Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

At a glance: The STEP trials

A round-up of the STEP phase 3 clinical trials evaluating semaglutide for weight loss in people with overweight or obesity.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
Pediatric Nephrology
Published in: Pediatric Nephrology 1/2018

01-01-2018 | Controversies in Pediatric Nephrology

Screening children for hypertension: the case against

Authors: Nicole Ide, Matthew Thompson

Published in: Pediatric Nephrology | Issue 1/2018

Login to get access

Excerpt

Hypertension is a common condition among adults worldwide and has serious consequences, including increased risk for morbidity and mortality. It is the leading risk factor for premature death as of 2012, contributing to 13% of all deaths globally, including 51% of deaths from stroke and 45% of coronary heart disease fatalities [1, 2]. In the USA, hypertension was a primary or contributing cause of death for more than 410,000 Americans in 2014 [3]. The prevalence of hypertension among American adults was around 29% as of 2014, with prevalence ranging from 7.3% for 18- to 39-year-olds to 64.9% for those 60 years and older [4]. …
Literature
1.
World Health Organization (2012) World Health Statistics 2012. Geneva
2.
World Health Organization (2009) Global health risks: mortality and burden of disease attributable to selected major risks. World Health Organization, Geneva
3.
4.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS). National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Data. Department of Health and Human Services; 2011; 2014
5.
Lurbe E, Álvarez J, Redon J (2010) Diagnosis and treatment of hypertension in children. Curr Hypertens Rep 12(6):480–486CrossRefPubMed
6.
Obarzanek E, Wu CO, Cutler JA, Kavey R-EW, Pearson GD, Daniels SR (2010) Prevalence and incidence of hypertension in adolescent girls. J Pediatr 157(3):461–467, 467.e1–5CrossRefPubMed
7.
Din-Dzietham R, Liu Y, Bielo M-V, Shamsa F (2007) High blood pressure trends in children and adolescents in national surveys, 1963 to 2002. Circulation 116(13):1488–1496CrossRefPubMed
8.
Flynn JT, Falkner BE (2009) The importance of blood pressure screening in children. J Pediatr 155(2):299–300CrossRefPubMed
9.
McNiece KL, Poffenbarger TS, Turner JL, Franco KD, Sorof JM, Portman RJ (2007) Prevalence of hypertension and pre-hypertension among adolescents. J Pediatr 150(6):640–644, 644.e1CrossRefPubMed
10.
Wang Y, Lobstein T (2006) Worldwide trends in childhood overweight and obesity. Int J Pediatr Obes 1(1):11–25CrossRefPubMed
11.
Ogden CL, Carroll MD, Kit BK, Flegal KM (2012) Prevalence of obesity and trends in body mass index among US children and adolescents, 1999–2010. JAMA 307(5):483–490CrossRefPubMed
12.
13.
Rosner B, Cook N, Portman R, Daniels S, Falkner B (2009) Blood pressure differences by ethnic group among United States children and adolescents. Hypertension 54(3):502–508CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
14.
Falkner B, Gidding SS, Ramirez-Garnica G, Wiltrout SA, West D, Rappaport EB (2006) The relationship of body mass index and blood pressure in primary care pediatric patients. J Pediatr 148(2):195–200CrossRefPubMed
15.
Sorof JM, Lai D, Turner J, Poffenbarger T, Portman RJ (2004) Overweight, ethnicity, and the prevalence of hypertension in school-aged children. Pediatrics 113(3 Pt 1):475–482CrossRefPubMed
16.
Moore WE, Eichner JE, Cohn EM, Thompson DM, Kobza CE, Abbott KE (2009) Blood pressure screening of school children in a multiracial school district: the healthy kids project. Am J Hypertens 22(4):351–356CrossRefPubMed
17.
