Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

LIVE: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)
Join our expert panel to discover why you need to understand the drivers of non-adherence in your patients, and how you can optimize medication adherence in your clinics to drastically improve patient outcomes.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
Journal of Gastroenterology
Published in: Journal of Gastroenterology 2/2016

01-02-2016 | Review

Role of gastrointestinal hormones in feeding behavior and obesity treatment

Authors: Timothy Sean Kairupan, Haruka Amitani, Kai-Chun Cheng, Joshua Runtuwene, Akihiro Asakawa, Akio Inui

Published in: Journal of Gastroenterology | Issue 2/2016

Login to get access

Abstract

Food intake regulation is generally evaluated by many aspects consisting of complex mechanisms, including homeostatic regulatory mechanism, which is based on negative feedback, and hedonic regulatory mechanism, which is driven by a reward system. One important aspect of food intake regulation is the peripheral hormones that are secreted from the gastrointestinal tract. These hormones are secreted from enteroendocrine cells as feedback to nutrient and energy intake, and will communicate with the brain directly or via the vagus nerve. Gastrointestinal hormones are very crucial in maintaining a steady body weight, despite variations in nutrient intake and energy expenditure. In this review, we provide an overview of the regulation of feeding behavior by gut hormones, and its role in obesity treatments.
Literature
1.
Mokdad AH, Ford ES, Bowman BA, et al. Diabetes trends in the US: 1990–1998. Diabetes Care. 2000;23:1278–83.PubMedCrossRef
2.
Sam AH, Troke RC, Tan TM, Bewick GA. The role of the gut/brain axis in modulating food intake. Neuropharmacology. 2012;63:46–56.PubMedCrossRef
3.
Ahlman H, Nilsson O. The gut as the largest endocrine organ in the body. Ann Oncol. 2001;12(Suppl 2):S63–8.PubMedCrossRef
4.
Peruzzo B, Pastor FE, Blázquez JL, et al. A second look at the barriers of the medial basal hypothalamus. Exp Brain Res. 2000;132:10–26.PubMedCrossRef
5.
Schaeffer M, Hodson DJ, Mollard P. The blood-brain barrier as a regulator of the gut-brain axis. Front Horm Res. 2014;42:29–49.PubMedCrossRef
6.
Porte D, Baskin DG, Schwartz MW. Leptin and insulin action in the central nervous system. Nutr Rev. 2002;60:S20–9.PubMedCrossRef
7.
Simpson KA, Martin NM, Bloom SR. Hypothalamic regulation of food intake and clinical therapeutic applications. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol. 2009;53:120–8.PubMedCrossRef
8.
Sainsbury A, Zhang L. Role of the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus in regulation of body weight during energy deficit. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2010;316:109–19.PubMedCrossRef
9.
Bewick GA, Dhillo WS, Darch SJ, et al. Hypothalamic cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) and agouti-related protein (AgRP) neurons coexpress the NOP1 receptor and nociceptin alters CART and AgRP release. Endocrinology. 2005;146:3526–34.PubMedCrossRef
10.
Broberger C, Johansen J, Johansson C, et al. The neuropeptide Y/agouti gene-related protein (AGRP) brain circuitry in normal, anorectic, and monosodium glutamate-treated mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1998;95:15043–8.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
11.
Hahn TM, Breininger JF, Baskin DG, Schwartz MW. Coexpression of Agrp and NPY in fasting-activated hypothalamic neurons. Nat Neurosci. 1998;1:271–2.PubMedCrossRef
12.
Elias CF, Lee C, Kelly J, et al. Leptin activates hypothalamic CART neurons projecting to the spinal cord. Neuron. 1998;21:1375–85.PubMedCrossRef
13.
Schwartz MW, Woods SC, Jr DP, et al. Central nervous system control of food intake. Nature 2000;404SChwa:661–671.
14.
Jobst EE, Enriori PJ, Cowley MA. The electrophysiology of feeding circuits. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2004;15:488–99.PubMedCrossRef
15.
Valassi E, Scacchi M, Cavagnini F. Neuroendocrine control of food intake. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2008;18:158–68.PubMedCrossRef
16.
