Top

Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders

Published in:

Open Access 01-12-2021 | Subacute Granulomatous Thyroiditis

Impact of COVID-19 on the thyroid gland: an update

Authors: Lorenzo Scappaticcio, Fabián Pitoia, Katherine Esposito, Arnoldo Piccardo, Pierpaolo Trimboli

Published in: Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders | Issue 4/2021

Abstract

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is the pandemic of the new millennium. COVID-19 can cause both pulmonary and systemic inflammation, potentially determining multi-organ dysfunction. Data on the relationship between COVID-19 and thyroid have been emerging, and rapidly increasing since March 2020. The thyroid gland and the virus infection with its associated inflammatory-immune responses are known to be engaged in complex interplay. SARS-CoV-2 uses ACE2 combined with the transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) as the key molecular complex to infect the host cells. Interestingly, ACE2 and TMPRSS2 expression levels are high in the thyroid gland and more than in the lungs. Our literature search provided greater evidence that the thyroid gland and the entire hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid (HPT) axis could be relevant targets of damage by SARS-CoV-2. Specifically, COVID-19-related thyroid disorders include thyrotoxicosis, hypothyroidism, as well as nonthyroidal illness syndrome. Moreover, we noticed that treatment plans for thyroid cancer are considerably changing in the direction of more teleconsultations and less diagnostic and therapeutical procedures. The current review includes findings that could be changed soon by new results on the topic, considering the rapidity of worldwide research on COVID-19.

World Health Organization. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak. https://www.who.int. Accessed 3 Sept 2020.

Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W, et al. A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019. N Engl J Med. 2020;382:727–33. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2001017.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

World Health Organization (WHO). Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID–19): Situation report, 209. https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/situation-reports/. Accessed 23 August 2020.

Hoffmann M, Kleine-Weber H, Schroeder S, et al. SARS-CoV-2 cell entry depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and is blocked by a clinically proven protease inhibitor. Cell. 2020;181(2):271-80.e8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2020.02.052.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Ziegler CGK, Allon SJ, Nyquist SK, et al. SARS-CoV-2 receptor ACE2 is an interferon-stimulated gene in human airway epithelial cells and is detected in specific cell subsets across tissues. Cell. 2020;181(5):1016-35.e19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2020.04.035.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan China. Lancet. 2020;395:497–506. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Chen T, Wu D, Chen H, et al. Clinical characteristics of 113 deceased patients with coronavirus disease 2019: Retrospective study. BMJ. 2020;368:m1091. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m1091.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Marazuela M, Giustina A, Puig-Domingo M. Endocrine and metabolic aspects of the COVID-19 pandemic. Rev Endocr Metab Disord. 2020;1–13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11154-020-09569-2.

Ackermann M, Verleden SE, Kuehnel M, et al. Pulmonary vascular endothelialitis, thrombosis, and angiogenesis in Covid-19. N Engl J Med. 2020;383(2):120–8. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2015432.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

10.

Dufort EM, Koumans EH, Chow EJ, et al. Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children in New York State. N Engl J Med. 2020;383(4):347–58. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2021756.CrossRefPubMed

11.

Coperchini F, Chiovato L, Croce L, Magri F, Rotondi M. The cytokine storm in COVID-19: An overview of the involvement of the chemokine/chemokine-receptor system. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 2020;53:25–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cytogfr.2020.05.003.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

12.

Java A, Apicelli AJ, Liszewski MK, et al. The complement system in COVID-19: Friend and foe? JCI Insight. 2020;5(15):140711. https://doi.org/10.1172/jci.insight.140711.CrossRefPubMed

13.

Guo Y, Korteweg C, McNutt MA, Gu J. Pathogenetic mechanisms of severe acute respiratory syndrome. Virus Res. 2008;133(1):4–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2007.01.022.CrossRefPubMed

14.

COVID-19 Clinical Research Coalition. Global coalition to accelerate COVID-19 clinical research in resource-limited settings. Lancet. 2020;395(10233):1322–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30798-4.CrossRef

15.

Hennessey JV. COVID-19 and how it is affecting me as a thyroidologist. Clin Thyroidology. 2020;32:154–5. https://doi.org/10.1089/ct.2020;32.154-155.CrossRef

16.

