Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

At a glance: The STEP trials

A round-up of the STEP phase 3 clinical trials evaluating semaglutide for weight loss in people with overweight or obesity.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
Cancer Cell International
Published in: Cancer Cell International 1/2017

Open Access 01-12-2017 | Review

Targeting deubiquitinating enzymes in cancer stem cells

Authors: Hu Lei, Huizhuang Shan, Yingli Wu

Published in: Cancer Cell International | Issue 1/2017

Login to get access

Abstract

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are rare but accounted for tumor initiation, progression, metastasis, relapse and therapeutic resistance. Ubiquitination and deubiquitination of stemness-related proteins are essential for CSC maintenance and differentiation, even leading to execute various stem cell fate choices. Deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs), specifically disassembling ubiquitin chains, are important to maintain the balance between ubiquitination and deubiquitination. In this review, we have focused on the DUBs regulation of stem cell fate determination. For example, we discuss deubiquitinase inhibition may lead stem cell transcription factors and CSCs-related protein degradation. Also, CSCs microenvironment is regulated by DUBs activity. Our review provides a new insight into DUBs activity by emphasizing their cellular role in regulating stem cell fate and illustrates the opportunities for the application of DUBs inhibitors in the CSC-targeted therapy.
Literature
1.
Krause M, Dubrovska A, Linge A, Baumann M. Cancer stem cells: radioresistance, prediction of radiotherapy outcome and specific targets for combined treatments. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2017;109:63–73.CrossRefPubMed
2.
Clarke MF, Dick JE, Dirks PB, Eaves CJ, Jamieson CH, Jones DL, Visvader J, Weissman IL, Wahl GM. Cancer stem cells–perspectives on current status and future directions: AACR workshop on cancer stem cells. Cancer Res. 2006;66(19):9339–44.CrossRefPubMed
3.
Qiu GZ, Sun W, Jin MZ, Lin J, Lu PG, Jin WL. The bad seed gardener: deubiquitinases in the cancer stem–cell signaling network and therapeutic resistance. Pharmacol Ther. 2017;172:127–38.CrossRefPubMed
4.
Suresh B, Lee J, Kim KS, Ramakrishna S. The importance of ubiquitination and deubiquitination in cellular reprogramming. Stem Cells Int. 2016;2016:6705927.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
5.
Fraile JM, Manchado E, Lujambio A, Quesada V, Campos-Iglesias D, Webb TR, Lowe SW, Lopez-Otin C, Freije JM. USP39 deubiquitinase is essential for KRAS oncogene-driven cancer. J Biol Chem. 2017;292(10):4164–75.CrossRefPubMed
6.
Zhao C, Chen X, Zang D, Lan X, Liao S, Yang C, Zhang P, Wu J, Li X, Liu N, et al. A novel nickel complex works as a proteasomal deubiquitinase inhibitor for cancer therapy. Oncogene. 2016;35(45):5916–27.CrossRefPubMed
7.
Suresh B, Lee J, Kim H, Ramakrishna S. Regulation of pluripotency and differentiation by deubiquitinating enzymes. Cell Death Differ. 2016;23(8):1257–64.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
8.
Fraile JM, Campos-Iglesias D, Rodriguez F, Espanol Y, Freije JM. The deubiquitinase USP54 is overexpressed in colorectal cancer stem cells and promotes intestinal tumorigenesis. Oncotarget. 2016;7(46):74427–34.PubMedPubMedCentral
9.
Wu Y, Wang Y, Yang XH, Kang T, Zhao Y, Wang C, Evers BM, Zhou BP. The deubiquitinase USP28 stabilizes LSD1 and confers stem-cell-like traits to breast cancer cells. Cell Rep. 2013;5(1):224–36.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
10.
Cai N, Li M, Qu J, Liu GH, Izpisua Belmonte JC. Post-translational modulation of pluripotency. J Mol Cell Biol. 2012;4(4):262–5.CrossRefPubMed
11.
Ramakrishna S, Kim KS, Baek KH. Posttranslational modifications of defined embryonic reprogramming transcription factors. Cell Reprogr. 2014;16(2):108–20.CrossRef
12.
13.
