities. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2001, 10: 243-248.PubMed
78.
go back to reference Alowami S, Troup S, Al-Haddad S, Kirkpatrick I, Watson PH: Mammographic density is related to stroma and stromal proteoglycan expression. Breast Cancer Res. 2003, 5: R129-135. 10.1186/bcr622.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Alowami S, Troup S, Al-Haddad S, Kirkpatrick I, Watson PH: Mammographic density is related to stroma and stromal proteoglycan expression. Breast Cancer Res. 2003, 5: R129-135. 10.1186/bcr622.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
79.
go back to reference van Duijnhoven FJ, Peeters PH, Warren RM, Bingham SA, van Noord PA, Monninkhof EM, Grobbee DE, van Gils CH: Postmenopausal hormone therapy and changes in mammographic density. J Clin Oncol. 2007, 25: 1323-1328. 10.1200/JCO.2005.04.7332.PubMedCrossRef van Duijnhoven FJ, Peeters PH, Warren RM, Bingham SA, van Noord PA, Monninkhof EM, Grobbee DE, van Gils CH: Postmenopausal hormone therapy and changes in mammographic density. J Clin Oncol. 2007, 25: 1323-1328. 10.1200/JCO.2005.04.7332.PubMedCrossRef
80.
go back to reference Brisson J, Brisson B, Cote G, Maunsell E, Berube S, Robert J: Tamoxifen and mammographic breast densities. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2000, 9: 911-915.PubMed Brisson J, Brisson B, Cote G, Maunsell E, Berube S, Robert J: Tamoxifen and mammographic breast densities. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2000, 9: 911-915.PubMed
81.
go back to reference Cui Y, Whiteman MK, Flaws JA, Langenberg P, Tkaczuk KH, Bush TL: Body mass and stage of breast cancer at diagnosis. Int J Cancer. 2002, 98: 279-283. 10.1002/ijc.10209.PubMedCrossRef Cui Y, Whiteman MK, Flaws JA, Langenberg P, Tkaczuk KH, Bush TL: Body mass and stage of breast cancer at diagnosis. Int J Cancer. 2002, 98: 279-283. 10.1002/ijc.10209.PubMedCrossRef
82.
go back to reference Reinier KS, Vacek PM, Geller BM: Risk factors for breast carcinoma in situ versus invasive breast cancer in a prospective study of pre- and postmenopausal women. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2007, 103: 343-348. 10.1007/s10549-006-9375-9.PubMedCrossRef Reinier KS, Vacek PM, Geller BM: Risk factors for breast carcinoma in situ versus invasive breast cancer in a prospective study of pre- and postmenopausal women. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2007, 103: 343-348. 10.1007/s10549-006-9375-9.PubMedCrossRef
83.
go back to reference Verreault R, Brisson J, Deschenes L, Naud F: Body weight and prognostic indicators in breast cancer. Modifying effect of estrogen receptors. Am J Epidemiol. 1989, 129: 260-268.PubMed Verreault R, Brisson J, Deschenes L, Naud F: Body weight and prognostic indicators in breast cancer. Modifying effect of estrogen receptors. Am J Epidemiol. 1989, 129: 260-268.PubMed
84.
go back to reference Daniell HW: Increased lymph node metastases at mastectomy for breast cancer associated with host obesity, cigarette smoking, age, and large tumor size. Cancer. 1988, 62: 429-435. 10.1002/1097-0142(19880715)62:2<429::AID-CNCR2820620230>3.0.CO;2-4.PubMedCrossRef Daniell HW: Increased lymph node metastases at mastectomy for breast cancer associated with host obesity, cigarette smoking, age, and large tumor size. Cancer. 1988, 62: 429-435. 10.1002/1097-0142(19880715)62:2<429::AID-CNCR2820620230>3.0.CO;2-4.PubMedCrossRef
85.
