Skip to main content
Top
Published in: The International Journal of Cardiovascular Imaging 1/2016

01-06-2016 | Original Paper

Relationship between left atrial appendage emptying and left atrial function using cardiac magnetic resonance in patients with atrial fibrillation: comparison with transesophageal echocardiography

Authors: Sung Ho Hwang, Yu-Whan Oh, Mi-Na Kim, Seong-Mi Park, Wan Joo Shim, Jaemin Shim, Jong-il Choi, Young-Hoon Kim

Published in: The International Journal of Cardiovascular Imaging | Special Issue 1/2016

Login to get access

Abstract

To compare cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) quantifications of left atrium (LA) function and left atrial appendage (LAA) emptying depending on the presence of LA spontaneous echogenic contrast (LA-SEC) on transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). A total of 48 patients with AF underwent sequential CMR examination and TEE in preparation for catheter ablation. The CMR protocol included cine and velocity encoding (VENC) sequences for evaluation of both LA function and LAA emptying. The peak blood velocity of LAA just before left ventricle systole was defined as the LAA emptying velocity (LAA-EV). Depending on the presence of LA-SEC on TEE, patients were divided into two groups, the SEC group (n = 15) and the non-SEC group (n = 33). Mean LAA-EV was significantly greater in the non-SEC group than in the SEC group (54.5 ± 24.8 ml/s vs. 26.0 ± 22.6 ml/s, P < 0.01). LAA-EV had a significant positive relationship (P < 0.05) with LAA backflow velocity, as assessed using TEE. Use of an optimal LAA-EV cutoff value of 35 ml/s to predict LA-SEC yielded a sensitivity of 80.0 %, a specificity of 75.7 %, and positive and negative predictive values of 58.8 and 83.9 %, respectively. Using VENC-CMR, LAA-EV is associated with LA function and can be useful for predicting LA-SEC in patients with AF.
Literature
1.
go back to reference Prystowsky EN, Benson DW Jr, Fuster V, Hart RG, Kay GN, Myerburg RJ, Naccarelli GV, Wyse DG (1996) Management of patients with atrial fibrillation. a statement for healthcare professionals. From the subcommittee on Electrocardiography and Electrophysiology, American Heart Association. Circulation 93(6):1262–1277CrossRefPubMed Prystowsky EN, Benson DW Jr, Fuster V, Hart RG, Kay GN, Myerburg RJ, Naccarelli GV, Wyse DG (1996) Management of patients with atrial fibrillation. a statement for healthcare professionals. From the subcommittee on Electrocardiography and Electrophysiology, American Heart Association. Circulation 93(6):1262–1277CrossRefPubMed
2.
go back to reference Goldstein LB, Bushnell CD, Adams RJ, Appel LJ, Braun LT, Chaturvedi S, Creager MA, Culebras A, Eckel RH, Hart RG, Hinchey JA, Howard VJ, Jauch EC, Levine SR, Meschia JF, Moore WS, Nixon JV, Pearson TA, American Heart Association Stroke Council, Council on Cardiovascular Nursing, Council on Epidemiology and Prevention, Council for High Blood Pressure Research, Council on Peripheral Vascular Disease, Interdisciplinary Council on Quality of Care and Outcomes Research (2011) Guidelines for the primary prevention of stroke: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke 42(2):517–584CrossRefPubMed Goldstein LB, Bushnell CD, Adams RJ, Appel LJ, Braun LT, Chaturvedi S, Creager MA, Culebras A, Eckel RH, Hart RG, Hinchey JA, Howard VJ, Jauch EC, Levine SR, Meschia JF, Moore WS, Nixon JV, Pearson TA, American Heart Association Stroke Council, Council on Cardiovascular Nursing, Council on Epidemiology and Prevention, Council for High Blood Pressure Research, Council on Peripheral Vascular Disease, Interdisciplinary Council on Quality of Care and Outcomes Research (2011) Guidelines for the primary prevention of stroke: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke 42(2):517–584CrossRefPubMed
3.
go back to reference Cappato R, Calkins H, Chen SA, Davies W, Iesaka Y, Kalman J, Kim YH, Klein G, Natale A, Packer D, Skanes A, Ambrogi F, Biganzoli E (2010) Updated worldwide survey on the methods, efficacy, and safety of catheter ablation for human atrial fibrillation. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 3(1):32–38CrossRefPubMed Cappato R, Calkins H, Chen SA, Davies W, Iesaka Y, Kalman J, Kim YH, Klein G, Natale A, Packer D, Skanes A, Ambrogi F, Biganzoli E (2010) Updated worldwide survey on the methods, efficacy, and safety of catheter ablation for human atrial fibrillation. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 3(1):32–38CrossRefPubMed
4.