Bharti R, Dey G, Mandal M. Cancer development, chemoresistance, epithelial to mesenchymal transition and stem cells: a snapshot of IL-6 mediated involvement. Cancer Lett. 2016;375(1):51–61.CrossRefPubMed
14.
Liu K, Lin B, Zhao M, Yang X, Chen M, Gao A, Liu F, Que J, Lan X. The multiple roles for Sox2 in stem cell maintenance and tumorigenesis. Cell Sign. 2013;25(5):1264–71.CrossRef
15.
Sussman RT, Stanek TJ, Esteso P, Gearhart JD, Knudsen KE, McMahon SB. The epigenetic modifier ubiquitin-specific protease 22 (USP22) regulates embryonic stem cell differentiation via transcriptional repression of sex-determining region Y-box 2 (SOX2). J Biol Chem. 2013;288(33):24234–46.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
16.
Cox JL, Wilder PJ, Gilmore JM, Wuebben EL, Washburn MP, Rizzino A. The SOX2-interactome in brain cancer cells identifies the requirement of MSI2 and USP9X for the growth of brain tumor cells. PLoS ONE. 2013;8(5):e62857.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
17.
Boyer LA, Lee TI, Cole MF, Johnstone SE, Levine SS, Zucker JP, Guenther MG, Kumar RM, Murray HL, Jenner RG, et al. Core transcriptional regulatory circuitry in human embryonic stem cells. Cell. 2005;122(6):947–56.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
18.
Pan J, Deng Q, Jiang C, Wang X, Niu T, Li H, Chen T, Jin J, Pan W, Cai X, et al. USP37 directly deubiquitinates and stabilizes c-Myc in lung cancer. Oncogene. 2015;34(30):3957–67.CrossRefPubMed
19.
Kim D, Hong A, Park HI, Shin WH, Yoo L, Jeon SJ, Chung KC. Deubiquitinating enzyme USP22 positively regulates c-Myc stability and tumorigenic activity in mammalian and breast cancer cells. J Cell Physiol. 2017;232(12):3664–76.CrossRefPubMed
20.
Sun XX, He X, Yin L, Komada M, Sears RC, Dai MS. The nucleolar ubiquitin-specific protease USP36 deubiquitinates and stabilizes c-Myc. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2015;112(12):3734–9.PubMedPubMedCentral
21.
Popov N, Wanzel M, Madiredjo M, Zhang D, Beijersbergen R, Bernards R, Moll R, Elledge SJ, Eilers M. The ubiquitin-specific protease USP28 is required for MYC stability. Nat Cell Biol. 2007;9(7):765–74.CrossRefPubMed
22.
Jin J, Liu J, Chen C, Liu Z, Jiang C, Chu H, Pan W, Wang X, Zhang L, Li B, et al. The deubiquitinase USP21 maintains the stemness of mouse embryonic stem cells via stabilization of Nanog. Nat Commun. 2016;7:13594.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
23.
Lasorella A, Benezra R, Iavarone A. The ID proteins: master regulators of cancer stem cells and tumour aggressiveness. Nat Rev Cancer. 2014;14(2):77–91.CrossRefPubMed
24.
Mistry H, Hsieh G, Buhrlage SJ, Huang M, Park E, Cuny GD, Galinsky I, Stone RM, Gray NS, D’Andrea AD, et al. Small-molecule inhibitors of USP1 target ID1 degradation in leukemic cells. Mol Cancer Ther. 2013;12(12):2651–62.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
25.
Williams SA, Maecker HL, French DM, Liu J, Gregg A, Silverstein LB, Cao TC, Carano RA, Dixit VM. USP1 deubiquitinates ID proteins to preserve a mesenchymal stem cell program in osteosarcoma. Cell. 2011;146(6):918–30.CrossRefPubMed
26.
27.
Zhou L, Chen X, Liu T, Zhu C, Si M, Jargstorf J, Li M, Pan G, Gong Y, Luo ZP et al. SIRT1-dependent anti-senescence effects of cell-deposited matrix on human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells. J Tissue Eng Regen Med. 2017. doi:10.​1002/​term.​2422.
28.
Li L, Osdal T, Ho Y, Chun S, McDonald T, Agarwal P, Lin A, Chu S, Qi J, Li L, et al. SIRT1 activation by a c-MYC oncogenic network promotes the maintenance and drug resistance of human FLT3-ITD acute myeloid leukemia stem cells. Cell Stem Cell. 2014;15(4):431–46.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
29.
Jin Y, Cao Q, Chen C, Du X, Jin B, Pan J. Tenovin-6-mediated inhibition of SIRT1/2 induces apoptosis in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) cells and eliminates ALL stem/progenitor cells. BMC Cancer. 2015;15:226.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