Kojima M, Hosoda H, Date Y, et al. Ghrelin is a growth-hormone-releasing acylated peptide from stomach. Nature. 1999;402:656–60.PubMedCrossRef
17.
Hosoda H, Kojima M, Mizushima T, et al. Structural divergence of human ghrelin: identification of multiple ghrelin-derived molecules produced by post-translational processing. J Biol Chem. 2003;278:64–70.PubMedCrossRef
18.
Date Y, Kojima M, Hosoda H, et al. Ghrelin, a novel growth hormone-releasing acylated peptide, is synthesized in a distinct endocrine cell type in the gastrointestinal tracts of rats and humans. Endocrinology. 2000;141:4255–61.PubMed
19.
Guan X, Yu H, Palyha O, et al. Distribution of mRNA encoding the growth hormone secretagogue receptor in brain and peripheral tissues. Mol Brain Res. 1997;48:23–9.PubMedCrossRef
20.
Willesen MG, Kristensen P, Rømer J. Co-localization of growth hormone secretagogue receptor and NPY mRNA in the arcuate nucleus of the rat. Neuroendocrinology. 1999;70:306–16.PubMedCrossRef
21.
Kamegai J, Tamura H, Shimizu T, et al. Chronic central infusion of ghrelin increases hypothalamic neuropeptide Y and agouti-related protein mRNA Levels and body weight in rats. Diabetes. 2001;50:2438–43.PubMedCrossRef
22.
Nakazato M, Murakami N, Date Y, et al. A role for ghrelin in the central regulation of feeding. Nature. 2001;409:194–8.PubMedCrossRef
23.
24.
Wren AM, Small CJ, Abbott CR, et al. Ghrelin causes hyperphagia and obesity in rats. Diabetes. 2001;50:2540–7.PubMedCrossRef
25.
Cummings DE, Weigle DS, Frayo RS, et al. Plasma ghrelin levels after diet-induced weight loss or gastric bypass surgery. N Engl J Med. 2002;346:1623–30.PubMedCrossRef
26.
Cummings DE, Frayo RS, Marmonier C, et al. Plasma ghrelin levels and hunger scores in humans initiating meals voluntarily without time- and food-related cues. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2004;287:E297–304.PubMedCrossRef
27.
Pusztai P, Sarman B, Ruzicska E, et al. Ghrelin: a new peptide regulating the neurohormonal system, energy homeostasis and glucose metabolism. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2008;24:343–52.PubMedCrossRef
28.
Cummings DE. Ghrelin and the short- and long-term regulation of appetite and body weight. Physiol Behav. 2006;89:71–84.PubMedCrossRef
29.
Cheng K-C, Li Y-L, Asakawa A, Inui A. The role of ghrelin in energy homeostasis and its potential clinical relevance (review). Int J Mol Med. 2010;26:771–8.PubMed
30.
Date Y, Murakami N, Toshinai K, et al. The role of the gastric afferent vagal nerve in Ghrelin-induced feeding and growth hormone secretion in rats. Gastroenterology. 2002;123:1120–8.PubMedCrossRef
31.
Williams DL, Grill HJ, Cummings DE, Kaplan JM. Vagotomy dissociates short- and long-term controls of circulating ghrelin. Endocrinology. 2003;144:5184–7.PubMedCrossRef
32.
Le Roux CW, Neary NM, Halsey TJ, et al. Ghrelin does not stimulate food intake in patients with surgical procedures involving vagotomy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005;90:4521–4.PubMedCrossRef
33.
Roth KA, Kim S, Gordon JI. Immunocytochemical studies suggest two pathways for enteroendocrine cell differentiation in the colon. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 1992;263:G174–80.
34.
Lieverse RJ, Jansen JB, Masclee AA, et al. Effect of a low dose of intraduodenal fat on satiety in humans: studies using the type A cholecystokinin receptor antagonist loxiglumide. Gut. 1994;35:501–5.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
35.
Liddle RA, Goldfine ID, Rosen MS, et al. Cholecystokinin bioactivity in human plasma. Molecular forms, responses to feeding, and relationship to gallbladder contraction. J Clin Invest. 1985;75:1144–52.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
36.
Crespo CS, Cachero AP, Jiménez LP, et al. Peptides and food intake. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2014;5:1–13.
37.
Gibbs J, Young RC, Smith GP. Cholecystokinin elicits satiety in rats with open gastric fistulas. Nature. 1973;245:323–5.PubMedCrossRef
38.
Antin J, Gibbs J, Holt J, et al. Cholecystokinin elicits the complete behavioral sequence of satiety in rats. J Comp Physiol Psychol. 1975;89:784–90.PubMedCrossRef