Chiolero A, Cachat F, Burnier M, Paccaud F, Bovet P (2007) Prevalence of hypertension in schoolchildren based on repeated measurements and association with overweight. J Hypertens 25(11):2209–2217CrossRefPubMed
18.
Liao CC, Su TC, Chien KL, Wang J, Chiang CC, Lin CC, Lin RS, Lee YT, Sung FC (2009) Elevated blood pressure, obesity, and hyperlipidemia. J Pediatr 155(1):79–83CrossRefPubMed
19.
Jago R, Harrell JS, McMurray RG, Edelstein S, El Ghormli L, Bassin S (2006) Prevalence of abnormal lipid and blood pressure values among an ethnically diverse population of eighth-grade adolescents and screening implications. Pediatrics 117(6):2065–2073CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
20.
Sorof JM, Poffenbarger T, Franco K, Bernard L, Portman RJ (2002) Isolated systolic hypertension, obesity, and hyperkinetic hemodynamic states in children. J Pediatr 140(6):660–666CrossRefPubMed
21.
Shapiro DJ, Hersh AL, Cabana MD, Sutherland SM, Patel AI (2012) Hypertension screening during ambulatory pediatric visits in the United States, 2000–2009. Pediatrics 130(4):604–610CrossRefPubMed
22.
Friedman A (2008) Blood pressure screening in children: do we have this right? J Pediatr 153(4):452–453CrossRefPubMed
23.
Gillman MW (2009) Childhood prevention of hypertensive cardiovascular disease. J Pediatr 155(2):159–161CrossRefPubMed
24.
25.
Lurbe E, Cifkova R, Cruickshank JK, Dillon MJ, Ferreira I, Invitti C, Kuznetsova T, Laurent S, Mancia G, Morales-Olivas F, Rascher W, Redon J, Schaefer F, Seeman T, Stergiou G, Wühl E, Zanchetti A, European Society of Hypertension (2009) Management of high blood pressure in children and adolescents: recommendations of the European Society of Hypertension. J Hypertens 27(9):1719–1742CrossRefPubMed
26.
National High Blood Pressure Education Program Working Group on High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents (2004) The fourth report on the diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure in children and adolescents. Pediatrics 114 [2 Suppl 4th Report]:555–576CrossRef
27.
Shimamoto K, Ando K, Fujita T, Hasebe N, Higaki J, Horiuchi M, Imai Y, Imaizumi T, Ishimitsu T, Ito M, Ito S, Itoh H, Iwao H, Kai H, Kario K, Kashihara N, Kawano Y, Kim-Mitsuyama S, Kimura G, Kohara K, Komuro I, Kumagai H, Matsuura H, Miura K, Morishita R, Naruse M, Node K, Ohya Y, Rakugi H, Saito I, Saitoh S, Shimada K, Shimosawa T, Suzuki H, Tamura K, Tanahashi N, Tsuchihashi T, Uchiyama M, Ueda S, Umemura S (2014) The Japanese Society of Hypertension guidelines for the management of hypertension. Hypertens Res 37(4):253–390CrossRefPubMed
28.
Thompson M, Dana T, Bougatsos C, Blazina I, Norris S (2013) Screening for hypertension in children and adolescents to prevent cardiovascular disease: systematic review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US) (Evidence Syntheses, No. 99.) Available from: https://​www.​ncbi.​nlm.​nih.​gov/​books/​NBK126735/​
29.
30.
Thompson M, Dana T, Bougatsos C, Blazina I, Norris SL (2013) Screening for hypertension in children and adolescents to prevent cardiovascular disease. Pediatrics 131(3):490–525CrossRefPubMed
31.
Stergiou GS, Nasothimiou E, Giovas P, Kapoyiannis A, Vazeou A (2008) Diagnosis of hypertension in children and adolescents based on home versus ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. J Hypertens 26(8):1556–1562CrossRefPubMed
32.
Fixler DE, Laird WP (1983) Validity of mass blood pressure screening in children. Pediatrics 72(4):459–463PubMed
33.
Tolonen H, Koponen P, Naska A, Männistö S, Broda G, Palosaari T, Kuulasmaa K, EHES Pilot Project (2015) Challenges in standardization of blood pressure measurement at the population level. BMC Med Res Methodol 15:33CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
