Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

LIVE: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)
Join our expert panel to discover why you need to understand the drivers of non-adherence in your patients, and how you can optimize medication adherence in your clinics to drastically improve patient outcomes.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
Drugs & Aging
Published in: Drugs & Aging 7/2007

01-07-2007 | Review Article

Sustained-Release Ophthalmic Drug Delivery Systems for Treatment of Macular Disorders

Present and Future Applications

Authors: Blake A. Booth, Lori Vidal Denham, Saadallah Bouhanik, Jean T. Jacob, Dr James M. Hill

Published in: Drugs & Aging | Issue 7/2007

Login to get access

Abstract

Macular disease currently poses the greatest threat to vision in aging populations. Historically, most of this pathology could only be dealt with surgically, and then only after much damage to the macula had already occurred. Current pathophysiological insights into macular diseases have allowed the development of effective new pharmacotherapies. The field of drug delivery systems has advanced over the last several years with emphasis placed on controlled release of drug to specific areas of the eye. Its unique location and tendency toward chronic disease make the macula an important and attractive target for drug delivery systems, especially sustained-release systems. This review evaluates the current literature on the research and development of sustained-release posterior segment drug delivery systems that are primarily intended for macular disease with an emphasis on age-related macular degeneration.
Current effective therapies include corticosteroids and anti-vascular endothelial growth factor compounds. Recent successes have been reported using antiangiogenic drugs for therapy of age-related macular degeneration. This review also includes information on implantable devices (biodegradable and nonbiodegradable), the use of injected particles (microspheres and liposomes) and future enhanced drug delivery systems, such as ultrasound drug delivery. The devices reviewed show significant drug release over a period of days or weeks. However, macular disorders are chronic diseases requiring years of treatment. Currently, there is no ‘gold standard’ for therapy and/or drug delivery. Future studies will focus on improving the efficiency and effectiveness of drug delivery to the posterior chamber. If successful, therapeutic modalities will significantly delay loss of vision and improve the quality of life for patients with chronic macular disorders.
Footnotes
1
The use of trade names is for product identification purposes only and does not imply endorsement.
 