39.
Kissileff HR, Pi-Sunyer X, Thornton J, Smith GP. C-terminal decreases octapeptide food intake of cholecystokinin. Am J Clin Nutr 1981;154–160.
40.
Lieverse RJ, Jansen JB, Masclee AM, Lamers CB. Satiety effects of cholecystokinin in humans. Gastroenterology. 1994;106:1451–4.PubMed
41.
Cummings DE, Purnell JQ, Frayo RS, et al. A preprandial rise in plasma ghrelin levels suggests a role in meal initiation in humans. Diabetes. 2001;50:1714–9.PubMedCrossRef
42.
Cantor P, Rehfeld JF. Cholecystokinin in pig plasma: release of components devoid of a bioactive COOH-terminus. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 1989;256:G53–61.
43.
Luo J, Hu Y, Kong W, Yang M. Evaluation and structure-activity relationship analysis of a new series of arylnaphthalene lignans as potential anti-tumor agents. PLoS One. 2014;9:e93516.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
44.
Ji Z, Hadac EM, Henne RM, et al. Direct identification of a distinct site of interaction between the carboxyl-terminal residue of cholecystokinin and the type A cholecystokinin receptor using photoaffinity labeling. J Biol Chem. 1997;272:24393–401.PubMedCrossRef
45.
Overduin J, Gibbs J, Cummings DE, Reeve JR. CCK-58 elicits both satiety and satiation in rats while CCK-8 elicits only satiation. Peptides. 2014;54:71–80.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
46.
Sayegh AI, Washington MC, Raboin SJ, et al. CCK-58 prolongs the intermeal interval, whereas CCK-8 reduces this interval: not all forms of cholecystokinin have equal bioactivity. Peptides. 2014;55:120–5.PubMedCrossRef
47.
Moran TH, Robinson PH, Goldrich MS, McHugh PR. Two brain cholecystokinin receptors:implications for behavioral actions. Brain Res. 1986;362:175–9.PubMedCrossRef
48.
Beglinger C, Degen L, Matzinger D, et al. Loxiglumide, a CCK-A receptor antagonist, stimulates calorie intake and hunger feelings in humans. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2001;280:R1149–54.PubMed
49.
Zittel TT, Glatzle J, Kreis ME, et al. C-fos protein expression in the nucleus of the solitary tract correlates with cholecystokinin dose injected and food intake in rats. Brain Res. 1999;846:1–11.PubMedCrossRef
50.
Moran TH, Kinzig KP. Gastrointestinal satiety signals II. Cholecystokinin. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2004;286:G183–8.PubMedCrossRef
51.
52.
Smith GP, Jerome C, Cushin BJ, et al. Abdominal vagotomy blocks the satiety effect of cholecystokinin in the rat. Science. 1981;213:1036–7.PubMedCrossRef
53.
Joyner K, Smith GP, Gibbs J. Abdominal vagotomy decreases the satiating potency of CCK-8 in sham and real feeding. Am J Physiol. 1993;264:R912–6.PubMed
54.
Moran TH, Baldessarini AR, Salorio CF, et al. Vagal afferent and efferent contributions to the inhibition of food intake by cholecystokinin. Am J Physiol. 1997;272:R1245–51.PubMed
55.
Blevins JE, Stanley BG, Reidelberger RD. Brain regions where cholecystokinin suppresses feeding in rats. Brain Res. 2000;860:1–10.PubMedCrossRef
56.
Edwards GL, Ladenheim EE, Ritter RC. Dorsomedial hindbrain participation in cholecystokinin-induced satiety. Am J Physiol. 1986;251:R971–7.PubMed
57.
Tatemoto K, Mutt V. Isolation of two novel candidate hormones using a chemical method for finding naturally occurring polypeptides. Nature. 1980;285:417–8.PubMedCrossRef
58.
59.
Adrian TE, Ferri GL, Bacarese-Hamilton AJ, et al. Human distribution and release of a putative new gut hormone, peptide YY. Gastroenterology. 1985;89:1070–7.PubMed
60.
Adrian TE, Savage AP, Sagor GR, et al. Effect of peptide YY on gastric, pancreatic, and biliary function in humans. Gastroenterology. 1985;89:494–9.PubMed
61.
Batterham RL, Heffron H, Kapoor S, et al. Critical role for peptide YY in protein-mediated satiation and body-weight regulation. Cell Metab. 2006;4:223–33.PubMedCrossRef
62.
Eberlein GA, Eysselein VE, Schaeffer M, et al. A new molecular form of PYY: structural characterization of human PYY(3-36) and PYY(1-36). Peptides. 1989;10:797–803.PubMedCrossRef
63.
Grandt D, Schimiczek M, Beglinger C, et al. Two molecular forms of peptide YY (PYY) are abundant in human blood: characterization of a radioimmunoassay recognizing PYY 1-36 and PYY 3-36. Regul Pept. 1994;51:151–9.PubMedCrossRef