go back to reference Hotamisligil GS: Inflammation and metabolic disorders. Nature. 2006, 444: 860-867. 10.1038/nature05485.PubMedCrossRef Hotamisligil GS: Inflammation and metabolic disorders. Nature. 2006, 444: 860-867. 10.1038/nature05485.PubMedCrossRef
86.
go back to reference Greenberg AS, Obin MS: Obesity and the role of adipose tissue in inflammation and metabolism. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006, 83: 461S-465S.PubMed Greenberg AS, Obin MS: Obesity and the role of adipose tissue in inflammation and metabolism. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006, 83: 461S-465S.PubMed
87.
go back to reference Lumeng CN, Bodzin JL, Saltiel AR: Obesity induces a phenotypic switch in adipose tissue macrophage polarization. J Clin Invest. 2007, 117: 175-184. 10.1172/JCI29881.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Lumeng CN, Bodzin JL, Saltiel AR: Obesity induces a phenotypic switch in adipose tissue macrophage polarization. J Clin Invest. 2007, 117: 175-184. 10.1172/JCI29881.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
88.
go back to reference Cinti S, Mitchell G, Barbatelli G, Murano I, Ceresi E, Faloia E, Wang S, Fortier M, Greenberg AS, Obin MS: Adipocyte death defines macrophage localization and function in adipose tissue of obese mice and humans. J Lipid Res. 2005, 46: 2347-2355. 10.1194/jlr.M500294-JLR200.PubMedCrossRef Cinti S, Mitchell G, Barbatelli G, Murano I, Ceresi E, Faloia E, Wang S, Fortier M, Greenberg AS, Obin MS: Adipocyte death defines macrophage localization and function in adipose tissue of obese mice and humans. J Lipid Res. 2005, 46: 2347-2355. 10.1194/jlr.M500294-JLR200.PubMedCrossRef
89.
go back to reference Weisberg SP, Hunter D, Huber R, Lemieux J, Slaymaker S, Vaddi K, Charo I, Leibel RL, Ferrante AW: CCR2 modulates inflammatory and metabolic effects of high-fat feeding. J Clin Invest. 2006, 116: 115-124. 10.1172/JCI24335.PubMedCrossRef Weisberg SP, Hunter D, Huber R, Lemieux J, Slaymaker S, Vaddi K, Charo I, Leibel RL, Ferrante AW: CCR2 modulates inflammatory and metabolic effects of high-fat feeding. J Clin Invest. 2006, 116: 115-124. 10.1172/JCI24335.PubMedCrossRef
90.
go back to reference Xu H, Barnes GT, Yang Q, Tan G, Yang D, Chou CJ, Sole J, Nichols A, Ross JS, Tartaglia LA, Chen H: Chronic inflammation in fat plays a crucial role in the development of obesity-related insulin resistance. J Clin Invest. 2003, 112: 1821-1830.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Xu H, Barnes GT, Yang Q, Tan G, Yang D, Chou CJ, Sole J, Nichols A, Ross JS, Tartaglia LA, Chen H: Chronic inflammation in fat plays a crucial role in the development of obesity-related insulin resistance. J Clin Invest. 2003, 112: 1821-1830.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
91.
go back to reference Kanda H, Tateya S, Tamori Y, Kotani K, Hiasa K, Kitazawa R, Kitazawa S, Miyachi H, Maeda S, Egashira K, Kasuga M: MCP-1 contributes to macrophage infiltration into adipose tissue, insulin resistance, and hepatic steatosis in obesity. J Clin Invest. 2006, 116: 1494-1505. 10.1172/JCI26498.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Kanda H, Tateya S, Tamori Y, Kotani K, Hiasa K, Kitazawa R, Kitazawa S, Miyachi H, Maeda S, Egashira K, Kasuga M: MCP-1 contributes to macrophage infiltration into adipose tissue, insulin resistance, and hepatic steatosis in obesity. J Clin Invest. 2006, 116: 1494-1505. 10.1172/JCI26498.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
92.
