Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Antimicrobial Resistance & Infection Control 1/2020

Open Access 01-12-2020 | SARS-CoV-2 | Short report

Potential methanol toxicity and the importance of using a standardised alcohol-based hand rub formulation in the era of COVID-19

Authors: K. Dear, L. Grayson, R. Nixon

Published in: Antimicrobial Resistance & Infection Control | Issue 1/2020

Login to get access

Abstract

Objectives

Hand sanitisers are urgently needed in the time of COVID-19, and as a result of shortages, some people have resorted to making their own formulations, including the repurposing of distilleries. We wish to highlight the importance of those producing hand sanitisers to avoid methylated spirits containing methanol and to follow WHO recommended formulations.

Methods

We explore and discuss reports of methanol toxicity through ingestion and transdermal absorption. We discuss the WHO formulations and explain the rationale behind the chosen ingredients.

Short conclusion

We advise those producing hand sanitisers to follow WHO recommended formulations, and advise those producing hand sanitisers using methylated spirits, to avoid formulations which contain methanol.
Literature
1.
go back to reference Jefferson T, Del Mar CB, Dooley L, et al. Physical interventions to interrupt or reduce the spread of respiratory viruses. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;7:CD006207. Jefferson T, Del Mar CB, Dooley L, et al. Physical interventions to interrupt or reduce the spread of respiratory viruses. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;7:CD006207.
6.
go back to reference Siddharta A, Pfaender S, Ville N, et al. Virucidal activity of World Health Organization hand rub formulations - recommended formulations against enveloped viruses including Zika, Ebola and emerging coronaviruses. J Infect Dis. 2017;215(6):902–6.CrossRef Siddharta A, Pfaender S, Ville N, et al. Virucidal activity of World Health Organization hand rub formulations - recommended formulations against enveloped viruses including Zika, Ebola and emerging coronaviruses. J Infect Dis. 2017;215(6):902–6.CrossRef
7.
go back to reference Kratzel A, Todt D, V’kovski P, Al E. Inactivation of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 by WHO-Recommended Hand Rub Formulations and Alcohols. Emerg Infect Dis. 2020;26(7). Kratzel A, Todt D, V’kovski P, Al E. Inactivation of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 by WHO-Recommended Hand Rub Formulations and Alcohols. Emerg Infect Dis. 2020;26(7).
8.
go back to reference Kampf G. Potential role of inanimate surfaces for the spread of coronaviruses and their inactivation with disinfectant agents. Infect Prev Pract. 2020;2(2). Kampf G. Potential role of inanimate surfaces for the spread of coronaviruses and their inactivation with disinfectant agents. Infect Prev Pract. 2020;2(2).
10.
go back to reference Robed Amin M, Shohagh AS, Basher A, Rahman M, Abul Faiz M, Ahasan HN. Methanol Poisoning with Fatality- Case Series in Dhaka Medical College Hospital in Bangladesh. Toxicol Open Access. 2017;03(01). Robed Amin M, Shohagh AS, Basher A, Rahman M, Abul Faiz M, Ahasan HN. Methanol Poisoning with Fatality- Case Series in Dhaka Medical College Hospital in Bangladesh. Toxicol Open Access. 2017;03(01).
14.
go back to reference Soltaninejad K. Methanol mass poisoning outbreak: a consequence of COVID-19 pandemic and misleading messages on social media. Int J Occup Environ Med 2020;11(3):148–50. Soltaninejad K. Methanol mass poisoning outbreak: a consequence of COVID-19 pandemic and misleading messages on social media. Int J Occup Environ Med 2020;11(3):148–50.
15.
go back to reference Chan APL, Chan TYK. Methanol as an unlisted ingredient in supposedly alcohol-based hand rub can pose serious health risk. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018;15(7):6–11.CrossRef Chan APL, Chan TYK. Methanol as an unlisted ingredient in supposedly alcohol-based hand rub can pose serious health risk. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018;15(7):6–11.CrossRef
16.
go back to reference Chan G, Chan J, Szeto C, Chow K. Mixed isopropanol-methanol intoxication following ingestion of alcohol-based hand rub solution. Clin Nephrol. 2017;88(10):218–20.CrossRef Chan G, Chan J, Szeto C, Chow K. Mixed isopropanol-methanol intoxication following ingestion of alcohol-based hand rub solution. Clin Nephrol. 2017;88(10):218–20.CrossRef
17.
go back to reference Roberts H, Self R, Coxon N. An unusual complication of hand hygiene. Anaesthesia. 2005;60:100.CrossRef Roberts H, Self R, Coxon N. An unusual complication of hand hygiene. Anaesthesia. 2005;60:100.CrossRef
18.
go back to reference Fahlenand M, Duarte AG. Gait disturbance, confusion, and coma in a 93-year-old blind woman. Chest. 2001;120(1):295–7.CrossRef Fahlenand M, Duarte AG. Gait disturbance, confusion, and coma in a 93-year-old blind woman. Chest. 2001;120(1):295–7.CrossRef
19.
go back to reference Ng PCY, Long BJ, Davis WT, Sessions DJ, Koyfman A. Toxic alcohol diagnosis and management: an emergency medicine review. Intern Emerg Med. 2018;13(3):375–83.CrossRef Ng PCY, Long BJ, Davis WT, Sessions DJ, Koyfman A. Toxic alcohol diagnosis and management: an emergency medicine review. Intern Emerg Med. 2018;13(3):375–83.CrossRef
20.
go back to reference Turner P, Saeed B, Kelsey MC. Dermal absorption of isopropyl alcohol from a commercial hand rub: implications for its use in hand decontamination. J Hosp Infect. 2004;56(4):287–90.CrossRef Turner P, Saeed B, Kelsey MC. Dermal absorption of isopropyl alcohol from a commercial hand rub: implications for its use in hand decontamination. J Hosp Infect. 2004;56(4):287–90.CrossRef
21.
go back to reference Brown TL, Gamon S, Tester P, et al. Can alcohol-based hand-rub solutions cause you to lose your driver’s license? Comparative cutaneous absorption of various alcohols. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2007;51(3):1107–8.CrossRef Brown TL, Gamon S, Tester P, et al. Can alcohol-based hand-rub solutions cause you to lose your driver’s license? Comparative cutaneous absorption of various alcohols. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2007;51(3):1107–8.CrossRef
22.
go back to reference Lang RA, Egli-Gany D, Brill FHH, et al. Transdermal absorption of ethanol- and 1-propanol-containing hand disinfectants. Langenbeck’s Arch Surg. 2011;396(7):1055–60.CrossRef Lang RA, Egli-Gany D, Brill FHH, et al. Transdermal absorption of ethanol- and 1-propanol-containing hand disinfectants. Langenbeck’s Arch Surg. 2011;396(7):1055–60.CrossRef
23.
go back to reference Miller MA, Rosin A, Crystal CS. Alcohol-based hand sanitizer: can frequent use cause an elevated blood alcohol level? Am J Infect Control. 2006;34(3):150–1.CrossRef Miller MA, Rosin A, Crystal CS. Alcohol-based hand sanitizer: can frequent use cause an elevated blood alcohol level? Am J Infect Control. 2006;34(3):150–1.CrossRef
24.
go back to reference Kramer A, Below H, Bieber N, et al. Quantity of ethanol absorption after excessive hand disinfection using three commercially available hand rubs is minimal and below toxic levels for humans. BMC Infect Dis. 2007;7(C):1–12. Kramer A, Below H, Bieber N, et al. Quantity of ethanol absorption after excessive hand disinfection using three commercially available hand rubs is minimal and below toxic levels for humans. BMC Infect Dis. 2007;7(C):1–12.
25.
go back to reference Gaw CE, Osterhoudt KC. Ethanol intoxication of young children. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2019;35(10):722–32.CrossRef Gaw CE, Osterhoudt KC. Ethanol intoxication of young children. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2019;35(10):722–32.CrossRef
Metadata
Title
Potential methanol toxicity and the importance of using a standardised alcohol-based hand rub formulation in the era of COVID-19
Authors
K. Dear
L. Grayson
R. Nixon
Publication date
01-12-2020
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
Antimicrobial Resistance & Infection Control / Issue 1/2020
Electronic ISSN: 2047-2994
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13756-020-00788-5

