Top

Published in:

01-09-2015 | Original Paper

Testing the Acquired Preparedness Model: Predicting College Student Gambling Frequency and Symptomatology

Authors: Meredith K. Ginley, James P. Whelan, George E. Relyea, Andrew W. Meyers, Godfrey D. Pearlson

Published in: Journal of Gambling Studies | Issue 3/2015

Abstract

The acquired preparedness model posits that impulsivity influences the development of outcome expectancies that then influence the engagement in a specific risk taking behavior. The purpose of this study was to test the acquired preparedness model for gambling behavior of college students using a multidimensional approach to impulsivity. Employing a structural equation approach, it was predicted that a full mediational model that includes multiple dimensions of impulsivity and multiple outcome expectancies would predict gambling frequency and gambling symptomatology. Support was found for the acquired preparedness model in understanding why some college students gamble more frequently or problematically. Specifically, better model fit was found for the full mediational model that included outcome expectancies to predict both frequency and gambling symptomatology than the model that included the direct relation between impulsivity and gambling.

Aarons, G. A., Brown, S. A., Stice, E., & Coe, M. T. (2001). Psychometric evaluation of the Marijuana and stimulant effect expectancy questionnaires for adolescents. Addictive Behaviors, 26(2), 219–236. doi:10.1016/S0306-4603(00)00103-9.CrossRefPubMed

Breen, R. B., & Zuckerman, M. (1999). ‘Chasing’ in gambling behavior: Personality and cognitive determinants. Personality and Individual Differences, 27(6), 1097–1111. doi:10.1016/S0191-8869(99)00052-5.CrossRef

Carver, C., & White, T. (1994). Behavioral inhibition, behavioral activation, and affective responses to impending reward and punishment: The BIS/BAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67(2), 319–333. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.67.2.319.CrossRef

Caseras, X., Ávila, C., & Torrubia, R. (2003). The measurement of individual differences in behavioural inhibition and behavioural activation systems: A comparison of personality scales. Personality and Individual Differences, 34(6), 999–1013. doi:10.1016/S0191-8869(02)00084-3.CrossRef

Dager, A. D., Anderson, B. M., Stevens, M. C., Pulido, C., Rosen, R., Jiantonio‐Kelly, R. E., et al. (2012). Influence of alcohol use and family history of alcoholism on neural response to alcohol cues in college drinkers. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2012.01879.x.

Dawe, S., & Loxton, N. (2004). The role of impulsivity in the development of substance use and eating disorders. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 28(3), 343–351. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2004.03.007.CrossRefPubMed

Dir, A. L., Cyders, M. A., & Coskunpinar, A. (2013). From the bar to the bed via mobile phone: A first test of the role of problematic alcohol use, sexting, and impulsivity-related traits in sexual hookups. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(4), 1664–1670. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2013.01.039.CrossRef

Doran, N., Khoddam, R., Sanders, P. E., Schweizer, C., Trim, R. S., & Myers, M. G. (2012). A prospective study of the acquired preparedness model: The effects of impulsivity and expectancies on smoking initiation in college students. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors,. doi:10.1037/a0028988.PubMed

Ginley, M. K., Whelan, J. P., Meyers, A. W., Relyea, G. E., & Pearlson, G. D. (2013a). Exploring a multidimensional approach to impulsivity in predicting college student gambling. Journal of Gambling Studies, 1–16. doi:10.1007/s10899-013-9374-9.

Ginley, M. K., Whelan, J. P., Relyea, G. E., Simmons, J. L., Meyers, A. W. & Pearlson, G. D. (2013b). College student beliefs about wagering: An evaluation of the adolescent gambling expectancies survey. Journal of Gambling Studies, 1–11. doi:10.1007/s10899-013-9403-8.

Gray, J. A. (1970). The psychophysiological basis of introversion–extraversion. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 8(3), 249–266. doi:10.1016/0005-7967(70)90069-0.CrossRefPubMed

Hodgins, D. (2004). Using the NORC DSM screen for gambling problems as an outcome measure for pathological gambling: Psychometric evaluation. Addictive Behaviors, 29(8), 1685–1690. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2004.03.017.CrossRefPubMed

James, L. R., Mulaik, S. A., & Brett, J. M. (2006). A tale of two methods. Organizational Research Methods, 9(2), 233–244.CrossRef

Jöreskog, K. G., & Sörbom, D. (1989). LISREL 7: A guide to the program and applications (Vol. 2). Chicago: SPSS.