go back to reference Bhowmick NA, Chytil A, Plieth D, Gorska AE, Dumont N, Shappell S, Washington MK, Neilson EG, Moses HL: TGF-beta signaling in fibroblasts modulates the oncogenic potential of adjacent epithelia. Science. 2004, 303: 848-851. 10.1126/science.1090922.PubMedCrossRef Bhowmick NA, Chytil A, Plieth D, Gorska AE, Dumont N, Shappell S, Washington MK, Neilson EG, Moses HL: TGF-beta signaling in fibroblasts modulates the oncogenic potential of adjacent epithelia. Science. 2004, 303: 848-851. 10.1126/science.1090922.PubMedCrossRef
93.
95.
go back to reference Kuperwasser C, Chavarria T, Wu M, Magrane G, Gray JW, Carey L, Richardson A, Weinberg RA: Reconstruction of functionally normal and malignant human breast tissues in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2004, 101: 4966-4971. 10.1073/pnas.0401064101.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Kuperwasser C, Chavarria T, Wu M, Magrane G, Gray JW, Carey L, Richardson A, Weinberg RA: Reconstruction of functionally normal and malignant human breast tissues in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2004, 101: 4966-4971. 10.1073/pnas.0401064101.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
96.
go back to reference Shi C, Simon DI: Integrin signals, transcription factors, and monocyte differentiation. Trends Cardiovasc Med. 2006, 16: 146-152. 10.1016/j.tcm.2006.03.002.PubMedCrossRef Shi C, Simon DI: Integrin signals, transcription factors, and monocyte differentiation. Trends Cardiovasc Med. 2006, 16: 146-152. 10.1016/j.tcm.2006.03.002.PubMedCrossRef
97.
go back to reference Berg AH, Lin Y, Lisanti MP, Scherer PE: Adipocyte differentiation induces dynamic changes in NF-kappaB expression and activity. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2004, 287: E1178-1188. 10.1152/ajpendo.00002.2004.PubMedCrossRef Berg AH, Lin Y, Lisanti MP, Scherer PE: Adipocyte differentiation induces dynamic changes in NF-kappaB expression and activity. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2004, 287: E1178-1188. 10.1152/ajpendo.00002.2004.PubMedCrossRef
98.
go back to reference Shibata R, Ouchi N, Kihara S, Sato K, Funahashi T, Walsh K: Adiponectin stimulates angiogenesis in response to tissue ischemia through stimulation of amp-activated protein kinase signaling. J Biol Chem. 2004, 279: 28670-28674. 10.1074/jbc.M402558200.PubMedCrossRef Shibata R, Ouchi N, Kihara S, Sato K, Funahashi T, Walsh K: Adiponectin stimulates angiogenesis in response to tissue ischemia through stimulation of amp-activated protein kinase signaling. J Biol Chem. 2004, 279: 28670-28674. 10.1074/jbc.M402558200.PubMedCrossRef
99.
go back to reference Lee Y, Wang MY, Kakuma T, Wang ZW, Babcock E, McCorkle K, Higa M, Zhou YT, Unger RH: Liporegulation in diet-induced obesity. The antisteatotic role of hyperleptinemia. J Biol Chem. 2001, 276: 5629-5635. 10.1074/jbc.M008553200.PubMedCrossRef Lee Y, Wang MY, Kakuma T, Wang ZW, Babcock E, McCorkle K, Higa M, Zhou YT, Unger RH: Liporegulation in diet-induced obesity. The antisteatotic role of hyperleptinemia. J Biol Chem. 2001, 276: 5629-5635. 10.1074/jbc.M008553200.PubMedCrossRef
100.
go back to reference Coppack SW, Jensen MD, Miles JM: In vivo regulation of lipolysis in humans. J Lipid Res. 1994, 35: 177-193.PubMed Coppack SW, Jensen MD, Miles JM: In vivo regulation of lipolysis in humans. J Lipid Res. 1994, 35: 177-193.PubMed
101.
