Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Osteoporosis International 6/2021

01-06-2021 | Editorial

Short time horizons for fracture prediction tools: time for a rethink

Authors: E. V. McCloskey, F. Borgstrom, C. Cooper, N. C. Harvey, M. K. Javaid, M. Lorentzon, J. A. Kanis

Published in: Osteoporosis International | Issue 6/2021

Login to get access

Excerpt

Prior fragility fracture is a well-established risk factor for a future fracture [14]. The population relative risk of having a subsequent hip fracture or other osteoporotic fracture is approximately 2-fold higher for most types of prior fracture. However, many studies suggest that the increase in risk is not constant with time or age. Indeed, the risk of a subsequent osteoporotic fracture is particularly acute immediately after an index fracture and wanes progressively over the next 2 years [49] but thereafter remains higher than that of the general population (Fig. 1). The early phase of particularly high risk has been termed imminent risk [9]. This transiency, which is not currently accommodated in any of the available fracture risk assessment tools, suggests that treatment given to patients immediately after a fracture might avoid a higher number of new fractures compared with treatment given at a later date.
Literature
1.
go back to reference Klotzbuecher CM, Ross PD, Landsman PB, Abbott TA 3rd, Berger M (2000) Patients with prior fractures have an increased risk of future fractures: a summary of the literature and statistical synthesis. J Bone Miner Res 15:721–739CrossRef Klotzbuecher CM, Ross PD, Landsman PB, Abbott TA 3rd, Berger M (2000) Patients with prior fractures have an increased risk of future fractures: a summary of the literature and statistical synthesis. J Bone Miner Res 15:721–739CrossRef
2.
go back to reference Haentjens P, Johnell O, Kanis JA, Bouillon R, Cooper C, Lamraski G, Vanderschuren D, Kauffman J-M, Boonen S (2004) Gender-related differences in short and long-term absolute risk of hip fracture after Colles’ or spine fracture: Colles’ fracture as an early and sensitive marker of skeletal fragility in men. J Bone Miner Res 19:1933–1944CrossRef Haentjens P, Johnell O, Kanis JA, Bouillon R, Cooper C, Lamraski G, Vanderschuren D, Kauffman J-M, Boonen S (2004) Gender-related differences in short and long-term absolute risk of hip fracture after Colles’ or spine fracture: Colles’ fracture as an early and sensitive marker of skeletal fragility in men. J Bone Miner Res 19:1933–1944CrossRef
3.
go back to reference Johnell O, Kanis JA, Oden A, Sernbo I, Redlund-Johnell I, Pettersen C, De Laet C, Jonsson B (2004) Fracture risk following an osteoporotic fracture. Osteoporos Int 15:175–179CrossRef Johnell O, Kanis JA, Oden A, Sernbo I, Redlund-Johnell I, Pettersen C, De Laet C, Jonsson B (2004) Fracture risk following an osteoporotic fracture. Osteoporos Int 15:175–179CrossRef
4.
go back to reference Kanis JA, Johnell O, De Laet C, Johansson H, Oden A, Delmas P, Eisman J, Fujiwara S, Garnero P, Kroger H, McCloskey EV, Mellstrom D, Melton LJ III, Pols H, Reeve J, Silman A, Tenenhouse A (2004) A meta-analysis of previous fracture and subsequent fracture risk. Bone 35:375–382CrossRef Kanis JA, Johnell O, De Laet C, Johansson H, Oden A, Delmas P, Eisman J, Fujiwara S, Garnero P, Kroger H, McCloskey EV, Mellstrom D, Melton LJ III, Pols H, Reeve J, Silman A, Tenenhouse A (2004) A meta-analysis of previous fracture and subsequent fracture risk. Bone 35:375–382CrossRef
5.
go back to reference Johnell O, Oden A, Caulin F, Kanis JA (2001) Acute and long-term increase in fracture risk after hospitalization for vertebral fracture. Osteoporos Int 12:207–214CrossRef Johnell O, Oden A, Caulin F, Kanis JA (2001) Acute and long-term increase in fracture risk after hospitalization for vertebral fracture. Osteoporos Int 12:207–214CrossRef
