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Virology Journal
Published in: Virology Journal 1/2022

Open Access 01-12-2022 | Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus | Review

Narrative review on century of respiratory pandemics from Spanish flu to COVID-19 and impact of nanotechnology on COVID-19 diagnosis and immune system boosting

Authors: Walid F. Elkhatib, Shereen S. Abdelkareem, Wafaa S. Khalaf, Mona I. Shahin, Dounia Elfadil, Alaa Alhazmi, Ahmed I. El-Batal, Gharieb S. El-Sayyad

Published in: Virology Journal | Issue 1/2022

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Abstract

The rise of the highly lethal severe acute respiratory syndrome-2 (SARS-2) as corona virus 2019 (COVID-19) reminded us of the history of other pandemics that happened in the last century (Spanish flu) and stayed in the current century, which include Severe-Acute-Respiratory-Syndrome (SARS), Middle-East-Respiratory-Syndrome (MERS), Corona Virus 2019 (COVID-19). We review in this report the newest findings and data on the origin of pandemic respiratory viral diseases, reservoirs, and transmission modes. We analyzed viral adaption needed for host switch and determinants of pathogenicity, causative factors of pandemic viruses, and symptoms and clinical manifestations. After that, we concluded the host factors associated with pandemics morbidity and mortality (immune responses and immunopathology, ages, and effect of pandemics on pregnancy). Additionally, we focused on the burdens of COVID-19, non-pharmaceutical interventions (quarantine, mass gatherings, facemasks, and hygiene), and medical interventions (antiviral therapies and vaccines). Finally, we investigated the nanotechnology between COVID-19 analysis and immune system boosting (Nanoparticles (NPs), antimicrobial NPs as antivirals and immune cytokines). This review presents insights about using nanomaterials to treat COVID-19, improve the bioavailability of the abused drugs, diminish their toxicity, and improve their performance.

Graphical Abstract

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Metadata
Title
Narrative review on century of respiratory pandemics from Spanish flu to COVID-19 and impact of nanotechnology on COVID-19 diagnosis and immune system boosting
Authors
Walid F. Elkhatib
Shereen S. Abdelkareem
Wafaa S. Khalaf
Mona I. Shahin
Dounia Elfadil
Alaa Alhazmi
Ahmed I. El-Batal
Gharieb S. El-Sayyad
Publication date
01-12-2022
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
Virology Journal / Issue 1/2022
Electronic ISSN: 1743-422X
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12985-022-01902-2

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