34.
Juhola J, Magnussen CG, Viikari JSA, Kähönen M, Hutri-Kähönen N, Jula A, Lehtimäki T, Åkerblom HK, Pietikäinen M, Laitinen T, Jokinen E, Taittonen L, Raitakari OT, Juonala M (2011) Tracking of serum lipid levels, blood pressure, and body mass index from childhood to adulthood: the cardiovascular risk in young Finns study. J Pediatr 159(4):584–590CrossRefPubMed
35.
Gillman MW, Cook NR, Rosner B, Evans DA, Keough ME, Taylor JO, Hennekens CH (1993) Identifying children at high risk for the development of essential hypertension. J Pediatr 122(6):837–846CrossRefPubMed
36.
Shear CL, Burke GL, Freedman DS, Webber LS, Berenson GS (1987) Designation of children with high blood pressure—considerations on percentile cut points and subsequent high blood pressure: the Bogalusa heart study. Am J Epidemiol 125(1):73–84CrossRefPubMed
37.
Trachtman H, Frank R, Mahan JD, Portman R, Restaino I, Matoo TK, Tou C, Klibaner M (2003) Clinical trial of extended-release felodipine in pediatric essential hypertension. Pediatr Nephrol 18(6):548–553PubMed
38.
Bao W, Threefoot SA, Srinivasan SR, Berenson GS (1995) Essential hypertension predicted by tracking of elevated blood pressure from childhood to adulthood: the Bogalusa heart study. Am J Hypertens 8(7):657–665CrossRefPubMed
39.
Beckett LA, Rosner B, Roche AF, Guo S (1992) Serial changes in blood pressure from adolescence into adulthood. Am J Epidemiol 135(10):1166–1177CrossRefPubMed
40.
Lauer RM, Clarke WR, Mahoney LT, Witt J (1993) Childhood predictors for high adult blood pressure. The Muscatine Study. Pediatr Clin N Am 40(1):23–40CrossRef
41.
Hoq S, Chen W, Srinivasan SR, Berenson GS (2002) Childhood blood pressure predicts adult microalbuminuria in African Americans, but not in whites: the Bogalusa heart study. Am J Hypertens 15(12):1036–1041CrossRefPubMed
42.
Stenn PG, Noce A, Buck C (1981) A study of the labelling phenomenon in school children with elevated blood pressure. Clin Invest Med 4(3-4):179–181PubMed
43.
Batisky DL, Sorof JM, Sugg J, Llewellyn M, Klibaner M, Hainer JW, Portman RJ, Falkner B, Toprol-XL Pediatric Hypertension Investigators (2007) Efficacy and safety of extended release metoprolol succinate in hypertensive children 6 to 16 years of age: a clinical trial experience. J Pediatr 150(2):134–139CrossRefPubMed
44.
Flynn JT, Newburger JW, Daniels SR, Sanders SP, Portman RJ, Hogg RJ, Saul JP, PATH-1 Investigators PATH-1 Investigators (2004) A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of amlodipine in children with hypertension. J Pediatr 145(3):353–359CrossRefPubMed
45.
Li JS, Flynn JT, Portman R, Davis I, Ogawa M, Shi H, Pressler ML (2010) The efficacy and safety of the novel aldosterone antagonist eplerenone in children with hypertension: a randomized, double-blind, dose-response study. J Pediatr 157(2):282–287CrossRefPubMed
46.
Sorof JM, Cargo P, Graepel J, Humphrey D, King E, Rolf C, Cunningham RJ (2002) Betablocker/thiazide combination for treatment of hypertensive children: a randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Pediatr Nephrol 17(5):345–350CrossRefPubMed
47.
Trachtman H, Hainer JW, Sugg J, Teng R, Sorof JM, Radcliffe J (2008) Candesartan in children with hypertension (CINCH) investigators. Efficacy, safety, and pharmacokinetics of candesartan cilexetil in hypertensive children aged 6 to 17 years. J Clin Hypertens 10(10):743–750CrossRef
48.
Wells TG, Portman R, Norman P, Haertter S, Davidai G, Wang F (2010) Safety, efficacy, and pharmacokinetics of telmisartan in pediatric patients with hypertension. Clin Pediatr 49(10):938–946CrossRef