6.
go back to reference Giangregorio LM, Leslie WD, Manitoba Bone Density Program (2010) Time since prior fracture is a risk modifier for 10-year osteoporotic fractures. J Bone Miner Res 25:1400–1405CrossRef Giangregorio LM, Leslie WD, Manitoba Bone Density Program (2010) Time since prior fracture is a risk modifier for 10-year osteoporotic fractures. J Bone Miner Res 25:1400–1405CrossRef
7.
go back to reference Ryg J, Rejnmark L, Overgaard S, Brixen K, Vestergaard P (2009) Hip fracture patients at risk of second hip fracture: a nationwide population-based cohort study of 169,145 cases during 1977-2001. J Bone Miner Res 24:1299–1307CrossRef Ryg J, Rejnmark L, Overgaard S, Brixen K, Vestergaard P (2009) Hip fracture patients at risk of second hip fracture: a nationwide population-based cohort study of 169,145 cases during 1977-2001. J Bone Miner Res 24:1299–1307CrossRef
8.
go back to reference van Geel TA, van Helden S, Geusens PP, Winkens B, Dinant GJ (2009) Clinical subsequent fractures cluster in time after first fractures. Ann Rheum Dis 68:99–102CrossRef van Geel TA, van Helden S, Geusens PP, Winkens B, Dinant GJ (2009) Clinical subsequent fractures cluster in time after first fractures. Ann Rheum Dis 68:99–102CrossRef
9.
go back to reference Johansson H, Siggeirsdóttir K, Harvey NC, Odén A, Gudnason V, McCloskey E, Sigurdsson G, Kanis JA (2017) Imminent risk of fracture after fracture. Osteoporos Int 28:775–780CrossRef Johansson H, Siggeirsdóttir K, Harvey NC, Odén A, Gudnason V, McCloskey E, Sigurdsson G, Kanis JA (2017) Imminent risk of fracture after fracture. Osteoporos Int 28:775–780CrossRef
10.
go back to reference Almog YA, Rai A, Zhang P, Moulaison A, Powell R, Mishra A, Weinberg K, Hamilton C, Oates M, McCloskey E (2020) Cummings SR (2020) Deep learning with electronic health records for short-term fracture risk identification: crystal bone algorithm development and validation. J Med Internet Res 22(10):e22550. https://doi.org/10.2196/22550CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Almog YA, Rai A, Zhang P, Moulaison A, Powell R, Mishra A, Weinberg K, Hamilton C, Oates M, McCloskey E (2020) Cummings SR (2020) Deep learning with electronic health records for short-term fracture risk identification: crystal bone algorithm development and validation. J Med Internet Res 22(10):e22550. https://​doi.​org/​10.​2196/​22550CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
11.
go back to reference Balasubramanian A, Zhang J, Chen L, Wenkert D, Daigle SG, Grauer A, Curtis JR (2019) Risk of subsequent fracture after prior fracture among older women. Osteoporos Int 30:79–92CrossRef Balasubramanian A, Zhang J, Chen L, Wenkert D, Daigle SG, Grauer A, Curtis JR (2019) Risk of subsequent fracture after prior fracture among older women. Osteoporos Int 30:79–92CrossRef
12.
go back to reference Banefelt J, Åkesson KE, Spångéus A, Ljunggren O, Karlsson L, Ström O, Ortsäter G, Libanati C, Toth E (2019) Risk of imminent fracture following a previous fracture in a Swedish database study. Osteoporos Int 30:601–609CrossRef Banefelt J, Åkesson KE, Spångéus A, Ljunggren O, Karlsson L, Ström O, Ortsäter G, Libanati C, Toth E (2019) Risk of imminent fracture following a previous fracture in a Swedish database study. Osteoporos Int 30:601–609CrossRef
14.
go back to reference Chapurlat RD, Bauer DC, Nevitt M, Stone K, Cummings SR (2003) Incidence and risk factors for a second hip fracture in elderly women. The Study of Osteoporotic Fractures. Osteoporos Int 14:130–136CrossRef Chapurlat RD, Bauer DC, Nevitt M, Stone K, Cummings SR (2003) Incidence and risk factors for a second hip fracture in elderly women. The Study of Osteoporotic Fractures. Osteoporos Int 14:130–136CrossRef