Literature
1.
Sultana Y, Jain R, Aqil M, et al. Review of ocular drag delivery. Curr Drug Deliv 2006 Apr; 3(2): 207–17PubMedCrossRef
2.
3.
Mainardes RM, Urban MC, Cinto PO, et al. Colloidal carriers for ophthalmic drag delivery. Curr Drag Targets 2005 May; 6(3): 363–71CrossRef
4.
Myles ME, Neumann DM, Hill JM. Recent progress in ocular drug delivery for posterior segment disease: emphasis on transscleral iontophoresis. Adv Drag Deliv Rev 2005 Dec 13; 57(14): 2063–79CrossRef
5.
6.
Yasukawa T, Ogura Y, Tabata Y, et al. Drug delivery systems for vitreoretinal diseases. Prog Retin Eye Res 2004; 23: 253–81PubMedCrossRef
7.
Davis JL, Gilger BC, Robinson MR. Novel approaches to ocular drug delivery. Curr Opin Mol Ther 2004 Apr; 6(2): 195–205PubMed
8.
Duvvuri S, Majumdar S, Mitra AK. Drug delivery to the retina: challenges and opportunities. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2003 Feb; 3(1): 45–56PubMedCrossRef
9.
Kurz D, Ciulla TA. Novel approaches for retinal drug delivery. Ophthalmol Clin North Am 2002; 15: 405–10PubMedCrossRef
10.
Congdon N, O’Colmain B, Klaver CC, et al. Causes and prevalence of visual impairment among adults in the United States. Arch Ophthalmol 2004 Apr; 122(4): 477–85PubMedCrossRef
11.
Gohdes DM, Balamurugan A, Larsen BA, et al. Age-related eye diseases: an emerging challenge for public health professionals. Prev Chronic Dis 2005 Jul; 2(3): A17PubMed
12.
Klein R, Klein BE, Jensen SC, et al. The five-year incidence and progression of age-related maculopathy: the Beaver Dam Eye Study. Ophthalmology 1997 Jan; 104(1): 7–21PubMed
13.
14.
Kempen JH, O’Colmain BJ, Leske MC, et al. The prevalence of diabetic retinopathy among adults in the United States. Arch Ophthalmol 2004 Apr; 122(4): 552–63PubMedCrossRef
15.
Klein M, Vignaud JM, Hennequin V, et al. Increased expression of the vascular endothelial growth factor is a pejorative prognosis marker in papillary thyroid carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001 Feb; 86(2): 656–8PubMedCrossRef
16.
17.
Folkman J. Angiogenesis: an organizing principle for drug discovery. Nature Rev 2007 Apr; 6: 273–86CrossRef
18.
Ryan SJ. Subretinal neovascularization. Trans New Orleans Acad Ophthalmol 1983; 31: 43–52PubMed
19.
Moss SE, Klein R, Klein BE. The 14-year incidence of visual loss in a diabetic population. Ophthalmology 1998 Jun; 105(6): 998–1003PubMedCrossRef
20.
Senger DR, Van De WL, Brown LF, et al. Vascular permeability factor (VPF, VEGF) in tumor biology. Cancer Metastasis Rev 1993 Sep; 12(3–4): 303–24PubMedCrossRef
21.
Aiello LP, Bursell SE, Clermont A, et al. Vascular endothelial growth factor-induced retinal permeability is mediated by protein kinase C in vivo and suppressed by an orally effective beta-isoform-selective inhibitor. Diabetes 1997 Sep; 46(9): 1473–80PubMedCrossRef
22.
Dawson DW, Volpert OV, Gillis P, et al. Pigment epithelium-derived factor: a potent inhibitor of angiogenesis. Science 1999 Jul 9; 285(5425): 245–8PubMedCrossRef
23.
Donaldson MJ, Pulido JS. Treatment of nonexudative (dry) age-related macular degeneration. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 2006 Jun; 17(3): 267–74PubMedCrossRef
24.
Toth CA. Macular degeneration: the latest in current surgical management. Retina 2006 Jul; 26(6 Suppl.): S21–5PubMedCrossRef
25.
Lim JI. Macular degeneration: the latest in current medical management. Retina 2006 Jul; 26(6 Suppl.): S17–20PubMedCrossRef
26.
Photodynamic therapy of subfoveal choroidal neovascularization in age-related macular degeneration with verteporfin: one-year results of 2 randomized clinical trials — TAP report. Treatment of age-related macular degeneration with photodynamic therapy (TAP) Study Group. Arch Ophthalmol 1999 Oct; 117(10): 1329–45
27.
Comer GM, Ciulla TA, Criswell MH, et al. Current and future treatment options for nonexudative and exudative age-related macular degeneration. Drags Aging 2004; 21(15): 967–92CrossRef
28.
Pelzek C, Lim JI. Diabetic macular edema: review and update. Ophthalmol Clin North Am 2002 Dec; 15(4): 555–63PubMedCrossRef
29.
Aiello LP, Davis MD, Girach A, et al. Effect of raboxistaurin on visual loss in patients with diabetic retinopathy: PKC-DRS2 Group. Ophthalmology 2006 Dec; 113(12): 2221–30PubMedCrossRef
30.
Ciulla TA, Walker JD, Fong DS, et al. Corticosteroids in posterior segment disease: an update on new delivery systems and new indications. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 2004 Jun; 15(3): 211–20PubMedCrossRef
31.
Jonas JB, Spandau UH, Kamppeter BA, et al. Repeated intravitreal high-dosage injections of triamcinolone acetonide for diffuse diabetic macular edema. Ophthalmology 2006 May; 113(5): 800–4PubMedCrossRef
32.