49.
Ewart CK, Harris WL, Iwata MM, Coates TJ, Bullock R, Simon B (1987) Feasibility and effectiveness of school-based relaxation in lowering blood pressure. Health Psychol 6(5):399–416CrossRefPubMed
50.
Couch SC, Saelens BE, Levin L, Dart K, Falciglia G, Daniels SR (2008) The efficacy of a clinic based behavioral nutrition intervention emphasizing a DASH-type diet for adolescents with elevated blood pressure. J Pediatr 152(4):494–501CrossRefPubMed
51.
Gregoski MJ, Barnes VA, Tingen MS, Harshfield GA, Treiber FA (2011) Breathing awareness meditation and LifeSkills Training programs influence upon ambulatory blood pressure and sodium excretion among African American adolescents. J Adolesc Health 48(1):59–64CrossRefPubMed
52.
Hansen HS, Froberg K, Hyldebrandt N, Nielsen JR (1991) A controlled study of eight months of physical training and reduction of blood pressure in children: the Odense schoolchild study. BMJ 303(6804):682–685CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
53.
Howe PR, Cobiac L, Smith RM (1991) Lack of effect of short-term changes in sodium intake on blood pressure in adolescent schoolchildren. J Hypertens 9(2):181–186CrossRefPubMed
54.
Sinaiko AR, Gomez-Marin O, Prineas RJ (1993) Effect of low sodium diet or potassium supplementation on adolescent blood pressure. Hypertension 21(6 pt 2):989–994CrossRefPubMed
55.
Berenson GS, Voors AW, Webber LS, Frank GC, Farris RP, Tobian L, Aristimuno GG (1983) A model of intervention for prevention of early essential hypertension in the 1980s. Hypertension 5(1):41–54CrossRefPubMed
56.
Berenson GS, Shear CL, Chiang YK, Webber LS, Voors AW (1990) Combined low-dose medication and primary intervention over a 30-month period for sustained high blood pressure in childhood. Am J Med Sci 299(2):79–86CrossRefPubMed
57.
Hazan L, Hernández Rodriguez OA, Bhorat AE, Miyazaki K, Tao B, Heyrman R, Assessment of Efficacy and Safety of Olmesartan in Pediatric Hypertension Study Group (2010) A double-blind, dose-response study of the efficacy and safety of olmesartan medoxomil in children and adolescents with hypertension. Hypertension 55(6):1323–1330CrossRefPubMed
58.
Li JS, Berezny K, Kilaru R, Hazan L, Portman R, Hogg R, Jenkins RD, Kanani P, Cottrill CM, Mattoo TK, Zharkova L, Kozlova L, Weisman I, Deitchman D, Califf RM (2004) Is the extrapolated adult dose of fosinopril safe and effective in treating hypertensive children? Hypertension 44(3):289–293CrossRefPubMed
59.
Shahinfar S, Cano F, Soffer BA, Ahmed T, Santoro EP, Zhang Z, Gleim G, Miller K, Vogt B, Blumer J, Briazgounov I (2005) A double-blind, dose-response study of losartan in hypertensive children. Am J Hypertens 18(2 pt 1):183–190CrossRefPubMed
60.
Soffer B, Zhang Z, Miller K, Vogt BA, Shahinfar S (2003) A double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-response study of the effectiveness and safety of lisinopril for children with hypertension. Am J Hypertens 6(10):795–800CrossRef
61.
Wells T, Frame V, Soffer B, Shaw W, Zhang Z, Herrera P, Shahinfar S, Enalapril Pediatric Hypertension Collaborative Study Group (2002) A double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-response study of the effectiveness and safety of enalapril for children with hypertension. J Clin Pharmacol 42(8):870–880CrossRefPubMed
62.
Wilson J, Jungner G (1968) Principles and practice of mass screening for disease. World Health Organization, Geneva
63.
Menghetti E, Virdis R, Strambi M, Patriarca V, Riccioni MA, Fossali E, Spagnolo A, Study Group on Hypertension’ of the Italian Society of Pediatrics (1999) Blood pressure in childhood and adolescence: the Italian normal standards. J Hypertens 17(10):1363–1372CrossRefPubMed