go back to reference Zhang HH, Halbleib M, Ahmad F, Manganiello VC, Greenberg AS: Tumor necrosis factor-alpha stimulates lipolysis in differentiated human adipocytes through activation of extracellular signal-related kinase and elevation of intracellular cAMP. Diabetes. 2002, 51: 2929-2935. 10.2337/diabetes.51.10.2929.PubMedCrossRef Zhang HH, Halbleib M, Ahmad F, Manganiello VC, Greenberg AS: Tumor necrosis factor-alpha stimulates lipolysis in differentiated human adipocytes through activation of extracellular signal-related kinase and elevation of intracellular cAMP. Diabetes. 2002, 51: 2929-2935. 10.2337/diabetes.51.10.2929.PubMedCrossRef
103.
go back to reference Rose DP, Gilhooly EM, Nixon DW: Adverse effects of obesity on breast cancer prognosis, and the biological actions of leptin (review). Int J Oncol. 2002, 21: 1285-1292.PubMed Rose DP, Gilhooly EM, Nixon DW: Adverse effects of obesity on breast cancer prognosis, and the biological actions of leptin (review). Int J Oncol. 2002, 21: 1285-1292.PubMed
104.
go back to reference Frankenberry KA, Skinner H, Somasundar P, McFadden DW, Vona-Davis LC: Leptin receptor expression and cell signaling in breast cancer. Int J Oncol. 2006, 28: 985-993.PubMed Frankenberry KA, Skinner H, Somasundar P, McFadden DW, Vona-Davis LC: Leptin receptor expression and cell signaling in breast cancer. Int J Oncol. 2006, 28: 985-993.PubMed
105.
go back to reference Trujillo ME, Scherer PE: Adiponectin - journey from an adipocyte secretory protein to biomarker of the metabolic syndrome. J Intern Med. 2005, 257: 167-175. 10.1111/j.1365-2796.2004.01426.x.PubMedCrossRef Trujillo ME, Scherer PE: Adiponectin - journey from an adipocyte secretory protein to biomarker of the metabolic syndrome. J Intern Med. 2005, 257: 167-175. 10.1111/j.1365-2796.2004.01426.x.PubMedCrossRef
106.
go back to reference Tworoger SS, Eliassen AH, Kelesidis T, Colditz GA, Willett WC, Mantzoros CS, Hankinson SE: Plasma adiponectin concentrations and risk of incident breast cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007, 92: 1510-1516. 10.1210/jc.2006-1975.PubMedCrossRef Tworoger SS, Eliassen AH, Kelesidis T, Colditz GA, Willett WC, Mantzoros CS, Hankinson SE: Plasma adiponectin concentrations and risk of incident breast cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007, 92: 1510-1516. 10.1210/jc.2006-1975.PubMedCrossRef
107.
go back to reference Landskroner-Eiger S, Qian B, Muise ES, Nawrocki AR, Berger JP, Fine EJ, Koba W, Deng Y, Pollard JW, Scherer PE: Proangiogenic contribution of adiponectin toward mammary tumor growth in vivo. Clin Cancer Res. 2009, 15: 3265-3276. 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-08-2649.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Landskroner-Eiger S, Qian B, Muise ES, Nawrocki AR, Berger JP, Fine EJ, Koba W, Deng Y, Pollard JW, Scherer PE: Proangiogenic contribution of adiponectin toward mammary tumor growth in vivo. Clin Cancer Res. 2009, 15: 3265-3276. 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-08-2649.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
108.
go back to reference Scherer PE, Bickel PE, Kotler M, Lodish HF: Cloning of cell-specific secreted and surface proteins by subtractive antibody screening. Nat Biotechnol. 1998, 16: 581-586. 10.1038/nbt0698-581.PubMedCrossRef Scherer PE, Bickel PE, Kotler M, Lodish HF: Cloning of cell-specific secreted and surface proteins by subtractive antibody screening. Nat Biotechnol. 1998, 16: 581-586. 10.1038/nbt0698-581.PubMedCrossRef
109.