Jonas JB, Kreissig I, Hugger P, et al. Intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide for exudative age related macular degeneration. Br J Ophthalmol 2003; 87: 462–8PubMedCrossRef
33.
Gillies MC, Simpson JM, Luo W, et al. A randomized clinical trial of a single dose of intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide for neovascular age-related macular degeneration: one-year results. Arch Ophthalmol 2003 May; 121(5): 667–73PubMedCrossRef
34.
Gillies MC, Simpson JM, Billson FA, et al. Safety of an intravitreal injection of triamcinolone: results from a randomized clinical trial. Arch Ophthalmol 2004 Mar; 122(3): 336–40PubMedCrossRef
35.
Roth DB, Chieh J, Spim MJ, et al. Noninfectious endophthalmitis associated with intravitreal triamcinolone injection. Arch Ophthalmol 2003 Sep; 121(9): 1279–82PubMedCrossRef
36.
Jonas JB, Akkoyun I, Budde WM, et al. Intravitreal reinjection of triamcinolone for exudative age-related macular degeneration. Arch Ophthalmol 2004 Feb; 122(2): 218–22PubMedCrossRef
37.
Jonas JB, Degenring RF, Kreissig I, et al. Exudative age-related macular degeneration treated by intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide: a prospective comparative nonrandomized study. Eye 2005 Feb; 19(2): 163–70PubMedCrossRef
38.
Holekamp NM, Thomas MA, Pearson A. The safety profile of long-term, high-dose intraocular corticosteroid delivery. Am J Ophthalmol 2005 Mar; 139(3): 421–8PubMedCrossRef
39.
Slakter JS. Anecortave acetate for treating or preventing choroidal neovascularization. Ophthalmol Clin North Am 2006 Sep; 19(3): 373–80PubMed
40.
Slakter JS, Bochow TW, D’Amico DJ, et al. Anecortave acetate (15 milligrams) versus photodynamic therapy for treatment of subfoveal neovascularization in age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmology 2006 Jan; 113(1): 3–13PubMedCrossRef
41.
Kim IK, Husain D, Michaud N, et al. Effect of intravitreal injection of ranibizumab in combination with verteporfin PDT on normal primate retina and choroid. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2006; 47: 357–63PubMedCrossRef
42.
Dorrell MI, Aguilar E, Scheppke L, et al. Combination angiostatic therapy completely inhibits ocular and tumor angiogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007 Jan; 104(2): 967–72PubMedCrossRef
43.
Gragoudas ES, Adamis AP, Cunningham Jr ET, et al. Pegaptanib for neovascular age-related macular degeneration. N Engl J Med 2004 Dec 30; 351(27): 2805–16PubMedCrossRef
44.
Eyetech Study Group. Preclinical and phase 1A clinical evaluation of an anti-VEGF pegylated aptamer (EYE001) for the treatment of exudative age-related macular degeneration. Retina 2002 Apr; 22(2): 143–52CrossRef
45.
Rosenfeld PJ, Heier JS, Hantsbarger G, et al. Tolerability and efficacy of multiple escalating doses of ranibizumab (Lucentis) for neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmology 2006 Apr; 113(4): 623–32PubMedCrossRef
46.
Moshfeghi AA, Rosenfeld PJ, Puliafito CA, et al. Systemic bevacizumab (Avastin) therapy for neovascular age-related macular degeneration: twenty-four-week results of an uncontrolled open-label clinical study. Ophthalmology 2002 Nov; 113(11): e1–12
47.
Jorge R, Costa RA, Calucci D, et al. Intravitreal bevacizumab (Avastin) for persistent new vessels in diabetic retinopathy (IBEPE study). Retina 2006 Nov; 26(9): 1006–13PubMedCrossRef
48.
Tolentino MJ, Brucker AJ, Fosnot J, et al. Intravitreal injection of vascular endothelial growth factor small interfering RNA inhibits growth and leakage in a nonhuman primate, laser-induced model of choroidal neovascularization. Retina 2004 Feb; 24(1): 132–8PubMedCrossRef
49.
Mori K, Gehlbach P, Yamamoto S, et al. AAV-mediated gene transfer of pigment epithelium-derived factor inhibits choroidal neovascularization. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2002 Jun; 43(6): 1994–2000PubMed
50.
Strom C, Sander B, Klemp K, et al. Effect of ruboxistaurin on blood-retinal barrier permeability in relation to severity of leakage in diabetic macular edema. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2005 Oct; 46(10): 3855–8PubMedCrossRef
51.
Geroski DH, Edelhauser HF. Drug delivery for posterior segment eye disease. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2000; 41(5): 961–4PubMed
52.
Olsen TW, Edelhauser HF, Lim JI, et al. Human scierai permeability: effects of age, cryotherapy, transscleral diode laser and surgical thinning. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1995; 36: 1893–903PubMed
53.
Ambati J, Canakis CS, Miller JW, et al. Diffusion of high molecular weight compounds through sciera. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2000; 41: 1181–5PubMed
54.