64.
Grandt D, Teyssen S, Schimiczek M, et al. Novel generation of hormone receptor specificity by amino terminal processing of peptide YY. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1992;186:1299–306.PubMedCrossRef
65.
Dumont Y, Fournier A, St-Pierre S, Quirion R. Characterization of neuropeptide Y binding sites in rat brain membrane preparations using [125I][Leu31, Pro34]peptide YY and [125I]peptide YY3-36 as selective Y1 and Y2 radioligands. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1995;272:673–80.PubMed
66.
Batterham RL, Cowley MA, Small CJ, et al. Gut hormone PYY(3-36) physiologically inhibits food intake. Nature. 2002;418:650–4.PubMedCrossRef
67.
Challis BG, Pinnock SB, Coll AP, et al. Acute effects of PYY3-36 on food intake and hypothalamic neuropeptide expression in the mouse. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2003;311:915–9.PubMedCrossRef
68.
Halatchev IG, Ellacott KLJ, Fan W, Cone RD. Peptide YY3-36 inhibits food intake in mice through a melanocortin-4 receptor-independent mechanism. Endocrinology. 2004;145:2585–90.PubMedCrossRef
69.
Sileno AP, Brandt GC, Spann BM, Quay SC. Lower mean weight after 14 days intravenous administration peptide YY3-36 (PYY3-36) in rabbits. Int J Obes (Lond). 2006;30:68–72.CrossRef
70.
Koegler FH, Enriori PJ, Billes SK, et al. Peptide YY(3-36) inhibits morning, but not evening, food intake and decreases body weight in rhesus macaques. Diabetes. 2005;54:3198–204.PubMedCrossRef
71.
Batterham RL, Cohen MA, Ellis SM, et al. Inhibition of food intake in obese subjects by peptide YY3-36. N Engl J Med. 2003;349:941–8.PubMedCrossRef
72.
Talsania T, Anini Y, Siu S, et al. Peripheral exendin-4 and peptide YY 3–36 synergistically reduce food intake through different mechanisms in mice. Endocrinology. 2005;146:3748–56.PubMedCrossRef
73.
Scott V, Kimura N, Stark JA, Luckman SM. Intravenous peptide YY3-36 and Y2 receptor antagonism in the rat: effects on feeding behaviour. J Neuroendocrinol. 2005;17:452–7.PubMedCrossRef
74.
Kanatani A, Mashiko S, Murai N, et al. Role of the Y1 receptor in the regulation of neuropeptide Y-mediated feeding: comparison of wild-type, Y1 receptor-deficient, and Y5 receptor-deficient mice. Endocrinology. 2000;141:1011–6.PubMedCrossRef
75.
76.
Abbott CR, Monteiro M, Small CJ, et al. The inhibitory effects of peripheral administration of peptide YY 3-36 and glucagon-like peptide-1 on food intake are attenuated by ablation of the vagal-brainstem-hypothalamic pathway. Brain Res. 2005;1044:127–31.PubMedCrossRef
77.
Koda S, Date Y, Murakami N, et al. The role of the vagal nerve in peripheral PYY3-36-induced feeding reduction in rats. Endocrinology. 2005;146:2369–75.PubMedCrossRef
78.
Brubaker PL, Anini Y. Direct and indirect mechanisms regulating secretion of glucagon-like peptide-1 and glucagon-like peptide-2. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 2003;81:1005–12.PubMedCrossRef
79.
Van Der Klaauw AA, Keogh JM, Henning E, et al. High protein intake stimulates postprandial GLP1 and PYY release. Obesity. 2013;21:1602–7.PubMedCrossRef
80.
Herrmann C, Göke R, Richter G, et al. Glucagon-like peptide-1 and glucose-dependent insulin-releasing polypeptide plasma levels in response to nutrients. Digestion. 1995;56:117–26.PubMedCrossRef
81.
Orskov C, Wettergren A, Holst JJ. Biological effects and metabolic rates of glucagonlike peptide-1 7-36 amide and glucagonlike peptide-1 7-37 in healthy subjects are indistinguishable. Diabetes. 1993;42:658–61.PubMedCrossRef
82.
Turton MD, O’Shea D, Gunn I, et al. A role for glucagon-like peptide-1 in the central regulation of feeding. Nature. 1996;379:69–72.PubMedCrossRef
83.
Donahey JC, van Dijk G, Woods SC, Seeley RJ. Intraventricular GLP-1 reduces short- but not long-term food intake or body weight in lean and obese rats. Brain Res. 1998;779:75–83.PubMedCrossRef
84.
Tang-Christensen M, Vrang N, Larsen PJ. Glucagon-like peptide containing pathways in the regulation of feeding behaviour. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2001;25(Suppl 5):S42–7.PubMedCrossRef