De Vito P, Incerpi S, Pedersen JZ, Luly P, Davis FB, Davis PJ. Thyroid hormones as modulators of immune activities at the cellular level. Thyroid. 2011;21(8):879–90. https://doi.org/10.1089/thy.2010.0429.CrossRefPubMed

17.

Tomer Y, Davies TF. Infection, thyroid disease, and autoimmunity. Endocr Rev. 1993;14(1):107–20. https://doi.org/10.1210/edrv-14-1-107.CrossRefPubMed

18.

Franceschi C, Ostan R, Mariotti S, Monti D, Vitale G. The aging thyroid: A reappraisal within the geroscience integrated perspective. Endocr Rev. 2019;40(5):1250–70. https://doi.org/10.1210/er.2018-00170.CrossRefPubMed

19.

Shih CH, Chen SL, Yen CC, et al. Thyroid hormone receptor-dependent transcriptional regulation of fibrinogen and coagulation proteins. Endocrinology. 2004;145(6):2804–14. https://doi.org/10.1210/en.2003-1372.CrossRefPubMed

20.

Davis PJ, Glinsky GV, Lin HY, Mousa SA. Actions of thyroid hormone analogues on chemokines. J Immunol Res. 2016;2016:3147671. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/3147671.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

21.

Bartalena L, Brogioni S, Grasso L, Martino E. Interleukin-6 and the thyroid. Eur J Endocrinol. 1995;132(4):386–93. https://doi.org/10.1530/eje.0.1320386.CrossRefPubMed

22.

Mazziotti G, Sorvillo F, Piscopo M, et al. Innate and acquired immune system in patients developing interferon-alpha-related autoimmune thyroiditis: A prospective study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005;90(7):4138–44. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2005-0093.CrossRefPubMed

23.

Ferrari SM, Fallahi P, Galetta F, Citi E, Benvenga S, Antonelli A. Thyroid disorders induced by checkpoint inhibitors. Rev Endocr Metab Disord. 2018;19(4):325–33. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11154-018-9463-2.CrossRefPubMed

24.

Scappaticcio L, Castellana M, Virili C, et al. Alemtuzumab-induced thyroid events in multiple sclerosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Endocrinol Invest. 2020;43(2):219–29. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40618-019-01105-7.CrossRefPubMed

25.

Nishihara E, Ohye H, Amino N, et al. Clinical characteristics of 852 patients with subacute thyroiditis before treatment. Intern Med. 2008;47(8):725–9. https://doi.org/10.2169/internalmedicine.47.0740.CrossRefPubMed

26.

Akamizu T. Thyroid storm: A japanese perspective Thyroid. 2018;28(1):32–40. https://doi.org/10.1089/thy.2017.0243.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

27.

Davis PJ, Mousa SA, Schechter GP. New interfaces of thyroid hormone actions with blood coagulation and thrombosis. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost. 2018;24(7):1014–9. https://doi.org/10.1177/1076029618774150.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

28.

Bartalena L, Chiovato L, Marcocci C, Vitti P, Piantanida E, Tanda ML. Management of graves’ hyperthyroidism and orbitopathy in time of COVID-19 pandemic. J Endocrinol Invest. 2020;43(8):1149–51. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40618-020-01293-7.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

29.

Boelaert K, Visser WE, Taylor PN, Moran C, Léger J, Persani L. Endocrinology in the time of COVID-19. Management of hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. Eur J Endocrinol. 2020;183(1):G33-9. https://doi.org/10.1530/EJE-20-0445.

30.

Dworakowska D, Grossman AB. Thyroid disease in the time of COVID-19. Endocrine. 2020;68(3):471–4. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12020-020-02364-8.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

31.

Pal R, Banerjee M. COVID-19 and the endocrine system: Exploring the unexplored. J Endocrinol Invest. 2020;43(7):1027–31. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40618-020-01276-8.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

32.

Vrachimis A, Iakovou I, Giannoula E, Giovanella L. Endocrinology in the time of COVID-19. Management of thyroid nodules and cancer. Eur J Endocrinol. 2020;183(1):G41-8. https://doi.org/10.1530/EJE-20-0269.

33.

Mehanna H, Hardman JC, Shenson JA, et al. Recommendations for head and neck surgical oncology practice in a setting of acute severe resource constraint during the COVID-19 pandemic: An international consensus. Lancet Oncol. 2020;21(7):e350-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(20)30334-X.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

34.