Cruysberg LP, Nuijts RM, Geroski DH, et al. In vitro human scierai permeability of fluorescein, dexamethasone-fluoresce-in, methotrexate-fluorescein and rhodamine 6G and the use of a coated coil as a new drug delivery system. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2002 Dec; 18(6): 559–69PubMedCrossRef
55.
Ambati J, Gragoudas ES, Miller JW, et al. Transscleral delivery of bioactive protein to the choroid and retina. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2000 Apr; 41(5): 1186–91PubMed
56.
Entezari M, Ahmadieh H, Dehghan MH, et al. Posterior sub-tenon triamcinolone for refractory diabetic macular edema: a randomized clinical trial. Eur J Ophthalmol 2005 Nov; 15(6): 746–50PubMed
57.
Robinson MR, Lee SS, Kim H, et al. A rabbit model for assessing the ocular barriers to the transscleral delivery of triamcinolone acetonide. Exp Eye Res 2006 Mar; 82(3): 479–87PubMedCrossRef
58.
Voigt M, Kralinger M, Kieselbach G, et al. Ocular aspirin distribution: a comparison of intravenous, topical, and coulomb-controlled iontophresis administration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2002; 43: 3299–306PubMed
59.
Behar-Cohen FF, Parel J-M, Pouliquen Y, et al. Iontophoresis of dexamethasone in the treatment of endotoxin-induced-uveitis in rats. Exp Eye Res 1997; 65: 533–45PubMedCrossRef
60.
Behar-Cohen F, Savoldelli M, Parel JM, et al. Reduction of corneal edema in endotoxin-induced-uveitis after application of L-NAME as nitric oxide synthase inhibitor in rats by iontophoresis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1998; 39: 897–904PubMed
61.
Yokoyama A, Oshitari T, Negishi H, et al. Protection of retinal ganglion cells from ischemia-reperfusion injury by electrically applied Hsp27. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2001 Dec; 42(13): 3283–6PubMed
62.
Oshima Y, Sakamoto T, Yamanaka I, et al. Targeted gene transfer to corneal endothelium in vivo by electric pulse. Gene Ther 1998; 5: 1347–54PubMedCrossRef
63.
Bochot A, Couvreur P, Fattal E. Intravitreal administration of antisense oligonucleotides: potential of liposomal delivery. Prog Retin Eye Res 2000 Mar; 19(2): 131–47PubMedCrossRef
64.
65.
Kimura H, Ogura Y. Biodegradable polymers for ocular drug delivery. Ophthalmologica 2001 May; 215(3): 143–55PubMedCrossRef
66.
Musch DC, Martin DF, Gordon JF, et al. Treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis with a sustained-release ganciclovir implant: the Ganciclovir Implant Study Group. N Engl J Med 1997 Jul 10; 337(2): 83–90PubMedCrossRef
67.
Sanborn GE, Anand R, Torti RE, et al. Sustained-release ganciclovir therapy for treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis: use of an intravitreal device. Arch Ophthalmol 1992 Feb; 110(2): 188–95PubMedCrossRef
68.
Yang CS, Khawly JA, Hainsworth DP, et al. An intravitreal sustained-release triamcinolone and 5-fluorouracil codrug in the treatment of experimental proliferative vitreoretinopathy. Arch Ophthalmol 1998 Jan; 116(1): 69–77PubMed
69.
Jaffe GJ, Martin D, Callanan D, et al. Fluocinolone acetonide implant (Retisert) for noninfectious posterior uveitis: thirty-four-week results of a multicenter randomized clinical study. Ophthalmology 2006 Jun; 113(6): 1020–7PubMedCrossRef
70.
Jaffe GJ, Pearson PA, Ashton P. Dexamethasone sustained drug delivery implant for the treatment of severe uveitis. Retina 2000; 20(4): 402–3PubMedCrossRef
71.
Jaffe GJ, Yang CS, Wang XC, et al. Intravitreal sustained-release cyclosporine in the treatment of experimental uveitis. Ophthalmology 1998 Jan; 105(1): 46–56PubMedCrossRef
72.
Lim JI, Wolitz RA, Dowling AH, et al. Visual and anatomic outcomes associated with posterior segment complications after ganciclovir implant procedures in patients with AIDS and cytomegalovirus retinitis. Am J Ophthalmol 1999 Mar; 127(3): 288–93PubMedCrossRef
73.
Okabe K, Kimura H, Okabe J, et al. Intraocular tissue distribution of betamethasone after intrascleral administration using a nonbiodegradable drug delivery device. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2003; 44: 2702–7PubMedCrossRef
74.
Maurice D. Review: practical issues in intravitreal drug delivery. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2001 Aug; 17(4): 393–401PubMedCrossRef
75.
Kato A, Kimura H, Okabe K, et al. Feasibility of drug delivery to the posterior pole of the rabbit eye with an episcleral implant. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2004; 45: 238–44PubMedCrossRef
76.
Ciulla TA, Criswell MH, Danis RP, et al. Choroidal neovascular membrane inhibition in a laser treated rat model with intraocular sustained release triamcinolone acetonide microimplants. Br J Ophthalmol 2003 Aug; 87(8): 1032–7PubMedCrossRef
77.