Kabbani, R., & Kambouropoulos, N. (2013). Positive expectancies and perceived impaired control mediate the influence of reward drive and rash impulsiveness on alcohol use. Personality and Individual Differences. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2012.08.008.

Langewisch, M. J., & Frisch, G. (1998). Gambling behavior and pathology in relation to impulsivity, sensation seeking, and risk behavior in male college students. Journal of Gambling Studies, 14(3), 245–262. doi:10.1023/A:1022005625498.CrossRef

Lei, M., & Lomax, R. G. (2005). The effect of varying degrees of nonnormality in structural equation modeling. Structural Equation Modeling, 12(1), 1–27. doi:10.1207/s15328007sem1201_1.CrossRef

Lesieur, H. R., & Blume, S. B. (1987). The south oaks gambling screen (SOGS): A new instrument for the identification of pathological gamblers. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 144(9), 1184–1188. Retrieved from EBSCOhost.

McCarthy, D. M., Kroll, L. S., & Smith, G. T. (2001a). Integrating disinhibition and learning risk for alcohol use. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 9(4), 389–398. doi:10.1037/1064-1297.9.4.389.CrossRefPubMed

McCarthy, D. M., Miller, T. L., Smith, G. T., & Smith, J. A. (2001b). Disinhibition and expectancy in risk for alcohol use: Comparing black and white college samples. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 62(3), 313–321.CrossRefPubMed

Meda, S. A., Stevens, M. C., Potenza, M. N., Pittman, B., Gueorguieva, R., Andrews, M. M., et al. (2009). Investigating the behavioral and self-report constructs of impulsivity domains using principal component analysis. Behavioural Pharmacology, 20(5–6), 390–399. doi:10.1097/FBP.0b013e32833113a3.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed

Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (1998–2011). Mplus user’s guide. (6th ed.) Los Angeles, CA: Muthén & Muthén.

Nowak, D. E., & Aloe, A. M. (2013). The prevalence of pathological gambling among college students: A meta-analytic synthesis, 2005–2013. Journal of Gambling Studies, 1–25. doi:10.1007/s10899-013-9399-0.

Patterson, C., & Newman, J. P. (1993). Reflectivity and learning from aversive events: Toward a psychological mechanism for the syndromes of disinhibition. Psychological Review, 100(4), 716–736. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.100.4.716.CrossRefPubMed

Patton, J. H., Stanford, M. S., & Barratt, E. S. (1995). Factor structure of the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 51(6), 768–774. doi:10.1002/1097-4679(199511)51:6<768:AID-JCLP2270510607>3.0.CO;2-1.CrossRefPubMed

Powell, J., Hardoon, K., Derevensky, J. L., & Gupta, R. (1999). Gambling and risk-taking behavior among university students. Substance Use and Misuse, 34(8), 1167–1184. doi:10.3109/10826089909039402.CrossRefPubMed

Ridgeway, D., & Russell, J. A. (1980). Reliability and validity of the Sensation-Seeking Scale: Psychometric problems in Form V. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 48(5), 662–664. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.48.5.662.CrossRef

Sanavio, E. (1988). Obsessions and compulsions: The Padua inventory. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 26(2), 169–177. doi:10.1016/0005-7967(88)90116-7.CrossRefPubMed

SAS Institute Inc. (2008). SAS/STAT ^® 9.2 user’s guide. Cary, NC: SAS Institute Inc.

Schafer, L., & Brown, S. A. (1991). Marijuana and cocaine effect expectancies and drug use patterns. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 59, 558–565. 10.1037/0022-006X.59.4.558.

Schaumberg, K., & Earleywine, M. (2013). Evaluating the acquired preparedness model for bulimic symptoms and problem drinking in male and female college students. Eating Behaviors, 14(1), 47–52. doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2012.10.012.CrossRefPubMed

Shead, N., & Hodgins, D. C. (2009). Affect-regulation expectancies among gamblers. Journal of Gambling Studies, 25(3), 357–375. doi:10.1007/s10899-009-9131-2.CrossRef

Smith, G. T., & Anderson, K. G. (2001). Adolescent risk for alcohol problems as acquired preparedness: A model and suggestions for intervention. In P. M. Monti, S. M. Colby, & T. A. O’Leary (Eds.), Adolescents, alcohol, and substance abuse: Reaching teens through brief interventions .(pp. 109–144).