Li M, Marquez RC, Vinales KL, et al. Considerations for Thyroid Fine Needle Aspiration (FNA) biopsies during the COVID-19 pandemic. Clin Thyroidology. 2020:156–8. https://doi.org/10.1089/ct.2020;32.156-158.

35.

Brancatella A, Ricci D, Viola N, Sgrò D, Santini F, Latrofa F. Subacute thyroiditis after sars-COV-2 infection. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2020;105(7):dgaa276. https://doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgaa276.CrossRefPubMed

36.

Brancatella A, Ricci D, Cappellani D, et al. Is subacute thyroiditis an underestimated manifestation of SARS-CoV-2 infection? Insights from a case series [published online ahead of print, 2020 Aug 11]. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2020;dgaa537. https://doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgaa537.

37.

Chen M, Zhou W, Xu W. Thyroid function analysis in 50 patients with COVID-19: A retrospective study. Thyroid. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1089/thy.2020.0363.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

38.

Ippolito S, Dentali F, Tanda ML. SARS-CoV-2: A potential trigger for subacute thyroiditis? Insights from a case report. J Endocrinol Invest. 2020;43(8):1171–2. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40618-020-01312-7.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

39.

Asfuroglu Kalkan E, Ates I. A case of subacute thyroiditis associated with Covid-19 infection. J Endocrinol Invest. 2020;43(8):1173–4. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40618-020-01316-3.CrossRefPubMed

40.

Ruggeri RM, Campennì A, Siracusa M, Frazzetto G, Gullo D. Subacute thyroiditis in a patient infected with SARS-COV-2: An endocrine complication linked to the COVID-19 pandemic. Hormones (Athens). 2020;1–3. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42000-020-00230-w.

41.

Mattar SAM, Koh SJQ, Rama Chandran S, Cherng BPZ. Subacute thyroiditis associated with COVID-19. BMJ Case Rep. 2020;13(8):e237336. https://doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2020-23733.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

42.

Lania A, Sandri MT, Cellini M, Mirani M, Lavezzi E, Mazziotti G. Thyrotoxicosis in patients with COVID-19: The THYRCOV study. Eur J Endocrinol. 2020;183(4):381–7. https://doi.org/10.1530/EJE-20-0335.CrossRefPubMed

43.

Li T, Wang L, Wang H, et al. Characteristics of laboratory indexes in COVID-19 patients with non-severe symptoms in Hefei City, China: Diagnostic value in organ injuries. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2020;1–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10096-020-03967-9.

44.

Muller I, Cannavaro D, Dazzi D, et al. SARS-CoV-2-related atypical thyroiditis. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2020;8(9):739–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(20)30266-7.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

45.

Tee LY, Hajanto S, Rosario BH. COVID-19 complicated by Hashimoto’s thyroiditis [published online ahead of print, 2020 Jul 16]. Singapore Med J. 2020. https://doi.org/10.11622/smedj.2020106.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

46.

Mateu-Salat M, Urgell E, Chico A. SARS-COV-2 as a trigger for autoimmune disease: Report of two cases of Graves’ disease after COVID-19. J Endocrinol Invest. 2020;43(10):1527–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40618-020-01366-7.CrossRefPubMed

47.

Yao XH, TY L, ZC H, et al. Histopathological study of new coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19) in three patients. Chin J Pathol 2020;49. https://doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.cn112151-20200312-00193.

48.

Hanley B, Naresh K, Roufosse C, Nicholson AG, Weir J, Cooke GS, et al. Histopathological findings and viral tropism in UK patients with severe fatal COVID-19: a post-mortem study. Lancet Microbe Published: August 20, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2666-5247(20)30115-4.

49.

Lazartigues E, Qadir MMF, Mauvais-Jarvis F. Endocrine significance of SARS-CoV-2’s reliance on ACE2. Endocrinology. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1210/endocr/bqaa108.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

50.

Li MY, Li L, Zhang Y, Wang XS. Expression of the SARS-CoV-2 cell receptor gene ACE2 in a wide variety of human tissues. Infect Dis Poverty. 2020;9(1):45. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40249-020-00662-x.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

51.