30.
Lin Z, Yang H, Kong Q, Li J, Lee SM, Gao B, Dong H, Wei J, Song J, Zhang DD, et al. USP22 antagonizes p53 transcriptional activation by deubiquitinating Sirt1 to suppress cell apoptosis and is required for mouse embryonic development. Mol Cell. 2012;46(4):484–94.CrossRefPubMed
31.
32.
Aloni-Grinstein R, Shetzer Y, Kaufman T, Rotter V. p53: the barrier to cancer stem cell formation. FEBS Lett. 2014;588(16):2580–9.CrossRefPubMed
33.
34.
Liu H, Li X, Ning G, Zhu S, Ma X, Liu X, Liu C, Huang M, Schmitt I, Wullner U, et al. The Machado-Joseph disease deubiquitinase Ataxin-3 regulates the stability and apoptotic function of p53. PLoS Biol. 2016;14(11):e2000733.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
35.
36.
37.
Piao S, Pei HZ, Huang B, Baek SH. Ovarian tumor domain-containing protein 1 deubiquitinates and stabilizes p53. Cell Sign. 2017;33:22–9.CrossRef
38.
39.
Ke JY, Dai CJ, Wu WL, Gao JH, Xia AJ, Liu GP, Lv KS, Wu CL. USP11 regulates p53 stability by deubiquitinating p53. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B. 2014;15(12):1032–8.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
40.
Schubbert S, Jiao J, Ruscetti M, Nakashima J, Wu S, Lei H, Xu Q, Yi W, Zhu H, Wu H. Methods for PTEN in stem cells and cancer stem cells. Methods Mol Biol. 2016;1388:233–85.CrossRefPubMed
41.
Duan S, Yuan G, Liu X, Ren R, Li J, Zhang W, Wu J, Xu X, Fu L, Li Y, et al. PTEN deficiency reprogrammes human neural stem cells towards a glioblastoma stem cell-like phenotype. Nat Commun. 2015;6:10068.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
42.
Liao J, Marumoto T, Yamaguchi S, Okano S, Takeda N, Sakamoto C, Kawano H, Nii T, Miyamato S, Nagai Y, et al. Inhibition of PTEN tumor suppressor promotes the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells. Mol Ther. 2013;21(6):1242–50.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
43.
44.
Sacco JJ, Yau TY, Darling S, Patel V, Liu H, Urbe S, Clague MJ, Coulson JM. The deubiquitylase Ataxin-3 restricts PTEN transcription in lung cancer cells. Oncogene. 2014;33(33):4265–72.CrossRefPubMed
45.
Mustachio LM, Kawakami M, Lu Y, Rodriguez-Canales J, Mino B, Behrens C, Wistuba I, Bota-Rabassedas N, Yu J, Lee JJ, et al. The ISG15-specific protease USP18 regulates stability of PTEN. Oncotarget. 2017;8(1):3–14.PubMed
46.
Song MS, Salmena L, Carracedo A, Egia A, Lo-Coco F, Teruya-Feldstein J, Pandolfi PP. The deubiquitinylation and localization of PTEN are regulated by a HAUSP-PML network. Nature. 2008;455(7214):813–7.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
47.
Morotti A, Panuzzo C, Crivellaro S, Pergolizzi B, Familiari U, Berger AH, Saglio G, Pandolfi PP. BCR-ABL disrupts PTEN nuclear-cytoplasmic shuttling through phosphorylation-dependent activation of HAUSP. Leukemia. 2014;28(6):1326–33.CrossRefPubMed
48.
Gao X, Jin W. The emerging role of tumor-suppressive microRNA-218 in targeting glioblastoma stemness. Cancer Lett. 2014;353(1):25–31.CrossRefPubMed
49.
Suva ML, Riggi N, Janiszewska M, Radovanovic I, Provero P, Stehle JC, Baumer K, Le Bitoux MA, Marino D, Cironi L, et al. EZH2 is essential for glioblastoma cancer stem cell maintenance. Cancer Res. 2009;69(24):9211–8.CrossRefPubMed
50.
Laugesen A, Hojfeldt JW, Helin K. Role of the polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) in transcriptional regulation and cancer. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 2016;6(9):a026575.CrossRefPubMed
51.
Wu X, Johansen JV, Helin K. Fbxl10/Kdm2b recruits polycomb repressive complex 1 to CpG islands and regulates H2A ubiquitylation. Mol Cell. 2013;49(6):1134–46.CrossRefPubMed
52.
Maertens GN, El Messaoudi-Aubert S, Elderkin S, Hiom K, Peters G. Ubiquitin-specific proteases 7 and 11 modulate Polycomb regulation of the INK4a tumour suppressor. EMBO J. 2010;29(15):2553–65.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
53.
54.