85.
Meeran K, Shea DO, Edwards CMB, et al. Repeated Intracerebroventricular administration of glucagon-like peptide-1-(7–36) amide or exendin-(9–39) alters body weight in the rat. Endocrinology. 1999;140:244–50.PubMed
86.
Näslund E, Barkeling B, King N, et al. Energy intake and appetite are suppressed by glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) in obese men. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1999;23:304–11.PubMedCrossRef
87.
88.
Zander M, Madsbad S, Madsen JL, Holst JJ. Effect of 6-week course of glucagon-like peptide 1 on glycaemic control, insulin sensitivity, and beta-cell function in type 2 diabetes: a parallel-group study. Lancet. 2002;359:824–30.PubMedCrossRef
89.
Toft-Nielsen MB, Madsbad S, Holst JJ. Continuous subcutaneous infusion of glucagon-like peptide 1 lowers plasma glucose and reduces appetite in type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes Care. 1999;22:1137–43.PubMedCrossRef
90.
Nauck MA, Niedereichholz U, Ettler R, et al. Glucagon-like peptide 1 inhibition of gastric emptying outweighs its insulinotropic effects in healthy humans. Am J Physiol. 1997;273:E981–8.PubMed
91.
92.
Imeryüz N, Yeğen BC, Bozkurt A, et al. Glucagon-like peptide-1 inhibits gastric emptying via vagal afferent-mediated central mechanisms. Am J Physiol. 1997;273:G920–7.PubMed
93.
Parkinson JRC, Chaudhri OB, Kuo Y-T, et al. Differential patterns of neuronal activation in the brainstem and hypothalamus following peripheral injection of GLP-1, oxyntomodulin and lithium chloride in mice detected by manganese-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MEMRI). Neuroimage. 2009;44:1022–31.PubMedCrossRef
94.
95.
Dakin CL, Gunn I, Small CJ, et al. Oxyntomodulin inhibits food intake in the rat. Endocrinology. 2001;142:4244–50.PubMedCrossRef
96.
Dakin CL, Small CJ, Batterham RL, et al. Peripheral oxyntomodulin reduces food intake and body weight gain in rats. Endocrinology. 2004;145:2687–95.PubMedCrossRef
97.
Dakin CL, Small CJ, Park AJ, et al. Repeated ICV administration of oxyntomodulin causes a greater reduction in body weight gain than in pair-fed rats. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2002;283:E1173–7.PubMedCrossRef
98.
Cohen MA, Ellis SM, Le Roux CW, et al. Oxyntomodulin suppresses appetite and reduces food intake in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003;88:4696–701.PubMedCrossRef
99.
Wynne K, Park AJ, Small CJ, et al. Subcutaneous oxyntomodulin reduces body weight in overweight and obese subjects: a double-blind, randomized. Controlled Trial. Diabetes. 2005;54:2390–5.PubMedCrossRef
100.
Wynne K, Park AJ, Small CJ, et al. Oxyntomodulin increases energy expenditure in addition to decreasing energy intake in overweight and obese humans: a randomised controlled trial. Int J Obes (Lond). 2006;30:1729–36.CrossRef
101.
Baggio LL, Huang Q, Brown TJ, Drucker DJ. Oxyntomodulin and glucagon-like peptide-1 differentially regulate murine food intake and energy expenditure. Gastroenterology. 2004;127:546–58.PubMedCrossRef
102.
Kosinski JR, Hubert J, Carrington PE, et al. The glucagon receptor is involved in mediating the body weight-lowering effects of oxyntomodulin. Obesity. 2012;20:1566–71.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
103.
Chaudhri OB, Parkinson JRC, Kuo Y-T, et al. Differential hypothalamic neuronal activation following peripheral injection of GLP-1 and oxyntomodulin in mice detected by manganese-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2006;350:298–306.PubMedCrossRef
104.
Katsuura G, Asakawa A, Inui A. Roles of pancreatic polypeptide in regulation of food intake. Peptides. 2002;23:323–9.PubMedCrossRef
105.
Batterham RL, Le Roux CW, Cohen MA, et al. Pancreatic polypeptide reduces appetite and food intake in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003;88:3989–92.PubMedCrossRef
106.
Hwa JJ, Witten MB, Williams P, et al. Activation of the NPY Y5 receptor regulates both feeding and energy expenditure. Am J Physiol. 1999;277:R1428–34.PubMed
107.
Asakawa A, Inui A, Yuzuriha H, et al. Characterization of the effects of pancreatic polypeptide in the regulation of energy balance. Gastroenterology. 2003;124:1325–36.PubMedCrossRef
