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Annals of Intensive Care
Published in: Annals of Intensive Care 1/2022

Open Access 01-12-2022 | Septicemia | Review

Chronic critical illness and post-intensive care syndrome: from pathophysiology to clinical challenges

Authors: Guillaume Voiriot, Mehdi Oualha, Alexandre Pierre, Charlotte Salmon-Gandonnière, Alexandre Gaudet, Youenn Jouan, Hatem Kallel, Peter Radermacher, Dominique Vodovar, Benjamine Sarton, Laure Stiel, Nicolas Bréchot, Sébastien Préau, Jérémie Joffre, la CRT de la SRLF

Published in: Annals of Intensive Care | Issue 1/2022

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Abstract

Background

Post‐intensive care syndrome (PICS) encompasses physical, cognition, and mental impairments persisting after intensive care unit (ICU) discharge. Ultimately it significantly impacts the long‐term prognosis, both in functional outcomes and survival. Thus, survivors often develop permanent disabilities, consume a lot of healthcare resources, and may experience prolonged suffering. This review aims to present the multiple facets of the PICS, decipher its underlying mechanisms, and highlight future research directions.

Main text

This review abridges the translational data underlying the multiple facets of chronic critical illness (CCI) and PICS. We focus first on ICU-acquired weakness, a syndrome characterized by impaired contractility, muscle wasting, and persisting muscle atrophy during the recovery phase, which involves anabolic resistance, impaired capacity of regeneration, mitochondrial dysfunction, and abnormalities in calcium homeostasis. Second, we discuss the clinical relevance of post-ICU cognitive impairment and neuropsychological disability, its association with delirium during the ICU stay, and the putative role of low-grade long-lasting inflammation. Third, we describe the profound and persistent qualitative and quantitative alteration of the innate and adaptive response. Fourth, we discuss the biological mechanisms of the progression from acute to chronic kidney injury, opening the field for renoprotective strategies. Fifth, we report long-lasting pulmonary consequences of ARDS and prolonged mechanical ventilation. Finally, we discuss several specificities in children, including the influence of the child’s pre-ICU condition, development, and maturation.

Conclusions

Recent understandings of the biological substratum of the PICS’ distinct features highlight the need to rethink our patient trajectories in the long term. A better knowledge of this syndrome and precipitating factors is necessary to develop protocols and strategies to alleviate the CCI and PICS and ultimately improve patient recovery.
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Metadata
Title
Chronic critical illness and post-intensive care syndrome: from pathophysiology to clinical challenges
Authors
Guillaume Voiriot
Mehdi Oualha
Alexandre Pierre
Charlotte Salmon-Gandonnière
Alexandre Gaudet
Youenn Jouan
Hatem Kallel
Peter Radermacher
Dominique Vodovar
Benjamine Sarton
Laure Stiel
Nicolas Bréchot
Sébastien Préau
Jérémie Joffre
la CRT de la SRLF
Publication date
01-12-2022
Publisher
Springer International Publishing
Published in
Annals of Intensive Care / Issue 1/2022
Electronic ISSN: 2110-5820
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13613-022-01038-0

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