Beeley NR, Stewart JM, Tano R, et al. Development, implantation, in vivo elution, and retrieval of a biocompatible, sustained release subretinal drug delivery system. J Biomed Mater Res A 2006 Mar 15; 76(4): 690–8PubMed
78.
Sieving PA, Caruso RC, Tao W, et al. Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) for human retinal degeneration: phase I trial of CNTF delivered by encapsulated cell intraocular implants. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006 Mar 7; 103(10): 3896–901PubMedCrossRef
79.
Hincal AA, Calis S. Microsphere preparation by solvent evaporation method. In: Wise DL, editor. Handbook of pharmaceutical controlled release technology. New York: Marcel Dekker, 2000: 329–43
80.
Suggs LJ, Mikos AG. Synthetic biodegradable polymers for medical applications. In: Mark JE, editor. Physical properties of polymers. Woodbury (NY): American Institute of Physics, 1996: 615–24
81.
Yasukawa T, Kimura H, Kunou N, et al. Biodegradable scierai implant for intravitreal controlled release of ganciclovir. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2000 Feb; 238(2): 186–90PubMedCrossRef
82.
Hashizoe M, Ogura Y, Kimura H, et al. Scierai plug of biodegradable polymers for controlled drug release in the vitreous. Arch Ophthalmol 1994 Oct; 112(10): 1380–4PubMedCrossRef
83.
Hashizoe M, Ogura Y, Takanashi T, et al. Implantable biodegradable polymeric device in the treatment of experimental proliferative vitreoretinopathy. Curr Eye Res 1995 Jun; 14(6): 473–7PubMedCrossRef
84.
Hashizoe M, Ogura Y, Takanashi T, et al. Biodegradable polymeric device for sustained intravitreal release of ganciclovir in rabbits. Curr Eye Res 1997 Jul; 16(7): 633–9PubMedCrossRef
85.
Kimura H, Ogura Y, Hashizoe M, et al. A new vitreal drug delivery system using an implantable biodegradable polymeric device. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1994 May; 35(6): 2815–9PubMed
86.
Miyamoto H, Ogura Y, Hashizoe M, et al. Biodegradable scleral implant for intravitreal controlled release of fluconazole. Curr Eye Res 1997 Sep; 16(9): 930–5PubMedCrossRef
87.
Morita Y, Ohtori A, Kimura M, et al. Intravitreous delivery of dexamethasone sodium m-sulfobenzoate from poly(DL-lactic acid) implants. Biol Pharm Bull 1998 Feb; 21(2): 188–90PubMedCrossRef
88.
Tan DT, Chee SP, Lim L, et al. Randomized clinical trial of Surodex steroid drug delivery system for cataract surgery: anterior versus posterior placement of two Surodex in the eye. Ophthalmology 2001 Dec; 108(12): 2172–81PubMedCrossRef
89.
Zhou T, Lewis H, Foster RE, et al. Development of a multiple-drug delivery implant for intraocular management of proliferative vitreoretinopathy. J Control Release 1998 Nov 13; 55(2–3): 281–95PubMedCrossRef
90.
Yasukawa T, Ogura Y, Sakurai E, et al. Intraocular sustained drug delivery using implantable polymeric devices. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2005 Dec 13; 57(14): 2033–46PubMedCrossRef
91.
Kunou N, Ogura Y, Yasukawa T, et al. Long-term sustained release of ganciclovir from biodegradable scierai implant for the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis. J Control Release 2000 Aug 10; 68(2): 263–71PubMedCrossRef
92.
Gunatillake PA, Adhikari R. Biodegradable synthetic polymers for tissue engineering. Eur Cell Mater 2003 May 20; 5: 1–16PubMed
93.
Okabe J, Kimura H, Kunou N, et al. Biodegradable intrascleral implant for sustained intraocular delivery of betamethasone phosphate. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2003 Feb; 44(2): 740–4PubMedCrossRef
94.
Fialho SL, Rego MB, Siqueira RC, et al. Safety and pharmacokinetics of an intravitreal biodegradable implant of dexamethasone acetate in rabbit eyes. Curr Eye Res 2006 Jun; 31(6): 525–34PubMedCrossRef
95.
Beeley NR, Rossi JV, Mello-Filho PA, et al. Fabrication, implantation, elution, and retrieval of a steroid-loaded polycaprolactone subretinal implant. J Biomed Mater Res A 2005 Jun 15; 73(4): 437–44PubMed
96.
Haesslein A, Ueda H, Hacker MC, et al. Long-term release of fluocinolone acetonide using biodegradable fumarate-based polymers. J Control Release 2006 Aug 28; 114(2): 251–60PubMedCrossRef
97.
Le Visage C, Quaglia F, Dreux M, et al. Novel microparticulate system made of poly(methylidene malonate 2.1.2). Biomaterials 2001 Aug; 22(16): 2229–38PubMedCrossRef
98.
Felt-Baeyens O, Eperon S, Mora P, et al. Biodegradable scleral implants as new triamcinolone acetonide delivery systems. Int J Pharm 2006 Sep 28; 322(1–2): 6–12PubMedCrossRef
99.
100.
Haller JA. The Retina Debates 2003: new technology and controversies from the posterior segment: intravitreal steroids in retinal diseases: the steroid device. The Oculex Study. Anaheim (CA): American Academy of Ophthalmology, 2003
101.