Kemp CD, Rao M, Xi S, Inchauste S, Mani H, Fetsch P, Filie A, Zhang M, Hong JA, Walker RL, et al. Polycomb repressor complex-2 is a novel target for mesothelioma therapy. Clin Cancer Res. 2012;18(1):77–90.CrossRefPubMed
55.
Amente S, Lania L, Majello B. The histone LSD1 demethylase in stemness and cancer transcription programs. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2013;1829(10):981–6.CrossRefPubMed
56.
57.
Yi L, Cui Y, Xu Q, Jiang Y. Stabilization of LSD1 by deubiquitinating enzyme USP7 promotes glioblastoma cell tumorigenesis and metastasis through suppression of the p53 signaling pathway. Oncol Rep. 2016;36(5):2935–45.CrossRefPubMed
58.
Carnero A, Lleonart M. The hypoxic microenvironment: a determinant of cancer stem cell evolution. BioEssays. 2016;38(Suppl 1):S65–74.CrossRefPubMed
59.
Kise K, Kinugasa-Katayama Y, Takakura N. Tumor microenvironment for cancer stem cells. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2016;99(Pt B):197–205.CrossRefPubMed
60.
61.
van den Beucken T, Koch E, Chu K, Rupaimoole R, Prickaerts P, Adriaens M, Voncken JW, Harris AL, Buffa FM, Haider S, et al. Hypoxia promotes stem cell phenotypes and poor prognosis through epigenetic regulation of DICER. Nat Commun. 2014;5:5203.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
62.
Zhao M, Zhang Y, Zhang H, Wang S, Zhang M, Chen X, Wang H, Zeng G, Chen X, Liu G, et al. Hypoxia-induced cell stemness leads to drug resistance and poor prognosis in lung adenocarcinoma. Lung Cancer. 2015;87(2):98–106.CrossRefPubMed
63.
Maxwell PH, Wiesener MS, Chang GW, Clifford SC, Vaux EC, Cockman ME, Wykoff CC, Pugh CW, Maher ER, Ratcliffe PJ. The tumour suppressor protein VHL targets hypoxia-inducible factors for oxygen-dependent proteolysis. Nature. 1999;399(6733):271–5.CrossRefPubMed
64.
Flugel D, Gorlach A, Kietzmann T. GSK-3beta regulates cell growth, migration, and angiogenesis via Fbw7 and USP28-dependent degradation of HIF-1alpha. Blood. 2012;119(5):1292–301.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
65.
Altun M, Zhao B, Velasco K, Liu H, Hassink G, Paschke J, Pereira T, Lindsten K. Ubiquitin-specific protease 19 (USP19) regulates hypoxia-inducible factor 1alpha (HIF-1alpha) during hypoxia. J Biol Chem. 2012;287(3):1962–9.CrossRefPubMed
66.
Troilo A, Alexander I, Muehl S, Jaramillo D, Knobeloch KP, Krek W. HIF1alpha deubiquitination by USP8 is essential for ciliogenesis in normoxia. EMBO Rep. 2014;15(1):77–85.CrossRefPubMed
67.
Bett JS, Ibrahim AF, Garg AK, Kelly V, Pedrioli P, Rocha S, Hay RT. The P-body component USP52/PAN2 is a novel regulator of HIF1A mRNA stability. Biochem J. 2013;451(2):185–94.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
68.
Shigdar S, Li Y, Bhattacharya S, O’Connor M, Pu C, Lin J, Wang T, Xiang D, Kong L, Wei MQ, et al. Inflammation and cancer stem cells. Cancer Lett. 2014;345(2):271–8.CrossRefPubMed
69.
Bierie B, Moses HL. Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) and inflammation in cancer. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 2010;21(1):49–59.CrossRefPubMed
70.
Dethlefsen C, Hojfeldt G, Hojman P. The role of intratumoral and systemic IL-6 in breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2013;138(3):657–64.CrossRefPubMed
71.
Hollier BG, Evans K, Mani SA. The epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and cancer stem cells: a coalition against cancer therapies. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia. 2009;14(1):29–43.CrossRefPubMed
72.
Shen G, Lin Y, Yang X, Zhang J, Xu Z, Jia H. MicroRNA-26b inhibits epithelial-mesenchymal transition in hepatocellular carcinoma by targeting USP9X. BMC Cancer. 2014;14:393.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
73.
Fu P, Du F, Liu Y, Yao M, Zhang S, Zheng X, Zheng S. WP1130 increases cisplatin sensitivity through inhibition of usp9x in estrogen receptor-negative breast cancer cells. Am J Transl Res. 2017;9(4):1783–91.PubMedPubMedCentral
74.