108.
Michel MC, Beck-Sickinger A, Cox H, et al. XVI. International Union of Pharmacology recommendations for the nomenclature of neuropeptide Y, peptide YY, and pancreatic polypeptide receptors. Pharmacol Rev. 1998;50:143–150.
109.
Balasubramaniam A, Mullins DE, Lin S, et al. Neuropeptide Y (NPY) Y4 receptor selective agonists based on NPY(32-36): development of an anorectic Y4 receptor selective agonist with picomolar affinity. J Med Chem. 2006;49:2661–5.PubMedCrossRef
110.
Westermark GT, Westermark P. Islet amyloid polypeptide and diabetes. Curr Protein Pept Sci. 2013;14:330–7.PubMedCrossRef
111.
Cummings DE, Overduin J. Review series gastrointestinal regulation of food intake. Health Care (Don Mills). 2007;117:13–23.
112.
Rushing PA, Hagan MM, Seeley RJ, et al. Amylin: a novel action in the brain to reduce body weight. Endocrinology. 2000;141:850–3.PubMed
113.
Lutz TA, Geary N, Szabady MM, et al. Amylin decreases meal size in rats. Physiol Behav. 1995;58:1197–202.PubMedCrossRef
114.
Chapman I, Parker B, Doran S, et al. Effect of pramlintide on satiety and food intake in obese subjects and subjects with type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia. 2005;48:838–48.PubMedCrossRef
115.
Lutz TA, Althaus J, Rossi R, Scharrer E. Anorectic effect of amylin is not transmitted by capsaicin-sensitive nerve fibers. Am J Physiol. 1998;274:R1777–82.PubMed
116.
Lutz TA. Pancreatic amylin as a centrally acting satiating hormone. Curr Drug Targets. 2005;6:181–9.PubMedCrossRef
117.
Burke LE, Wang J. Treatment strategies for overweight and obesity. J Nurs Scholarsh. 2011;43:368–75.PubMedCrossRef
118.
Kushner RF. Weight loss strategies for treatment of obesity. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2014;56:465–72.PubMedCrossRef
119.
Samaranayake NR, Ong KL, Leung RYH, Cheung BMY. Management of Obesity in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 2007–2008. Ann Epidemiol. 2012;22:349–53.PubMedCrossRef
120.
Kakkar AK, Dahiya N. Drug treatment of obesity: current status and future prospects. Eur J Intern Med. 2015;26:89–94.PubMedCrossRef
121.
Karra E, Yousseif A, Batterham RL. Mechanisms facilitating weight loss and resolution of type 2 diabetes following bariatric surgery. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2010;21:337–44.PubMedCrossRef
122.
Tack J, Deloose E. Complications of bariatric surgery: dumping syndrome, reflux and vitamin deficiencies. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2014;28:741–9.PubMedCrossRef
123.
Akkary E. Bariatric surgery evolution from the malabsorptive to the hormonal era. Obes Surg. 2012;22:827–31.PubMedCrossRef
124.
Michalakis K, Le Roux C. Gut hormones and leptin: impact on energy control and changes after bariatric surgerywhat the future holds. Obes Surg. 2012;22:1648–57.PubMedCrossRef
125.
Tsoli M, Chronaiou A, Kehagias I, et al. Hormone changes and diabetes resolution after biliopancreatic diversion and laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy: a comparative prospective study. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2013;9:667–77.PubMedCrossRef
126.
Dimitriadis E, Daskalakis M, Kampa M, et al. Alterations in gut hormones after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy: a prospective clinical and laboratory investigational study. Ann Surg. 2013;257:647–54.PubMedCrossRef
127.
Yousseif A, Emmanuel J, Karra E, et al. Differential effects of laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy and laparoscopic gastric bypass on appetite, circulating acyl-ghrelin, peptide YY3-36 and active GLP-1 levels in non-diabetic humans. Obes Surg. 2014;24:241–52.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
128.
Sweeney TE, Morton JM. Metabolic surgery: action via hormonal milieu changes, changes in bile acids or gut microbiota? A summary of the literature. Bailliere’s Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2014;28:727–40.CrossRef
129.
Stoeckli R, Chanda R, Langer I, Keller U. Changes of body weight and plasma ghrelin levels after gastric banding and gastric bypass. Obes Res. 2004;12:346–50.PubMedCrossRef
