Top

Published in:

01-07-2019 | Original Paper

Socioeconomic gradients in cancer incidence by race and ethnicity in California, 2008–2012: the influence of tobacco use or screening detectable cancers

Authors: David H. Rehkopf, Danielle Rodriguez, Rosemary Cress, Dejana Braithwaite, Ingrid Oakley-Girvan, Dee West, Robert A. Hiatt

Published in: Cancer Causes & Control | Issue 7/2019

Abstract

Purpose

There are clearly documented inequalities in cancer incidence by socioeconomic position, but it is unclear whether this is due primarily to differences in tobacco exposure and screening practices or to other factors.

Methods

Our study included 741,373 incident cases of invasive cancer from 2008 to 2012 in California. We calculated age-standardized incidence rates across twelve categories of census tract poverty as a measure of socioeconomic position (SEP) for (1) all cancer sites combined, (2) sites not strongly related to tobacco use, (3) sites not related to screening, and (4) sites not related to tobacco use or screening.

Results

There was higher cancer incidence among those living in areas with higher levels of poverty for sites not strongly related to tobacco use or screening, among Whites, Blacks, and Asians, but not among Latinos. Among Whites there was no relationship with census tract poverty at lower levels of poverty—the relationship with cancer incidence was primarily among those in higher poverty. For Blacks and Asians, there is a more linear relationship with cancer incidence across levels of poverty.

Conclusions

SEP gradients in cancer incidence remain after exclusion of cancer sites strongly related to tobacco use and screening. Our findings demonstrate a need for research on other environmental and social causes of cancer where exposures are differentially distributed by SEP.

Available only for authorised users

Ward E, Jemal A, Cokkinides V et al (2004) Cancer disparities by race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status. CA: A Cancer J Clin 54:78–93

Siegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A (2015) Cancer statistics 2015. CA: A Cancer J Clin 65:5–29

Ward E, Jemal A, Cokkinides V et al (2004) Cancer disparities by race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status. CA Cancer J Clin 54:78–93CrossRefPubMed

McWhorter WP, Schatzkin AG, Horm JW, Brown CC (1989) Contribution of socioeconomic status to black/white differences in cancer incidence. Cancer 63:982–987CrossRefPubMed

Devesa S, Grauman D, Blot W, Pennello G, Hoover R, Fraumeni J (1999) Atlas of cancer mortality in the United States 1950-94. Am J Epidemiol. https://doi.org/10.2307/2669813 CrossRef

Sidorchuk A, Agardh EE, Aremu O, Hallqvist J, Allebeck P, Moradi T (2009) Socioeconomic differences in lung cancer incidence: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cancer Causes Control 20:459–471CrossRefPubMed

Coughlin SS, King J, Richards TB, Ekwueme DUJCE, Biomarkers P (2006) Cervical cancer screening among women in metropolitan areas of the United States by individual-level and area-based measures of socioeconomic status, 2000 to 2002. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev 15:2154–2159CrossRef

Frederiksen B, Jørgensen T, Brasso K, Holten I, Osler M (2010) Socioeconomic position and participation in colorectal cancer screening. Br J Cancer 103:1496CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Dailey AB, Brumback BA, Livingston MD et al (2011) Area-level socioeconomic position and repeat mammography screening use: results from the 2005 National Health Interview Survey. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev 20(11):2331–2344CrossRef

10.

Rapiti E, Fioretta G, Schaffar R et al (2009) Impact of socioeconomic status on prostate cancer diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis. Cancer 115:5556–5565CrossRefPubMed

11.

Liu L, Cozen W, Bernstein L, Ross RK, Deapen D (2001) Changing relationship between socioeconomic status and prostate cancer incidence. J Natl Cancer Inst 93:705–709CrossRefPubMed

12.

Smith GD, Leon D, Shipley MJ, Rose G (1991) Socioeconomic differentials in cancer among men. Int J Epidemiol 20:339–345CrossRefPubMed

13.

Hiatt RA, Porco TC, Liu F et al (2014) A multilevel model of postmenopausal breast cancer incidence. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 23:2078–2092CrossRefPubMed

14.

Krieger N, Quesenberry C Jr, Peng T et al (1999) Social class, race/ethnicity, and incidence of breast, cervix, colon, lung, and prostate cancer among Asian, Black, Hispanic, and White residents of the San Francisco Bay Area, 1988-92 (United States). Cancer Causes Control 10:525–537CrossRefPubMed

15.

