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Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders
Published in: Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders 5/2022

Open Access 18-08-2022 | Testosterone

Endocrinological and inflammatory markers in individuals with spinal cord injury: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Authors: Gabriela Boehl, Peter Francis Raguindin, Ezra Valido, Alessandro Bertolo, Oche Adam Itodo, Beatrice Minder, Patricia Lampart, Anke Scheel-Sailer, Alexander Leichtle, Marija Glisic, Jivko Stoyanov

Published in: Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders | Issue 5/2022

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Abstract

Spinal cord injury (SCI) can lead to dramatic physiological changes which can be a factor in developing secondary health conditions and might be reflected in biomarker changes in this elevated risk group. We focused specifically on the endocrine and inflammation profile differences between SCI and able-bodied individuals (ABI). Our aim was to determine the differences in inflammatory markers and endocrine profiles between SCI and ABI. We systematically searched 4 electronic databases for relevant studies. Human observational (cross-sectional, cohort, case–control) studies that compared biomarkers of interest between SCI and ABI population were included. Weighted mean difference between SCI and ABI was calculated using random-effects models. Heterogeneity was computed using I2 statistic and chi-squared test. Study quality was evaluated through the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale. The search strategy yielded a total of 2,603 studies from which 256 articles were selected for full-text assessment. Sixty-two studies were included in the meta-analysis. SCI individuals had higher levels of pro-inflammatory C-reactive protein and IL-6 than ABI. Creatinine and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 levels were lower in SCI than ABI. Total testosterone levels and IGF-1 were also found to be lower, while cortisol and leptin levels were higher in SCI when compared to ABI. Accordingly, meta-regression, subgroup analysis, and leave-one-out analysis were performed, however, they were only able to partially explain the high levels of heterogeneity. Individuals with SCI show higher levels of inflammatory markers and present significant endocrinological changes when compared to ABI. Moreover, higher incidence of obesity, diabetes, osteoporosis, and hypogonadism in SCI individuals, together with decreased creatinine levels reflect some of the readily measurable aspects of the phenotype changes in the SCI group. These findings need to be considered in anticipating medically related complications and personalizing SCI medical care.
Appendix
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Metadata
Title
Endocrinological and inflammatory markers in individuals with spinal cord injury: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors
Gabriela Boehl
Peter Francis Raguindin
Ezra Valido
Alessandro Bertolo
Oche Adam Itodo
Beatrice Minder
Patricia Lampart
Anke Scheel-Sailer
Alexander Leichtle
Marija Glisic
Jivko Stoyanov
Publication date
18-08-2022
Publisher
Springer US
Published in
Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders / Issue 5/2022
Print ISSN: 1389-9155
Electronic ISSN: 1573-2606
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11154-022-09742-9

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