130.
Dixon AFR, Dixon JB, O’Brien PE. Laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding induces prolonged satiety: a randomized blind crossover study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005;90:813–9.PubMedCrossRef
131.
Rodieux F, Giusti V, D’Alessio DA, et al. Effects of gastric bypass and gastric banding on glucose kinetics and gut hormone release. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2008;16:298–305.CrossRef
132.
Korner J, Inabnet W, Febres G, et al. Prospective study of gut hormone and metabolic changes after adjustable gastric banding and Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Int J Obes. 2009;33:786–95.CrossRef
133.
Krieger AC, Youn H, Modersitzki F, et al. Effects of laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding on sleep and metabolism: a 12-month follow-up study. Int J Gen Med. 2012;5:975–81.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
134.
Borg CM, Le Roux CW, Ghatei MA, et al. Progressive rise in gut hormone levels after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass suggests gut adaptation and explains altered satiety. Br J Surg. 2006;93:210–5.PubMedCrossRef
135.
Le Roux CW, Aylwin SJB, Batterham RL, et al. Gut hormone profiles following bariatric surgery favor an anorectic state, facilitate weight loss, and improve metabolic parameters. Ann Surg. 2006;243:108–14.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
136.
Pournaras DJ, Osborne A, Hawkins SC, et al. The gut hormone response following roux-en-Y gastric bypass: cross-sectional and prospective study. Obes Surg. 2010;20:56–60.PubMedCrossRef
137.
Ockander L, Hedenbro JL, Rehfeld JF, Sjölund K. Jejunoileal bypass changes the duodenal cholecystokinin and somatostatin cell density. Obes Surg. 2003;13:584–90.PubMedCrossRef
138.
Buchan AM, Pederson RA, Koop I, et al. Morphological and functional alterations to a sub-group of regulatory peptides in human pancreas and intestine after jejuno-ileal bypass. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1993;17:109–13.PubMed
139.
Näslund E, Grybäck P, Hellström PM, et al. Gastrointestinal hormones and gastric emptying 20 years after jejunoileal bypass for massive obesity. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1997;21:387–92.PubMedCrossRef
140.
141.
Buse JB, Henry RR, Han J, et al. Effects of exenatide (exendin-4) on glycemic control over 30 weeks in sulfonylurea-treated patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2004;27:2628–35.PubMedCrossRef
142.
DeFronzo RA, Ratner RE, Han J, et al. Effects of exenatide(Exendin-4) on glycemic control and weight over 30 Weeks in metformin-treated patients with Type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2005;28:1092–100.PubMedCrossRef
143.
Kendall DM, Riddle MC, Rosenstock J, et al. Effects of exenatide (exendin-4) on glycemic control over 30 weeks in patients with type 2 diabetes treated with metformin and a sulfonylurea. Diabetes Care. 2005;28:1083–91.PubMedCrossRef
144.
Steinert R, Poller B, Castelli M. Orally administered glucagon-like peptide-1 affects glucose homeostasis following an oral glucose tolerance test in healthy male subjects. Clin Pharmacol. 2009;86:644–50.
145.
Jang H-J, Kokrashvili Z, Theodorakis MJ, et al. Gut-expressed gustducin and taste receptors regulate secretion of glucagon-like peptide-1. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2007;104:15069–74.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
146.
Steinert RE, Gerspach AC, Gutmann H, et al. The functional involvement of gut-expressed sweet taste receptors in glucose-stimulated secretion of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and peptide YY (PYY). Clin Nutr. 2011;30:524–32.PubMedCrossRef
Metadata
Title
Role of gastrointestinal hormones in feeding behavior and obesity treatment
Authors
Timothy Sean Kairupan
Haruka Amitani
Kai-Chun Cheng
Joshua Runtuwene
Akihiro Asakawa
Akio Inui
Publication date
01-02-2016
Publisher
Springer Japan
Published in
Journal of Gastroenterology / Issue 2/2016
Print ISSN: 0944-1174
Electronic ISSN: 1435-5922
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00535-015-1118-4