Backlund E, Sorlie PD, Johnson NJ (1996) The shapes of the relationship between income and mortality in the United States: evidence from the National Longitudinal Mortality Study. Ann Epidemiol 6:12–20CrossRefPubMed

16.

Rehkopf DH, Berkman LF, Coull B, Krieger N (2008) The non-linear risk of mortality by income level in a healthy population: US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey mortality follow-up cohort, 1988-2001. BMC Public Health 8:383CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

17.

Singh GK, Miller BA, Hankey BF, Edwards BK (2003) Area socioeconomic variations in U.S. cancer incidence, mortality, stage, treatment, and survival. Bethesda. NIH, Bethesda, MD, pp 1975–1999

18.

Yin D, Morris C, Allen M, Cress R, Bates J, Liu L (2010) Does socioeconomic disparity in cancer incidence vary across racial/ethnic groups? Cancer Causes Control 21:1721–1730CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

19.

Vineis P, Alavanja M, Buffler P et al (2004) Tobacco and cancer: recent epidemiological evidence. J Natl Cancer Inst 96:99–106CrossRefPubMed

20.

Bureau USC (2010) Census. U.S. Government Publishing Office, Washington, DC

21.

Sebelius K (2010) Delayed update of the HSS poverty guidelines for the remainder of 2010. Fed Reg 75(148):45628–45629

22.

Lamison-White L (1995) Poverty Areas. In: Bureau CU (ed) Statistical briefs: Department of Commerce. Maryland, Economics and Statistics Administration

23.

Krieger N, Chen JT, Waterman PD, Rehkopf DH, Subramanian SV (2005) Painting a truer picture of US socioeconomic and racial/ethnic health inequalities: the public health disparities Geocoding project. Am J Public Health 95:312–323CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

24.

Krieger N, Chen JT, Waterman PD, Rehkopf DH, Yin R, Coull BA (2006) Race/ethnicity and changing US socioeconomic gradients in breast cancer incidence: California and Massachusetts, 1978-2002 (United States). Cancer Causes Control 17:217–226CrossRefPubMed

25.

Rehkopf DH, Haughton LT, Chen JT, Waterman PD, Subramanian SV, Krieger N (2006) Monitoring socioeconomic disparities in death: comparing individual-level education and area-based socioeconomic measures. Am J Public Health 96:2135–2138CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

26.

Sorlie PD, Johnson NJ (1996) Validity of education information on the death certificate. Epidemiology 7(4):437–439CrossRefPubMed

27.

Everett BG, Rehkopf DH, Rogers RG (2013) The nonlinear relationship between education and mortality: an examination of Cohort, race/ethnic, and gender differences. Popul Res Policy Rev. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11113-013-9299-0 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

28.

29.

Wood S (2006) Generalized additive models: an introduction with R. Chapman & Hall/CRC, Boca RatonCrossRef

30.

Aragon TJ, Fay MP, Wollschlaeger D, Omidpanah A. (2017) epitools. 0.5-9 ed

31.

R-Development-Core-Team (2008) R: a language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria

32.

Singh GK, Hiatt RA (2006) Trends and disparities in socioeconomic and behavioral characteristics, life expectancy, and cause-specific mortality of native-born and foreign-born populations in the United States, 1979-2003. Int J Epidemiol 35:903–919CrossRefPubMed

33.

Robinson WS (1950) Ecological correlations and the behavior of individuals. Am Sociol Rev 15:351–357CrossRef

34.

Rehkopf DH, Buka SL (2006) The association between suicide and the socio-economic characteristics of geographical areas: a systematic review. Psychol Med 36:145–157CrossRefPubMed

35.

Krieger N, Chen JT, Waterman PD, Rehkopf DH, Subramanian SV (2003) Race/ethnicity, gender, and monitoring socioeconomic gradients in health: a comparison of area-based socioeconomic measures—the public health disparities geocoding project. Am J Public Health 93:1655–1671CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

36.

Davey Smith G, Hart C, Blane D, Hole D (1998) Adverse socioeconomic conditions in childhood and cause specific adult mortality: prospective observational study. BMJ 316:1631–1635CrossRef

37.

Naess O, Strand BH, Smith GD (2007) Childhood and adulthood socioeconomic position across 20 causes of death: a prospective cohort study of 800,000 Norwegian men and women. J Epidemiol Community Health 61:1004–1009CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

38.