Zhu Y, Zhang Y, Sui Z, Zhang Y, Liu M, Tang H. USP14 de-ubiquitinates vimentin and miR-320a modulates USP14 and vimentin to contribute to malignancy in gastric cancer cells. Oncotarget. 2016;8(30):48725-36.PubMedCentral
75.
Wang X, Mazurkiewicz M, Hillert EK, Olofsson MH, Pierrou S, Hillertz P, Gullbo J, Selvaraju K, Paulus A, Akhtar S, et al. Corrigendum: the proteasome deubiquitinase inhibitor VLX1570 shows selectivity for ubiquitin-specific protease-14 and induces apoptosis of multiple myeloma cells. Sci Rep. 2016;6:30667.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
76.
Song HM, Lee JE, Kim JH. Ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase-L3 regulates EMT process and cancer metastasis in prostate cell lines. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2014;452(3):722–7.CrossRefPubMed
77.
Ning B, Zhao W, Qian C, Liu P, Li Q, Li W, Wang RF. USP26 functions as a negative regulator of cellular reprogramming by stabilising PRC1 complex components. Nat Commun. 2017;8(1):349.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
78.
Martin D, Galisteo R, Gutkind JS. CXCL8/IL8 stimulates vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression and the autocrine activation of VEGFR2 in endothelial cells by activating NFkappaB through the CBM (Carma3/Bcl10/Malt1) complex. J Biol Chem. 2009;284(10):6038–42.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
79.
Peng L, Hu Y, Chen D, Jiao S, Sun S. Ubiquitin specific peptidase 21 regulates interleukin-8 expression, stem-cell like property of human renal cell carcinoma. Oncotarget. 2016;7(27):42007–16.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
80.
Levina V, Marrangoni AM, DeMarco R, Gorelik E, Lokshin AE. Drug-selected human lung cancer stem cells: cytokine network, tumorigenic and metastatic properties. PLoS One. 2008;3(8):e3077.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
81.
Xiao N, Li H, Luo J, Wang R, Chen H, Chen J, Wang P. Ubiquitin-specific protease 4 (USP4) targets TRAF2 and TRAF6 for deubiquitination and inhibits TNFalpha-induced cancer cell migration. Biochem J. 2012;441(3):979–86.CrossRefPubMed
82.
Sun SC. Deubiquitylation and regulation of the immune response. Nat Rev Immunol. 2008;8(7):501–11.CrossRefPubMed
83.
Lee JK, Chang N, Yoon Y, Yang H, Cho H, Kim E, Shin Y, Kang W, Oh YT, Mun GI, et al. USP1 targeting impedes GBM growth by inhibiting stem cell maintenance and radioresistance. Neuro-oncology. 2016;18(1):37–47.CrossRefPubMed
84.
Tian Z, D’Arcy P, Wang X, Ray A, Tai YT, Hu Y, Carrasco RD, Richardson P, Linder S, Chauhan D, et al. A novel small molecule inhibitor of deubiquitylating enzyme USP14 and UCHL5 induces apoptosis in multiple myeloma and overcomes bortezomib resistance. Blood. 2014;123(5):706–16.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
85.
Huang Z, Wu Q, Guryanova OA, Cheng L, Shou W, Rich JN, Bao S. Deubiquitylase HAUSP stabilizes REST and promotes maintenance of neural progenitor cells. Nat Cell Biol. 2011;13(2):142–52.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
86.
Chauhan D, Tian Z, Nicholson B, Kumar KG, Zhou B, Carrasco R, McDermott JL, Leach CA, Fulcinniti M, Kodrasov MP, et al. A small molecule inhibitor of ubiquitin-specific protease-7 induces apoptosis in multiple myeloma cells and overcomes bortezomib resistance. Cancer Cell. 2012;22(3):345–58.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
87.
Fan YH, Cheng J, Vasudevan SA, Dou J, Zhang H, Patel RH, Ma IT, Rojas Y, Zhao Y, Yu Y, et al. USP7 inhibitor P22077 inhibits neuroblastoma growth via inducing p53-mediated apoptosis. Cell Death Dis. 2013;4:e867.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
Metadata
Title
Targeting deubiquitinating enzymes in cancer stem cells
Authors
Hu Lei
Huizhuang Shan
Yingli Wu
Publication date
01-12-2017
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
Cancer Cell International / Issue 1/2017
Electronic ISSN: 1475-2867
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12935-017-0472-0