Sigrist CJ, Bridge A, Le Mercier P. A potential role for integrins in host cell entry by SARS-CoV-2. Antiviral Res. 2020;177:104759. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104759.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

52.

Davis PJ, Goglia F, Leonard JL. Nongenomic actions of thyroid hormone. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2016;12(2):111–21. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrendo.2015.205.CrossRefPubMed

53.

Davis PJ, Lin HY, Hercbergs A, Keating KA, Mousa SA. Coronaviruses and integrin αvβ3: does thyroid hormone modify the relationship? Endocr Res. 2020;45(3):210–5. https://doi.org/10.1080/07435800.2020.1767127.CrossRefPubMed

54.

Kerslake R, Hall M, Randeva HS, et al. Coexpression of peripheral olfactory receptors with SARSCoV2 infection mediators: Potential implications beyond loss of smell as a COVID19 symptom. Int J Mol Med. 2020;46(3):949–56. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2020.4646.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

55.

Pellegrino R, Cooper KW, Di Pizio A, Joseph PV, Bhutani S, Parma V. Corona viruses and the chemical senses: Past, present, and future. Chem Senses. 2020;bjaa031. https://doi.org/10.1093/chemse/bjaa031.

56.

Ding Y, He L, Zhang Q, et al. Organ distribution of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) in SARS patients: implications for pathogenesis and virus transmission pathways. J Pathol. 2004;203(2):622–30. https://doi.org/10.1002/path.1560.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

57.

Gu J, Gong E, Zhang B, et al. Multiple organ infection and the pathogenesis of SARS. J Exp Med. 2005;202(3):415–24. https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20050828.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

58.

Wei L, Sun S, Xu CH, et al. Pathology of the thyroid in severe acute respiratory syndrome. Hum Pathol. 2007;38(1):95–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.humpath.2006.06.011.CrossRefPubMed

59.

Tang C, Wang Y, Lv H, Guan Z, Gu J. Caution against corticosteroid-based COVID-19 treatment. Lancet. 2020;395(10239):1759–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30749-2.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

60.

Wei L, Sun S, Zhang J, et al. Endocrine cells of the adenohypophysis in severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). Biochem Cell Biol. 2010;88(4):723–30. https://doi.org/10.1139/O10-022.CrossRefPubMed

61.

World Health Organization. (2020) Clinical management of severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) when COVID-19 disease is suspected:interim guidance. (27 May 2020) https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/331446.

62.

Wang W, YX Y, Yao H. Evaluation and observation of serum thyroid hormone and parathyroid hormone in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome. J Chin Antituberculous Assoc. 2003;25:232-4.

63.

Leow MK, Kwek DS, Ng AW, Ong KC, Kaw GJ, Lee LS. Hypocortisolism in survivors of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2005;63(2):197–202. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2265.2005.02325.x25.CrossRef

64.

Pearce EN, Farwell AP, Braverman LE. Thyroiditis. N Engl J Med. 2003;348(26):2646–55. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra021194.CrossRefPubMed

65.

Desailloud R, Hober D. Viruses and thyroiditis: An update. Virol J. 2009;6:5. Published 2009 Jan 12. https://doi.org/10.1186/1743-422X-6-5.

66.

Bellastella G, Maiorino MI, Esposito K. Endocrine complications of COVID-19: What happens to the thyroid and adrenal glands? J Endocrinol Invest. 2020;43(8):1169–70. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40618-020-01311-8.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

67.

Hamburger JI. Subacute thyroiditis: Diagnostic difficulties and simple treatment. J Nucl Med. 1974;15(2):81–9.PubMed

68.

Dhakal BP, Sweitzer NK, Indik JH, Acharya D, William P. SARS-CoV-2 infection and cardiovascular disease: COVID-19 heart. Heart Lung Circ. 2020;29(7):973–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hlc.2020.05.101.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

69.

RECOVERY Collaborative Group, Horby P, Lim WS, et al. Dexamethasone in hospitalized patients with Covid-19 - preliminary report. N Engl J Med. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2021436.CrossRef

70.

Tsang VH, Gild M, Glover A, Clifton-Bligh R, Robinson BG. Thyroid cancer in the age of COVID-19. Endocr Relat Cancer. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1530/ERC-20-0279.CrossRefPubMed

71.