Other articles of this Issue 2/2016

Journal of Gastroenterology 2/2016 Go to the issue

Original Article—Alimentary Tract

Proton pump inhibitor after endoscopic resection for esophageal squamous cell cancer: multicenter prospective randomized controlled trial

Original Article—Alimentary Tract

Achalasia symptom response after Heller myotomy segregated by high-resolution manometry subtypes

Letter to the Editor

Reply to the letter by Kawada entitled ‘‘Combined effect of proton-pump inhibitors and other drugs with regard to lower gastrointestinal tract bleeding with special reference to low-dose aspirin’’

Original Article—Alimentary Tract

pH Impedance vs. traditional pH monitoring in clinical practice: an outcome study

Special Article

Evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for chronic pancreatitis 2015

Original Article—Liver, Pancreas, and Biliary Tract

Kupffer phase image of Sonazoid-enhanced US is useful in predicting a hypervascularization of non-hypervascular hypointense hepatic lesions detected on Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced MRI: a multicenter retrospective study
Live Webinar | 27-06-2024 | 18:00 (CEST)

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Reserve your place

Live: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)

WHO estimates that half of all patients worldwide are non-adherent to their prescribed medication. The consequences of poor adherence can be catastrophic, on both the individual and population level.

Join our expert panel to discover why you need to understand the drivers of non-adherence in your patients, and how you can optimize medication adherence in your clinics to drastically improve patient outcomes.

Prof. Kevin Dolgin
Prof. Florian Limbourg
Prof. Anoop Chauhan
Developed by: Springer Medicine
Obesity Clinical Trial Summary

At a glance: The STEP trials

Read more

A round-up of the STEP phase 3 clinical trials evaluating semaglutide for weight loss in people with overweight or obesity.

Developed by: Springer Medicine

Highlights from the ACC 2024 Congress

Year in Review: Pediatric cardiology

Pediatric Cardiology Video

Watch Dr. Anne Marie Valente present the last year's highlights in pediatric and congenital heart disease in the official ACC.24 Year in Review session.

Year in Review: Pulmonary vascular disease

Cardiopulmonary Comorbidity Video

The last year's highlights in pulmonary vascular disease are presented by Dr. Jane Leopold in this official video from ACC.24.

Year in Review: Valvular heart disease

Valvular Heart Disease Video

Watch Prof. William Zoghbi present the last year's highlights in valvular heart disease from the official ACC.24 Year in Review session.

Year in Review: Heart failure and cardiomyopathies

Heart Failure Video

Watch this official video from ACC.24. Dr. Biykem Bozkurt discusses last year's major advances in heart failure and cardiomyopathies.

ACC 2024 Congress Coverage

Year in Review: Heart failure and cardiomyopathies

Heart Failure Video

Watch this official video from ACC.24. Dr. Biykem Bozkurt discusses last year's major advances in heart failure and cardiomyopathies.

Watch now

Semaglutide benefits people with type 2 diabetes and obesity-related heart failure

16-04-2024 Type 2 Diabetes News

Incentivised to exercise

11-04-2024 Lifestyle Modifications News

New intervention for STEMI-related cardiogenic shock

10-04-2024 Myocardial Infarction News

» View more highlights on the ACC 2024 congress hub page

Image Credits