Other articles of this Issue 1/2017

Cancer Cell International 1/2017 Go to the issue

Primary Research

miR-155-5p modulates malignant behaviors of hepatocellular carcinoma by directly targeting CTHRC1 and indirectly regulating GSK-3β-involved Wnt/β-catenin signaling

Primary Research

Suppression of endothelial cell migration by tumor associated macrophage-derived exosomes is reversed by epithelial ovarian cancer exosomal lncRNA

Primary Research

Ribonucleic acid interference knockdown of IL-6 enhances the efficacy of cisplatin in laryngeal cancer stem cells by down-regulating the IL-6/STAT3/HIF1 pathway

Primary research

Human cytomegalovirus interleukin-10 enhances matrigel invasion of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells

Retraction Note

Retraction Note to: Mutation pattern is an influential factor on functional mutation rates in cancer

Primary Research

High brain acid soluble protein 1(BASP1) is a poor prognostic factor for cervical cancer and promotes tumor growth
Webinar | 19-02-2024 | 17:30 (CET)

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on antibody–drug conjugates in cancer

Watch now

Antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs) are novel agents that have shown promise across multiple tumor types. Explore the current landscape of ADCs in breast and lung cancer with our experts, and gain insights into the mechanism of action, key clinical trials data, existing challenges, and future directions.

Dr. Véronique Diéras
Prof. Fabrice Barlesi
Developed by: Springer Medicine
Image Credits