15.
go back to reference Henry MJ, Pasco JA, Sanders KM, Nicholson GC, Kotowicz MA (2006) Fracture risk (FRISK) score: Geelong osteoporosis study. Radiology 241:190–196CrossRef Henry MJ, Pasco JA, Sanders KM, Nicholson GC, Kotowicz MA (2006) Fracture risk (FRISK) score: Geelong osteoporosis study. Radiology 241:190–196CrossRef
16.
go back to reference Huntjens KM, Kosar S, van Geel TA, Geusens PP, Willems P, Kessels A, Winkens B, Brink P, van Helden S (2010) Risk of subsequent fracture and mortality within 5 years after a non-vertebral fracture. Osteoporos Int 21:2075–2082CrossRef Huntjens KM, Kosar S, van Geel TA, Geusens PP, Willems P, Kessels A, Winkens B, Brink P, van Helden S (2010) Risk of subsequent fracture and mortality within 5 years after a non-vertebral fracture. Osteoporos Int 21:2075–2082CrossRef
18.
20.
go back to reference Jung HS, Jang S, Chung HY, Park SY, Kim HY, Ha YC, Lee YK, Nho JH (2021) Incidence of subsequent osteoporotic fractures after distal radius fractures and mortality of the subsequent distal radius fractures: a retrospective analysis of claims data of the Korea National Health Insurance Service. Osteoporos Int 32:293–299CrossRef Jung HS, Jang S, Chung HY, Park SY, Kim HY, Ha YC, Lee YK, Nho JH (2021) Incidence of subsequent osteoporotic fractures after distal radius fractures and mortality of the subsequent distal radius fractures: a retrospective analysis of claims data of the Korea National Health Insurance Service. Osteoporos Int 32:293–299CrossRef
21.
go back to reference Miller PD, Barlas S, Brenneman SK, Abbott TA, Chen YT, Barrett-Connor E, Siris ES (2004) An approach to identifying osteopenic women at increased short-term risk of fracture. Arch Intern Med 164:1113–1120CrossRef Miller PD, Barlas S, Brenneman SK, Abbott TA, Chen YT, Barrett-Connor E, Siris ES (2004) An approach to identifying osteopenic women at increased short-term risk of fracture. Arch Intern Med 164:1113–1120CrossRef
22.
go back to reference Möller S, Skjødt MK, Yan L, Abrahamsen B, Lix LM, McCloskey EV, Johansson H, Harvey NC, Kanis JA, Rubin KH, Leslie WD (2020) Prediction of imminent fracture risk in Canadian women and men aged 45 years or older: external validation of the Fracture Risk Evaluation Model. J Bone Miner Res. Submitted Jan 2021 Möller S, Skjødt MK, Yan L, Abrahamsen B, Lix LM, McCloskey EV, Johansson H, Harvey NC, Kanis JA, Rubin KH, Leslie WD (2020) Prediction of imminent fracture risk in Canadian women and men aged 45 years or older: external validation of the Fracture Risk Evaluation Model. J Bone Miner Res. Submitted Jan 2021
23.
go back to reference Nymark T, Lauritsen JM, Ovesen O, Röck ND, Jeune B (2006) Short timeframe from first to second hip fracture in the Funen County Hip Fracture Study. Osteoporos Int 17:1353–1357CrossRef Nymark T, Lauritsen JM, Ovesen O, Röck ND, Jeune B (2006) Short timeframe from first to second hip fracture in the Funen County Hip Fracture Study. Osteoporos Int 17:1353–1357CrossRef
24.
go back to reference Rubin KH, Möller S, Holmberg T, Bliddal M, Søndergaard J, Abrahamsen B (2018) A new fracture risk assessment tool (FREM) based on public health registries. J Bone Miner Res 33:1967–1979CrossRef Rubin KH, Möller S, Holmberg T, Bliddal M, Søndergaard J, Abrahamsen B (2018) A new fracture risk assessment tool (FREM) based on public health registries. J Bone Miner Res 33:1967–1979CrossRef
28.