Stanford, M. S., Mathias, C. W., Dougherty, D. M., Lake, S. L., Anderson, N. E., & Patton, J. H. (2009). Fifty years of the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale: An update and review. Personality and Individual Differences, 47, 385–395. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2009.04.008.CrossRef

Steinberg, L., Albert, D., Cauffman, E., Banich, M., Graham, S., & Woolard, J. (2008). Age differences in sensation seeking and impulsivity as indexed by behavior and self-report: Evidence for a dual systems model. Developmental Psychology, 44(6), 1764–1778. doi:10.1037/a0012955.

Sternberger, L., & Burns, G. (1990). Obsessions and compulsions: Psychometric properties of the Padua Inventory with an American College population. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 28(4), 341–345. doi:10.1016/0005-7967(90)90087-Y.CrossRefPubMed

Toce-Gerstein, M., Gerstein, D. R., & Volberg, R. A. (2003). A hierarchy of gambling disorders in the community. Addiction, 98(12), 1661–1672. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2003.00545.x.CrossRefPubMed

Torrubia, R., Ávila, C., Moltó, J., & Caseras, X. (2001). The Sensitivity to Punishment and Sensitivity to Reward Questionnaire (SPSRQ) as a measure of Gray’s anxiety and impulsivity dimensions. Personality and Individual Differences, 31(6), 837–862. doi:10.1016/S0191-8869(00)00183-5.CrossRef

Vangsness, L., Bry, B. H., & LaBouvie, E. W. (2005). Impulsivity, negative expectancies, and marijuana use: A test of the acquired preparedness model. Addictive Behaviors, 30(5), 1071–1076. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2004.11.003.CrossRefPubMed

Wardell, J. D., Read, J. P., Colder, C. R., & Merrill, J. E. (2012). Positive alcohol expectancies mediate the influence of the behavioral activation system on alcohol use: A prospective path analysis. Addictive Behaviors, 37(4), 435–443. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2011.12.004.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed

Weinstock, J., Whelan, J. P., & Meyers, A. (2008). College students’ gambling behavior: When does it become harmful? Journal of American College Health, 56(5), 513–521. doi:10.3200/JACH.56.5.513-522.CrossRefPubMed

Whiteside, S. P., Lynam, D. R., Miller, J. D., & Reynolds, S. K. (2005). Validation of the UPPS Impulsive Behaviour Scale: A four-factor model of impulsivity. European Journal of Personality, 19(7), 559–574. doi:10.1002/per.556.CrossRef

Wickwire, E. M., Whelan, J. P., & Meyers, A. W. (2010). Outcome expectancies and gambling behavior among urban adolescents. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 24(1), 75–88. doi:10.1037/a0017505.CrossRefPubMed

Yuan, K., Bentler, P. M., & Zhang, W. (2005). The effect of skewness and kurtosis on mean and covariance structure analysis: The univariate case and Its multivariate implication. Sociological Methods & Research, 34(2), 240–258. doi:10.1177/0049124105280200.CrossRef

Zuckerman, M., Eysenck, S. B., & Eysenck, H. J. (1978). Sensation seeking in England and America: Cross-cultural, age, and sex comparisons. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 46(1), 139–149. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.46.1.139.CrossRefPubMed

Title: Testing the Acquired Preparedness Model: Predicting College Student Gambling Frequency and Symptomatology
Authors: Meredith K. Ginley
James P. Whelan
George E. Relyea
Andrew W. Meyers
Godfrey D. Pearlson
Publication date: 01-09-2015
Publisher: Springer US
Published in: Journal of Gambling Studies / Issue 3/2015
Electronic ISSN: 1573-3602
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-014-9445-6

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Springer Medicine

Testing the Acquired Preparedness Model: Predicting College Student Gambling Frequency and Symptomatology

Abstract

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Springer Medicine

Abstract

Please log in to get access to this content

Other articles of this Issue 3/2015

Demographic Risk Factors and Gambling Preference May Not Explain the High Prevalence of Gambling Problems Among the Population with Migration Background: Results from a German Nationwide Survey

An Examination of a Proposed DSM-IV Pathological Gambling Hierarchy in a Treatment Seeking Population: Similarities with Substance Dependence and Evidence for Three Classification Systems

Gambling and Problem Gambling in the United States: Changes Between 1999 and 2013

The Incidence of Problem Gambling in a Representative Cohort of Swedish Female and Male 16–24 Year-Olds by Socio-demographic Characteristics, in Comparison with 25–44 Year-Olds

Upping the Reinforcement Rate by Playing the Maximum Lines in Multi-line Slot Machine Play

Relationship Between Gambling Severity and Attitudes in Adolescents: Findings from a Population-Based Study