64.
Munkhaugen J, Lydersen S, Widerøe T-E, Hallan S (2008) Blood pressure reference values in adolescents: methodological aspects and suggestions for Northern Europe tables based on the Nord-Trøndelag Health Study II. J Hypertens 26(10):1912–1918CrossRefPubMed
65.
Sung RY, Choi KC, So HK, Nelson EA, Li AM, Kwok CW, Tong GN, Mak KH, Ng PC, Fok TF (2008) Oscillometrically measured blood pressure in Hong Kong Chinese children and associations with anthropometric parameters. J Hypertens 26(4):678–684CrossRefPubMed
66.
Ma C, Kelishadi R, Hong YM, Bovet P, Khadilkar A, Nawarycz T, Krzywińska-Wiewiorowska M, Aounallah-Skhiri H, Motlagh ME, Kim HS, Khadilkar V (2016) Performance of eleven simplified methods for the identification of elevated blood pressure in children and adolescents. Hypertension 68(3):614–620CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
67.
Chu PY, Campbell MJ, Miller SG, Hill KD (2014) Anti-hypertensive drugs in children and adolescents. World J Cardiol 6(5):234–244PubMedPubMedCentral
68.
Pace LE, Keating NL (2014) A systematic assessment of benefits and risks to guide breast cancer screening decisions. JAMA 311(13):1327–1335CrossRefPubMed
69.
Brewer NT, Salz T, Lillie SE (2007) Systematic review: the long-term effects of false-positive mammograms. Ann Intern Med 146(7):502–510CrossRefPubMed
70.
Makinen T, Auvinen A, Hakama M, Stenman UH, Tammela TLJ (2002) Acceptability and complications of prostate biopsy in population-based PSA screening versus routine clinical practice: a prospective, controlled study. Urology 60(5):846–850CrossRef
71.
Raaijmakers R, Kirkels WJ, Roobol MJ, Wildhagen MF, Schroder FH (2002) Complication rates and risk factors of 5802 transrectal ultrasound-guided sextant biopsies of the prostate within a population-based screening program. Urology 60(5):826–830CrossRefPubMed
72.
Rosario DJ, Lane JA, Metcalfe C, Donovan JL, Doble A, Goodwin L, Davis M, Catto JW, Avery K, Neal DE, Hamdy FC (2012) Short term outcomes of prostate biopsy in men tested for cancer by prostate specific antigen: prospective evaluation within ProtecT study. BMJ 344:d7894CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
73.
74.
Koebnick C, Black MH, Wu J, Martinez MP, Smith N, Kuizon B, Cuan D, Young DR, Lawrence JM, Jacobsen SJ (2013) High blood pressure in overweight and obese youth: implications for screening. J Clin Hypertens 15(11):793–805CrossRef
Metadata
Title
Screening children for hypertension: the case against
Authors
Nicole Ide
Matthew Thompson
Publication date
01-01-2018
Publisher
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Published in
Pediatric Nephrology / Issue 1/2018
Print ISSN: 0931-041X
Electronic ISSN: 1432-198X
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-017-3807-0

Other articles of this Issue 1/2018

Pediatric Nephrology 1/2018 Go to the issue

Controversies in Pediatric Nephrology

Why should we screen for arterial hypertension in children and adolescents?

Clinical Quiz

Diabetes in a child on growth hormone therapy: Answers

Clinical Quiz

Milky appearance of peritoneal fluid in a neonate on peritoneal dialysis due to end-stage renal disease: Questions

Review

Paediatric anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis: an update on renal management

Original Article

Clinical risk stratification of paediatric renal transplant recipients using C1q and C3d fixing of de novo donor-specific antibodies

Controversies in Pediatric Nephrology

To screen or not to screen: for high blood pressure