go back to reference Toth E, Banefelt J, Åkesson K, Spångeus A, Ortsäter G, Libanati C (2020) History of previous fracture and imminent fracture risk in Swedish women aged 55 to 90 years presenting with a fragility fracture. J Bone Miner Res 35:861–868CrossRef Toth E, Banefelt J, Åkesson K, Spångeus A, Ortsäter G, Libanati C (2020) History of previous fracture and imminent fracture risk in Swedish women aged 55 to 90 years presenting with a fragility fracture. J Bone Miner Res 35:861–868CrossRef
29.
go back to reference van Staa TP, Leufkens HG, Cooper C (2002) Does a fracture at one site predict later fractures at other sites? A British cohort study. Osteoporos Int 13:624–629CrossRef van Staa TP, Leufkens HG, Cooper C (2002) Does a fracture at one site predict later fractures at other sites? A British cohort study. Osteoporos Int 13:624–629CrossRef
31.
go back to reference Kanis JA, Odén A, McCloskey EV, Johansson H, Wahl D, Cyrus Cooper C on behalf of the IOF Working Group on Epidemiology and Quality of Life (2012) A systematic review of hip fracture incidence and probability of fracture worldwide. Osteoporos Int 23:2239–2256CrossRef Kanis JA, Odén A, McCloskey EV, Johansson H, Wahl D, Cyrus Cooper C on behalf of the IOF Working Group on Epidemiology and Quality of Life (2012) A systematic review of hip fracture incidence and probability of fracture worldwide. Osteoporos Int 23:2239–2256CrossRef
32.
go back to reference Kanis JA, Johansson H, Harvey NC, Gudnason V, Sigurdsson G, Siggeirsdottir K, Lorentzon M, Liu E, Vandenput L, McCloskey EV (2021) The effect on subsequent fracture risk of age, sex, and prior fracture site by recency of prior fracture. Osteoporos Int. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-020-05803-4 Kanis JA, Johansson H, Harvey NC, Gudnason V, Sigurdsson G, Siggeirsdottir K, Lorentzon M, Liu E, Vandenput L, McCloskey EV (2021) The effect on subsequent fracture risk of age, sex, and prior fracture site by recency of prior fracture. Osteoporos Int. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1007/​s00198-020-05803-4
34.
go back to reference Adachi JD, Berger C, Barron R, Weycker D, Anastassiades TP, Davison KS, Hanley DA, Ioannidis G, Jackson SA, Josse RG, Kaiser SM, Kovacs CS, Leslie WD, Morin SN, Papaioannou A, Prior JC, Shyta E, Silvia A, Towheed T, Goltzman D (2019) Predictors of imminent nonvertebral fracture in elderly women with osteoporosis, low bone mass, or a history of fracture, based on data from the population based Canadian Multicentre Osteoporosis Study (CaMos). Arch Osteoporos 4(1):53. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11657-019-0598-xCrossRef Adachi JD, Berger C, Barron R, Weycker D, Anastassiades TP, Davison KS, Hanley DA, Ioannidis G, Jackson SA, Josse RG, Kaiser SM, Kovacs CS, Leslie WD, Morin SN, Papaioannou A, Prior JC, Shyta E, Silvia A, Towheed T, Goltzman D (2019) Predictors of imminent nonvertebral fracture in elderly women with osteoporosis, low bone mass, or a history of fracture, based on data from the population based Canadian Multicentre Osteoporosis Study (CaMos). Arch Osteoporos 4(1):53. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1007/​s11657-019-0598-xCrossRef
36.
go back to reference Chen YT, Miller PD, Barrett-Connor E, Weiss TW, Sajjan SG, Siris ES (2007) An approach for identifying postmenopausal women age 50-64 years at increased short-term risk for osteoporotic fracture. Osteoporos Int 18:1287–1296CrossRef Chen YT, Miller PD, Barrett-Connor E, Weiss TW, Sajjan SG, Siris ES (2007) An approach for identifying postmenopausal women age 50-64 years at increased short-term risk for osteoporotic fracture. Osteoporos Int 18:1287–1296CrossRef
37.