go back to reference Iyengar P, Combs TP, Shah SJ, Gouon-Evans V, Pollard JW, Albanese C, Flanagan L, Tenniswood MP, Guha C, Lisanti MP, Pestell RG, Scherer PE: Adipocyte-secreted factors synergistically promote mammary tumorigenesis through induction of anti-apoptotic transcriptional programs and proto-oncogene stabilization. Oncogene. 2003, 22: 6408-6423. 10.1038/sj.onc.1206737.PubMedCrossRef Iyengar P, Combs TP, Shah SJ, Gouon-Evans V, Pollard JW, Albanese C, Flanagan L, Tenniswood MP, Guha C, Lisanti MP, Pestell RG, Scherer PE: Adipocyte-secreted factors synergistically promote mammary tumorigenesis through induction of anti-apoptotic transcriptional programs and proto-oncogene stabilization. Oncogene. 2003, 22: 6408-6423. 10.1038/sj.onc.1206737.PubMedCrossRef
110.
go back to reference Iyengar P, Espina V, Williams TW, Lin Y, Berry D, Jelicks LA, Lee H, Temple K, Graves R, Pollard J, Chopra N, Russell RG, Sasisekharan R, Trock BJ, Lippman M, Calvert VS, Petricoin EF, Liotta L, Dadachova E, Pestell RG, Lisanti MP, Bonaldo P, Scherer PE: Adipocyte-derived collagen VI aff ects early mammary tumor progression in vivo, demonstrating a critical interaction in the tumor/stroma microenvironment. J Clin Invest. 2005, 115: 1163-1176.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Iyengar P, Espina V, Williams TW, Lin Y, Berry D, Jelicks LA, Lee H, Temple K, Graves R, Pollard J, Chopra N, Russell RG, Sasisekharan R, Trock BJ, Lippman M, Calvert VS, Petricoin EF, Liotta L, Dadachova E, Pestell RG, Lisanti MP, Bonaldo P, Scherer PE: Adipocyte-derived collagen VI aff ects early mammary tumor progression in vivo, demonstrating a critical interaction in the tumor/stroma microenvironment. J Clin Invest. 2005, 115: 1163-1176.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
111.
go back to reference Zhang Y, Daquinag A, Traktuev DO, Amaya-Manzanares F, Simmons PJ, March KL, Pasqualini R, Arap W, Kolonin MG: White adipose tissue cells are recruited by experimental tumors and promote cancer progression in mouse models. Cancer Res. 2009, 69: 5259-5266. 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-08-3444.PubMedCrossRef Zhang Y, Daquinag A, Traktuev DO, Amaya-Manzanares F, Simmons PJ, March KL, Pasqualini R, Arap W, Kolonin MG: White adipose tissue cells are recruited by experimental tumors and promote cancer progression in mouse models. Cancer Res. 2009, 69: 5259-5266. 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-08-3444.PubMedCrossRef
Metadata
Title
The contribution of dynamic stromal remodeling during mammary development to breast carcinogenesis
Authors
Jessica McCready
Lisa M Arendt
Jenny A Rudnick
Charlotte Kuperwasser
Publication date
01-06-2010
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
Breast Cancer Research / Issue 3/2010
Electronic ISSN: 1465-542X
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/bcr2578

Other articles of this Issue 3/2010

Breast Cancer Research 3/2010 Go to the issue
Webinar | 19-02-2024 | 17:30 (CET)

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on antibody–drug conjugates in cancer

Antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs) are novel agents that have shown promise across multiple tumor types. Explore the current landscape of ADCs in breast and lung cancer with our experts, and gain insights into the mechanism of action, key clinical trials data, existing challenges, and future directions.

Dr. Véronique Diéras
Prof. Fabrice Barlesi
Developed by: Springer Medicine