Li X, Jasti BR. Design of controlled release drug delivery systems. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2006
102.
Khoobehi B, Stradtmann MO, Peyman GA, et al. Clearance of sodium fluorescein incorporated into microspheres from the vitreous after intravitreal injection. Ophthalmic Surg 1991 Mar; 22(3): 175–80PubMed
103.
Moritera T, Ogura Y, Yoshimura N, et al. Biodegradable micro-spheres containing adriamycin in the treatment of proliferative vitreoretinopathy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1992 Oct; 33(11): 3125–30PubMed
104.
Herrero-Vanrell R, Ramirez L, Fernandez-Carballido A, et al. Biodegradable PLGA microspheres loaded with ganciclovir for intraocular administration: encapsulation technique, in vitro release profiles, and sterilization process. Pharm Res 2000 Oct; 17(10): 1323–8PubMedCrossRef
105.
Kimura H, Ogura Y, Moritera T, et al. In vitro phagocytosis of polylactide microspheres by retinal pigment epithelial cells and intracellular drug release. Curr Eye Res 1994 May; 13(5): 353–60PubMedCrossRef
106.
Moritera T, Ogura Y, Yoshimura N, et al. Feasibility of drug targeting to the retinal pigment epithelium with biodegradable microspheres. Curr Eye Res 1994 Mar; 13(3): 171–6PubMedCrossRef
107.
Ogura Y, Kimura H. Biodegradable polymer microspheres for targeted drug delivery to the retinal pigment epithelium. Surv Ophthalmol 1995 May; 39Suppl. 1: S17–24PubMedCrossRef
108.
Veloso Jr AA, Zhu Q, Herrero-Vanrell R, et al. Ganciclovir-loaded polymer microspheres in rabbit eyes inoculated with human cytomegalovirus. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1997 Mar; 38(3): 665–75PubMed
109.
Moritera T, Ogura Y, Honda Y, et al. Microspheres of biodegradable polymers as a drug-delivery system in the vitreous. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1991 May; 32(6): 1785–90PubMed
110.
Herrero-Vanrell R, Refojo MF. Biodegradable microspheres for vitreoretinal drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2001 Oct 31; 52(1): 5–16PubMedCrossRef
111.
Bourges JL, Gautier SE, Delie F, et al. Ocular drug delivery targeting the retina and retinal pigment epithelium using polylactide nanoparticles. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2003 Aug; 44(8): 3562–9PubMedCrossRef
112.
Sakurai E, Ozeki H, Kunou N, et al. Effect of particle size of polymeric nanospheres on intravitreal kinetics. Ophthalmic Res 2001 Jan; 33(1): 31–6PubMedCrossRef
113.
Giordano GG, Refojo MF, Arroyo MH. Sustained delivery of retinoic acid from microspheres of biodegradable polymer in PVR. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1993 Aug; 34(9): 2743–51PubMed
114.
Peyman GA, Conway M, Khoobehi B, et al. Clearance of microsphere-entrapped 5-fluorouracil and cytosine arabinoside from the vitreous of primates. Int Ophthalmol 1992 Mar; 16(2): 109–13PubMedCrossRef
115.
Moshfeghi AA, Peyman GA. Micro- and nanoparticulates. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2005 Dec 13; 57(14): 2047–52PubMedCrossRef
116.
Ayalasomayajula SP, Kompella UB. Subconjunctivally administered celecoxib-PLGA microparticles sustain retinal drug levels and alleviate diabetes-induced oxidative stress in a rat model. Eur J Pharmacol 2005 Mar 28; 511(2–3): 191–8PubMedCrossRef
117.
Carrasquillo KG, Ricker JA, Rigas IK, et al. Controlled delivery of the anti-VEGF aptamer EYE001 with poly(lactic-coglycolic)acid microspheres. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2003 Jan; 44(1): 290–9PubMedCrossRef
118.
Kompella UB, Bandi N, Ayalasomayajula SP. Subconjunctival nano- and microparticles sustain retinal delivery of budesonide, a corticosteroid capable of inhibiting VEGF expression. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2003 Mar; 44(3): 1192–201PubMedCrossRef
119.
Saishin Y, Silva RL, Saishin Y, et al. Periocular injection of microspheres containing PKC412 inhibits choroidal neovascularization in a porcine model. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2003 Nov; 44(11): 4989–93PubMedCrossRef
120.
Ayalasomayajula SP, Kompella UB. Celecoxib, a selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, inhibits retinal vascular endothelial growth factor expression and vascular leakage in a streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat model. Eur J Pharmacol 2003 Jan 5; 458(3): 283–9PubMedCrossRef
121.
Ayalasomayajula SP, Kompella UB. Retinal delivery of celecoxib is several-fold higher following subconjunctival administration compared to systemic administration. Pharm Res 2004 Oct; 21(10): 1797–804PubMedCrossRef
122.
Mantipragada SB, Horvath LI, Arias HR, et al. Lipid-protein interactions and effect of local anesthetics in acetylcholine receptor-rich membranes from Torpedo marmorata electric organ. Biochemistry 2003 Aug 5; 42(30): 9167–75PubMedCrossRef