Pamuk E, Makuc DM, Heck K, Reuben C, Lochner K (1998) Socioeconomic status and health chartbook. US Department of Health and Human Services, Hyattsville

39.

Krieger N, Rehkopf DH, Chen JT, Waterman PD, Marcelli E, Kennedy M (2008) The fall and rise of US inequities in premature mortality: 1960-2002. PLoS Med 5:e46CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

40.

Stern MC, Zhang J, Lee E, Deapen D, Liu L (2016) Disparities in colorectal cancer incidence among Latino subpopulations in California defined by country of origin. Cancer Causes Control 27:147–155CrossRefPubMed

41.

Boscoe FP, Johnson CJ, Sherman RL, Stinchcomb DG, Lin G, Henry KA (2014) The relationship between area poverty rate and site-specific cancer incidence in the United States. Cancer 120:2191–2198CrossRefPubMed

42.

Dubowitz T, Heron M, Bird CE et al (2008) Neighborhood socioeconomic status and fruit and vegetable intake among whites, blacks, and Mexican Americans in the United States. Am J Clin Nutr 87:1883–1891CrossRefPubMed

43.

Drewnowski A, Specter SE (2004) Poverty and obesity: the role of energy density and energy costs. Am J Clin Nutr 79:6–16CrossRefPubMed

44.

Grzywacz JG, Marks NF (2001) Social inequalities and exercise during adulthood: toward an ecological perspective. J Health Soc Behav 42:202–220CrossRefPubMed

45.

Evans GW, Kantrowitz E (2002) Socioeconomic status and health: the potential role of environmental risk exposure. Annu Rev Public Health 23:303–331CrossRefPubMed

46.

Yen IH, Syme SL (1999) The social environment and health: a discussion of the epidemiologic literature. Annu Rev Public Health 20:287–308CrossRefPubMed

47.

Kwong SL, Chen MS Jr, Snipes KP, Bal DG, Wright WE (2005) Asian subgroups and cancer incidence and mortality rates in California. Cancer 104:2975–2981CrossRefPubMed

48.

Krieger N, Jahn JL, Waterman PD (2017) Jim Crow and estrogen-receptor-negative breast cancer: US-born black and white non-Hispanic women, 1992–2012. Cancer Causes Control 28:49–59CrossRefPubMed

49.

Clegg LX, Reichman ME, Miller BA et al (2009) Impact of socioeconomic status on cancer incidence and stage at diagnosis: selected findings from the surveillance, epidemiology, and end results: National Longitudinal Mortality Study. Cancer Causes Control 20:417–435CrossRefPubMed

Title: Socioeconomic gradients in cancer incidence by race and ethnicity in California, 2008–2012: the influence of tobacco use or screening detectable cancers
Authors: David H. Rehkopf
Danielle Rodriguez
Rosemary Cress
Dejana Braithwaite
Ingrid Oakley-Girvan
Dee West
Robert A. Hiatt
Publication date: 01-07-2019
Publisher: Springer International Publishing
Published in: Cancer Causes & Control / Issue 7/2019
Print ISSN: 0957-5243
Electronic ISSN: 1573-7225
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10552-019-01172-4

Webinar | 19-02-2024 | 17:30 (CET)

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on antibody–drug conjugates in cancer

Watch now

Antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs) are novel agents that have shown promise across multiple tumor types. Explore the current landscape of ADCs in breast and lung cancer with our experts, and gain insights into the mechanism of action, key clinical trials data, existing challenges, and future directions.

Dr. Véronique Diéras

Prof. Fabrice Barlesi

Developed by: Springer Medicine

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Springer Medicine

Abstract

Purpose

Methods

Results

Conclusions

Please log in to get access to this content

Other articles of this Issue 7/2019

Development and validation of a model to predict outcomes of colon cancer surveillance

Racial/ethnic differences in survival among gastric cancer patients in california

Disadvantaged neighborhoods and racial disparity in breast cancer outcomes: the biological link

Treatment patterns and survival differ between early-onset and late-onset colorectal cancer patients: the patient outcomes to advance learning network

Are decision aids leading to shared prostate cancer screening decisions among African-American men?: iDecide

Treatment trends in head and neck cancer: Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Patterns of Care analysis

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on antibody–drug conjugates in cancer