go back to reference Weycker D, Edelsberg J, Barron R, Atwood M, Oster G, Crittenden DB, Grauer A (2017) Predictors of near-term fracture in osteoporotic women aged ≥65 years, based on data from the study of osteoporotic fractures. Osteoporos Int 28:2565–2571CrossRef Weycker D, Edelsberg J, Barron R, Atwood M, Oster G, Crittenden DB, Grauer A (2017) Predictors of near-term fracture in osteoporotic women aged ≥65 years, based on data from the study of osteoporotic fractures. Osteoporos Int 28:2565–2571CrossRef
38.
go back to reference Hans D, Shevroja E, Leslie WD (2021) Evolution in fracture risk assessment: artificial versus augmented intelligence. Osteoporos Int 32:209–212CrossRef Hans D, Shevroja E, Leslie WD (2021) Evolution in fracture risk assessment: artificial versus augmented intelligence. Osteoporos Int 32:209–212CrossRef
39.
go back to reference Kanis JA, Johansson H, Harvey NC, Gudnason V, Sigurdsson G, Siggeirsdottir K, Lorentzon M, Liu M, Vandenput L, McCloskey E (2021) The use of two-, five- and 10-year probabilities to characterise fracture risk after a recent sentinel fracture. Osteoporos Int 32:47–54CrossRef Kanis JA, Johansson H, Harvey NC, Gudnason V, Sigurdsson G, Siggeirsdottir K, Lorentzon M, Liu M, Vandenput L, McCloskey E (2021) The use of two-, five- and 10-year probabilities to characterise fracture risk after a recent sentinel fracture. Osteoporos Int 32:47–54CrossRef
40.
go back to reference Trevena L (2004) Assessing, communicating, and managing risk in general practice. Br J Gen Pract 64:166–167CrossRef Trevena L (2004) Assessing, communicating, and managing risk in general practice. Br J Gen Pract 64:166–167CrossRef
41.
go back to reference Epstein RM, Alper BS, Quill TE (2004) Communicating evidence for participatory decision making. JAMA 291:2359–2366CrossRef Epstein RM, Alper BS, Quill TE (2004) Communicating evidence for participatory decision making. JAMA 291:2359–2366CrossRef
43.
go back to reference Kanis JA, Johansson H, Harvey NC, Gudnason V, Sigurdsson G, Siggeirsdottir K, Lorentzon M, Liu E, Vandenput L, McCloskey EV (2020) Adjusting conventional FRAX estimates of fracture probability according to the recency of sentinel fractures. Osteoporos 31:1817–1828CrossRef Kanis JA, Johansson H, Harvey NC, Gudnason V, Sigurdsson G, Siggeirsdottir K, Lorentzon M, Liu E, Vandenput L, McCloskey EV (2020) Adjusting conventional FRAX estimates of fracture probability according to the recency of sentinel fractures. Osteoporos 31:1817–1828CrossRef
44.
go back to reference Kanis JA, Harvey NC, McCloskey E, Bruyère O, Veronese N, Lorentzon M, Cooper C, Rizzoli R, Adib G, Al-Daghri N, Campusano C, Chandran M, Dawson-Hughes B, Javaid K, Jiwa FF, Johansson H, Lee JK, Liu E, Messina D, Mkinsi O, Pinto D, Prieto-Alhambra D, Saag K, Xia W, Zakraoui L, Reginster J-Y (2020) Algorithm for the management of patients at low/middle/high risk of osteoporotic fracture: a global perspective. Osteoporos Int 31:1–12CrossRef Kanis JA, Harvey NC, McCloskey E, Bruyère O, Veronese N, Lorentzon M, Cooper C, Rizzoli R, Adib G, Al-Daghri N, Campusano C, Chandran M, Dawson-Hughes B, Javaid K, Jiwa FF, Johansson H, Lee JK, Liu E, Messina D, Mkinsi O, Pinto D, Prieto-Alhambra D, Saag K, Xia W, Zakraoui L, Reginster J-Y (2020) Algorithm for the management of patients at low/middle/high risk of osteoporotic fracture: a global perspective. Osteoporos Int 31:1–12CrossRef
Metadata
Title
Short time horizons for fracture prediction tools: time for a rethink
Authors
E. V. McCloskey
F. Borgstrom
C. Cooper
N. C. Harvey
M. K. Javaid
M. Lorentzon
J. A. Kanis
Publication date
01-06-2021
Publisher
Springer London
Published in
Osteoporosis International / Issue 6/2021
Print ISSN: 0937-941X
Electronic ISSN: 1433-2965
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-021-05962-y

Other articles of this Issue 6/2021

Osteoporosis International 6/2021 Go to the issue