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Cancer Causes & Control
Published in: Cancer Causes & Control 2/2013

01-02-2013 | Original paper

Risk factors for gastric cancer in Latin America: a meta-analysis

Authors: Patricia Bonequi, Fernando Meneses-González, Pelayo Correa, Charles S. Rabkin, M. Constanza Camargo

Published in: Cancer Causes & Control | Issue 2/2013

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Abstract

Background

Latin America has among the highest gastric cancer incidence rates in the world, for reasons that are still unknown. In order to identify region-specific risk factors for gastric cancer, we conducted a meta-analysis summarizing published literature.

Methods

Searches of PubMed and regional databases for relevant studies published up to December 2011 yielded a total of 29 independent case–control studies. We calculated summary odds ratios (OR) for risk factors reported in at least five studies, including socioeconomic status (education), lifestyle habits (smoking and alcohol use), dietary factors (consumption of fruits, total vegetables, green vegetables, chili pepper, total meat, processed meat, red meat, fish, and salt), and host genetic variants (IL1B-511T, IL1B-31C, IL1RN*2, TNFA-308A, TP53 codon 72 Arg, and GSTM1 null). Study-specific ORs were extracted and summarized using random-effects models.

Results

Chili pepper was the only region-specific factor reported in at least five studies. Consistent with multifactorial pathogenesis, smoking, alcohol use, high consumption of red meat or processed meat, excessive salt intake, and carriage of IL1RN*2 were each associated with a moderate increase in gastric cancer risk. Conversely, higher levels of education, fruit consumption, and total vegetable consumption were each associated with a moderately decreased risk. The other exposures were not significantly associated. No prospective study data were identified.

Conclusion

Risk factor associations for gastric cancer in Latin America are based on case–control comparisons that have uncertain reliability, particularly with regard to diet; the specific factors identified and their magnitudes of association are largely similar to those globally recognized. Future studies should emphasize prospective data collection and focus on region-specific exposures that may explain high gastric cancer risk.
Appendix
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Metadata
Title
Risk factors for gastric cancer in Latin America: a meta-analysis
Authors
Patricia Bonequi
Fernando Meneses-González
Pelayo Correa
Charles S. Rabkin
M. Constanza Camargo
Publication date
01-02-2013
Publisher
Springer Netherlands
Published in
Cancer Causes & Control / Issue 2/2013
Print ISSN: 0957-5243
Electronic ISSN: 1573-7225
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10552-012-0110-z

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