Smulever A, Abelleira E, Bueno F, Pitoia F. Thyroid cancer in the Era of COVID-19. Endocrine. 2020;1–5. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12020-020-02439-6.

72.

Falcone R, Grani G, Ramundo V, et al. Cancer care during COVID-19 era: The quality of life of patients with thyroid malignancies. Front Oncol. 2020;10:1128. https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2020.01128.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

73.

Lombardi CP, D’Amore A, Grani G, et al. Endocrine surgery during COVID-19 pandemic: Do we need an update of indications in Italy? Endocrine. 2020;68(3):485–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12020-020-02357-7.CrossRefPubMed

74.

Bakkar S, Al-Omar K, Aljarrah Q, et al. Impact of COVID-19 on thyroid cancer surgery and adjunct therapy. Updates Surg. 2020;1–3. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13304-020-00833-3.

75.

Zhang D, Fu Y, Zhou L, et al. Thyroid surgery during coronavirus-19 pandemic phases I, II and III: Lessons learned in China, South Korea, Iran and Italy. J Endocrinol Invest. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40618-020-01407-1.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

76.

Hariyanto TI, Kurniawan A. Thyroid disease is associated with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2020;14(5):1429–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2020.07.044.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

77.

Persani L, Brabant G, Dattani M, et al. 2018 European Thyroid Association (ETA) guidelines on the diagnosis and management of central hypothyroidism. Eur Thyroid J. 2018;7(5):225–37. https://doi.org/10.1159/000491388.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

78.

de Vries EM, Fliers E, Boelen A. The molecular basis of the non-thyroidal illness syndrome. J Endocrinol. 2015;225(3):R67-81. https://doi.org/10.1530/JOE-15-0133.CrossRefPubMed

79.

Fliers E, Bianco AC, Langouche L, Boelen A. Thyroid function in critically ill patients. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2015;3:816–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(15)00225-9.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

80.

Hercbergs A, Mousa SA, Davis PJ. Nonthyroidal illness syndrome and thyroid hormone actions at integrin αvβ3. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2018;103(4):1291–5. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2017-01939.CrossRefPubMed

81.

Van den Berghe G. Non-thyroidal illness in the ICU: a syndrome with different faces. Thyroid. 2014;24(10):1456–65. https://doi.org/10.1089/thy.2014.0201.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

82.

Peeters RP, Wouters PJ, van Toor H, Kaptein E, Visser TJ, Van den Berghe G. Serum 3,3’,5’-triiodothyronine (rT3) and 3,5,3’-triiodothyronine/rT3 are prognostic markers in critically ill patients and are associated with postmortem tissue deiodinase activities. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005;90(8):4559–65. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2005-0535.CrossRefPubMed

83.

Pantos C, Kostopanagiotou G, Armaganidis A, Trikas A, Tseti I, Mourouzis I. Triiodothyronine for the treatment of critically ill patients with COVID-19 infection: A structured summary of a study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Trials. 2020;21(1):573. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-020-04474-0.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

84.

Chatterjee S, Ghosh R, Biswas P, Dubey S, Guria RT, Sharma CB, Kalra S. COVID-19: The endocrine opportunity in a pandemic. Minerva Endocrinol. 2020;45(3):204–27. https://doi.org/10.23736/S0391-1977.20.03216-2.CrossRefPubMed

85.

Dai M, Lu D, Liu M, Zhou F, Li G, Chen Z, et al. Patients with cancer appear more vulnerable to SARS-COV-2: a multi-center study during the COVID-19 outbreak. Cancer Discov. 2020;10:783–91. https://doi.org/10.1158/2159-8290.cd-20-0422.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

86.

Freudenberg LS, Paez D, Giammarile F, et al. Global impact of COVID-19 on nuclear medicine departments: An international survey in April 2020. J Nucl Med. 2020. https://doi.org/10.2967/jnumed.120.249821.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

87.