Other articles of this Issue 1/2020

Antimicrobial Resistance & Infection Control 1/2020 Go to the issue
Live Webinar | 27-06-2024 | 18:00 (CEST)

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Live: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)

WHO estimates that half of all patients worldwide are non-adherent to their prescribed medication. The consequences of poor adherence can be catastrophic, on both the individual and population level.

Join our expert panel to discover why you need to understand the drivers of non-adherence in your patients, and how you can optimize medication adherence in your clinics to drastically improve patient outcomes.

Prof. Kevin Dolgin
Prof. Florian Limbourg
Prof. Anoop Chauhan
Developed by: Springer Medicine
Obesity Clinical Trial Summary

At a glance: The STEP trials

A round-up of the STEP phase 3 clinical trials evaluating semaglutide for weight loss in people with overweight or obesity.

Developed by: Springer Medicine

Highlights from the ACC 2024 Congress

Year in Review: Pediatric cardiology

Watch Dr. Anne Marie Valente present the last year's highlights in pediatric and congenital heart disease in the official ACC.24 Year in Review session.

Year in Review: Pulmonary vascular disease

The last year's highlights in pulmonary vascular disease are presented by Dr. Jane Leopold in this official video from ACC.24.

Year in Review: Valvular heart disease

Watch Prof. William Zoghbi present the last year's highlights in valvular heart disease from the official ACC.24 Year in Review session.

Year in Review: Heart failure and cardiomyopathies

Watch this official video from ACC.24. Dr. Biykem Bozkurt discusses last year's major advances in heart failure and cardiomyopathies.