123.
Peyman GA, Charles HC, Liu KR, et al. Intravitreal liposomeencapsulated drugs: a preliminary human report. Int Ophthalmol 1988; 12(3): 175–82PubMedCrossRef
124.
Cheng L, Hostetler KY, Chaidhawangul S, et al. Intravitreal toxicology and duration of efficacy of a novel antiviral lipid prodrug of ganciclovir in liposome formulation. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2000 May; 41(6): 1523–32PubMed
125.
Mitra AK, editor. Ophthalmic drug delivery systems. New York (NY): Marcel Dekker, Inc., 2002
126.
Bochot A, Fattal E, Boutet V, et al. Intravitreal delivery of oligonucleotides by sterically stabilized liposomes. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2002 Jan; 43(1): 253–9PubMed
127.
Feinstein SB. The powerful microbubble: from bench to bedside, from intravascular indicator to therapeutic delivery system, and beyond. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2004 Aug; 287(2): H450–7PubMedCrossRef
128.
Porter TR, Cwajg JM. Contrast echocardiography. In: Prohost GM, editor. Imaging in cardiovascular disease. Philadelphia (PA): Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2000: 85–96
129.
130.
Bekeredjian R, Katus HA, Kuecherer HF. Therapeutic use of ultrasound targeted microbubble destruction: a review of non-cardiac applications. Ultraschall Med 2006 Apr; 27(2): 134–40PubMedCrossRef
131.
Schutt EG, Klein DH, Mattrey RM, et al. Injectable microbubbles as contrast agents for diagnostic ultrasound imaging: the key role of perfluorochemicals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2003 Jul 21; 42(28): 3218–35PubMedCrossRef
132.
Dijkmans PA, Juffermans LJ, Musters RJ, et al. Microbubbles and ultrasound: from diagnosis to therapy. Eur J Echocardiogr 2004 Aug; 5(4): 245–56PubMedCrossRef
133.
Kost J, Leong K, Langer R. Ultrasound-enhanced polymer degradation and release of incorporated substances. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1989 Oct; 86(20): 7663–6PubMedCrossRef
134.
Zderic V, Clark JI, Vaezy S. Drug delivery into the eye with the use of ultrasound. J Ultrasound Med 2004 Oct; 23(10): 1349–59PubMed
135.
Huber PE, Pfisterer P. In vitro and in vivo transfection of plasmid DNA in the Dunning prostate tumor R3327-AT1 is enhanced by focused ultrasound. Gene Ther 2000 Sep; 7(17): 1516–25PubMedCrossRef
136.
Miller DL, Bao S, Gies RA, et al. Ultrasonic enhancement of gene transfection in murine melanoma tumors. Ultrasound Med Biol 1999 Nov; 25(9): 1425–30PubMedCrossRef
137.
Kim HJ, Greenleaf JF, Kinnick RR, et al. Ultrasound-mediated transfection of mammalian cells. Hum Gene Ther 1996 Jul 10; 7(11): 1339–46PubMedCrossRef
138.
Tata DB, Dunn F, Tindall DJ. Selective clinical ultrasound signals mediate differential gene transfer and expression in two human prostate cancer cell lines: LnCap and PC-3. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1997 May 8; 234(1): 64–7PubMedCrossRef
139.
Bao S, Thrall BD, Miller DL. Transfection of a reporter plasmid into cultured cells by sonoporation in vitro. Ultrasound Med Biol 1997; 23(6): 953–9PubMedCrossRef
140.
Mukherjee D, Wong J, Griffin B, et al. Ten-fold augmentation of endothelial uptake of vascular endothelial growth factor with ultrasound after systemic administration. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000 May; 35(6): 1678–86PubMedCrossRef
141.
Bekeredjian R, Grayburn PA, Shohet RV. Use of ultrasound contrast agents for gene or drug delivery in cardiovascular medicine. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005 Feb 1; 45(3): 329–35PubMedCrossRef
142.
Klibanov AL. Microbubble contrast agents: targeted ultrasound imaging and ultrasound-assisted drug-delivery applications. Invest Radiol 2006 Mar; 41(3): 354–62PubMedCrossRef
143.
Church CC. The effects of an elastic solid surface layer on the radial pulsations of gas bubbles. J Acoust Soc Am 1995; 97(3): 1510–21CrossRef
144.
Hoff L, Sontum PC, Hovem JM. Oscillations of polymeric microbubbles: effect of the encapsulating shell. J Acoust Soc Am 2000 Apr; 107(4): 2272–80PubMedCrossRef
145.
Shankar PM, Krishna PD, Newhouse VL. Subharmonic back-scattering from ultrasound contrast agents. J Acoust Soc Am 1999 Oct; 106 (4 Pt 1): 2104–10PubMedCrossRef
Metadata
Title
Sustained-Release Ophthalmic Drug Delivery Systems for Treatment of Macular Disorders
Present and Future Applications
Authors
Blake A. Booth
Lori Vidal Denham
Saadallah Bouhanik
Jean T. Jacob
Dr James M. Hill
Publication date
01-07-2007
Publisher
Springer International Publishing
Published in
Drugs & Aging / Issue 7/2007
Print ISSN: 1170-229X
Electronic ISSN: 1179-1969
DOI
https://doi.org/10.2165/00002512-200724070-00006