Albano D, Bertagna F, Bertoli M, et al. Incidental findings suggestive of COVID-19 in asymptomatic patients undergoing nuclear medicine procedures in a high-prevalence region. J Nucl Med. 2020;61(5):632–6. https://doi.org/10.2967/jnumed.120.246256.CrossRefPubMed

Title: Impact of COVID-19 on the thyroid gland: an update
Authors: Lorenzo Scappaticcio
Fabián Pitoia
Katherine Esposito
Arnoldo Piccardo
Pierpaolo Trimboli
Publication date: 01-12-2021
Publisher: Springer US
Keywords: Subacute Granulomatous Thyroiditis
Hyperthyroidism
SARS-CoV-2
Thyrotoxicosis
Neck Pain
COVID-19
Hypothyroidism
Thyroid Cancer
Thyroid Cancer
Thyroid Cancer
Published in: Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders / Issue 4/2021
Print ISSN: 1389-9155
Electronic ISSN: 1573-2606
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11154-020-09615-z

Live Webinar | 27-06-2024 | 18:00 (CEST)

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Reserve your place

Live: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)

WHO estimates that half of all patients worldwide are non-adherent to their prescribed medication. The consequences of poor adherence can be catastrophic, on both the individual and population level.

Join our expert panel to discover why you need to understand the drivers of non-adherence in your patients, and how you can optimize medication adherence in your clinics to drastically improve patient outcomes.

Prof. Kevin Dolgin

Prof. Florian Limbourg

Prof. Anoop Chauhan

Developed by: Springer Medicine

Obesity Clinical Trial Summary

At a glance: The STEP trials

A round-up of the STEP phase 3 clinical trials evaluating semaglutide for weight loss in people with overweight or obesity.

Developed by: Springer Medicine

Highlights from the ACC 2024 Congress

Year in Review: Pediatric cardiology

Pediatric Cardiology Video

Watch Dr. Anne Marie Valente present the last year's highlights in pediatric and congenital heart disease in the official ACC.24 Year in Review session.

Year in Review: Pulmonary vascular disease

Cardiopulmonary Comorbidity Video

The last year's highlights in pulmonary vascular disease are presented by Dr. Jane Leopold in this official video from ACC.24.

Year in Review: Valvular heart disease

Valvular Heart Disease Video

Watch Prof. William Zoghbi present the last year's highlights in valvular heart disease from the official ACC.24 Year in Review session.

Year in Review: Heart failure and cardiomyopathies

Heart Failure Video

Watch this official video from ACC.24. Dr. Biykem Bozkurt discusses last year's major advances in heart failure and cardiomyopathies.

ACC 2024 Congress Coverage

Year in Review: Heart failure and cardiomyopathies

Heart Failure Video

Watch this official video from ACC.24. Dr. Biykem Bozkurt discusses last year's major advances in heart failure and cardiomyopathies.

Watch now

Semaglutide benefits people with type 2 diabetes and obesity-related heart failure

16-04-2024 Type 2 Diabetes News

Incentivised to exercise

11-04-2024 Lifestyle Modifications News

New intervention for STEMI-related cardiogenic shock

10-04-2024 Myocardial Infarction News

» View more highlights on the ACC 2024 congress hub page

Image Credits

Illustration of figure on mountain summit/© Orapun / Stock.adobe.com, STEP AAG HeroTeaserCollection image/© Tarek / Generated with AI / Stock.adobe.com, ACC 2024 Pediatric and Congenital Heart Disease: Year in Review/© 2024 American College of Cardiology, ACC 2024 Pulmonary Vascular Disease: Year in Review/© 2024 American College of Cardiology, ACC 2024 Valvular Heart Disease: Year in Review/© 2024 American College of Cardiology, ACC 2024 HF and Cardiomyopathies: Year in Review/© 2024 American College of Cardiology, Woman out walking/© Seventyfour / stock.adobe.com (symbolic image with model), Woman checking smartwatch /© saltdium / stock.adobe.com (symbolic image with model), Cardiac catheterization/© Damian / stock.adobe.com

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Springer Medicine

Abstract

Please log in to get access to this content

Other articles of this Issue 4/2021

Diabetes type 1: Can it be treated as an autoimmune disorder?

Mechanisms and management of drug-induced hyperkalemia in kidney transplant patients

The experiences of pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review of qualitative evidence

Inborn errors of metabolism: Lessons from iPSC models

Education-based, lifestyle intervention programs with unsupervised exercise improve outcomes in adults with metabolic syndrome. A systematic review and meta-analysis

Beta-klotho in type 2 diabetes mellitus: From pathophysiology to therapeutic strategies

Live: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)

Highlights from the ACC 2024 Congress

ACC 2024 Congress Coverage