Other articles of this Issue 7/2007

Drugs & Aging 7/2007 Go to the issue

Leading Article

Neuroprotective Effects of Free Radical Scavengers in Stroke

Current Opinion

Clinical Perspectives on Bone Quality in Osteoporosis

Therapy In Practice

Epidemiology and Management of Apathy in Patients with Alzheimer’s Disease

Review Article

Glucosamine and Chondroitin Sulfate as Therapeutic Agents for Knee and Hip Osteoarthritis

Therapy In Practice

Acute Exacerbations of Chronic Bronchitis in Elderly Patients

Original Research Article

Characterisation of Patients with Postmenopausal Osteoporosis in French Primary Healthcare
Live Webinar | 27-06-2024 | 18:00 (CEST)

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Reserve your place

Live: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)

WHO estimates that half of all patients worldwide are non-adherent to their prescribed medication. The consequences of poor adherence can be catastrophic, on both the individual and population level.

Join our expert panel to discover why you need to understand the drivers of non-adherence in your patients, and how you can optimize medication adherence in your clinics to drastically improve patient outcomes.

Prof. Kevin Dolgin
Prof. Florian Limbourg
Prof. Anoop Chauhan
Developed by: Springer Medicine
Obesity Clinical Trial Summary

At a glance: The STEP trials

Read more

A round-up of the STEP phase 3 clinical trials evaluating semaglutide for weight loss in people with overweight or obesity.

Developed by: Springer Medicine

Highlights from the ACC 2024 Congress

Year in Review: Pediatric cardiology

Pediatric Cardiology Video

Watch Dr. Anne Marie Valente present the last year's highlights in pediatric and congenital heart disease in the official ACC.24 Year in Review session.

Year in Review: Pulmonary vascular disease

Cardiopulmonary Comorbidity Video

The last year's highlights in pulmonary vascular disease are presented by Dr. Jane Leopold in this official video from ACC.24.

Year in Review: Valvular heart disease

Valvular Heart Disease Video

Watch Prof. William Zoghbi present the last year's highlights in valvular heart disease from the official ACC.24 Year in Review session.

Year in Review: Heart failure and cardiomyopathies

Heart Failure Video

Watch this official video from ACC.24. Dr. Biykem Bozkurt discusses last year's major advances in heart failure and cardiomyopathies.

ACC 2024 Congress Coverage

Year in Review: Heart failure and cardiomyopathies

Heart Failure Video

Watch this official video from ACC.24. Dr. Biykem Bozkurt discusses last year's major advances in heart failure and cardiomyopathies.

Watch now

Semaglutide benefits people with type 2 diabetes and obesity-related heart failure

16-04-2024 Type 2 Diabetes News

Incentivised to exercise

11-04-2024 Lifestyle Modifications News

New intervention for STEMI-related cardiogenic shock

10-04-2024 Myocardial Infarction News

» View more highlights on the ACC 2024 congress hub page

Image Credits