go back to reference Calkins H, Kuck KH, Cappato R, Brugada J, Camm AJ, Chen SA, Crijns HJ, Damiano RJ Jr, Davies DW, DiMarco J, Edgerton J, Ellenbogen K, Ezekowitz MD, Haines DE, Haissaguerre M, Hindricks G, Iesaka Y, Jackman W, Jalife J, Jais P, Kalman J, Keane D, Kim YH, Kirchhof P, Klein G, Kottkamp H, Kumagai K, Lindsay BD, Mansour M, Marchlinski FE, McCarthy PM, Mont JL, Morady F, Nademanee K, Nakagawa H, Natale A, Nattel S, Packer DL, Pappone C, Prystowsky E, Raviele A, Reddy V, Ruskin JN, Shemin RJ, Tsao HM, Wilber D; Heart Rhythm Society Task Force on Catheter and Surgical Ablation of Atrial Fibrillation (2012) 2012 HRS/EHRA/ECAS expert consensus statement on catheter and surgical ablation of atrial fibrillation: recommendations for patient selection, procedural techniques, patient management and follow-up, definitions, endpoints, and research trial design: a report of the Heart Rhythm Society (HRS) Task Force on Catheter and Surgical Ablation of Atrial Fibrillation. Developed in partnership with the European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA), a registered branch of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Cardiac Arrhythmia Society (ECAS); and in collaboration with the American College of Cardiology (ACC), American Heart Association (AHA), the Asia Pacific Heart Rhythm Society (APHRS), and the Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS). Endorsed by the governing bodies of the American College of Cardiology Foundation, the American Heart Association, the European Cardiac Arrhythmia Society, the European Heart Rhythm Association, the Society of Thoracic Surgeons, the Asia Pacific Heart Rhythm Society, and the Heart Rhythm Society. Heart Rhythm 9(4):632–696:e621CrossRef Calkins H, Kuck KH, Cappato R, Brugada J, Camm AJ, Chen SA, Crijns HJ, Damiano RJ Jr, Davies DW, DiMarco J, Edgerton J, Ellenbogen K, Ezekowitz MD, Haines DE, Haissaguerre M, Hindricks G, Iesaka Y, Jackman W, Jalife J, Jais P, Kalman J, Keane D, Kim YH, Kirchhof P, Klein G, Kottkamp H, Kumagai K, Lindsay BD, Mansour M, Marchlinski FE, McCarthy PM, Mont JL, Morady F, Nademanee K, Nakagawa H, Natale A, Nattel S, Packer DL, Pappone C, Prystowsky E, Raviele A, Reddy V, Ruskin JN, Shemin RJ, Tsao HM, Wilber D; Heart Rhythm Society Task Force on Catheter and Surgical Ablation of Atrial Fibrillation (2012) 2012 HRS/EHRA/ECAS expert consensus statement on catheter and surgical ablation of atrial fibrillation: recommendations for patient selection, procedural techniques, patient management and follow-up, definitions, endpoints, and research trial design: a report of the Heart Rhythm Society (HRS) Task Force on Catheter and Surgical Ablation of Atrial Fibrillation. Developed in partnership with the European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA), a registered branch of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Cardiac Arrhythmia Society (ECAS); and in collaboration with the American College of Cardiology (ACC), American Heart Association (AHA), the Asia Pacific Heart Rhythm Society (APHRS), and the Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS). Endorsed by the governing bodies of the American College of Cardiology Foundation, the American Heart Association, the European Cardiac Arrhythmia Society, the European Heart Rhythm Association, the Society of Thoracic Surgeons, the Asia Pacific Heart Rhythm Society, and the Heart Rhythm Society. Heart Rhythm 9(4):632–696:e621CrossRef
5.
go back to reference Klein AL, Murray RD, Grimm RA (2001) Role of transesophageal echocardiography-guided cardioversion of patients with atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol 37(3):691–704CrossRefPubMed Klein AL, Murray RD, Grimm RA (2001) Role of transesophageal echocardiography-guided cardioversion of patients with atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol 37(3):691–704CrossRefPubMed
6.
go back to reference Zabalgoitia M, Halperin JL, Pearce LA, Blackshear JL, Asinger RW, Hart RG (1998) Transesophageal echocardiographic correlates of clinical risk of thromboembolism in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation III Investigators. J Am Coll Cardiol 31(7):1622–1626CrossRefPubMed Zabalgoitia M, Halperin JL, Pearce LA, Blackshear JL, Asinger RW, Hart RG (1998) Transesophageal echocardiographic correlates of clinical risk of thromboembolism in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation III Investigators. J Am Coll Cardiol 31(7):1622–1626CrossRefPubMed
7.
go back to reference Fuster V, Ryden LE, Cannom DS, Crijns HJ, Curtis AB, Ellenbogen KA, Halperin JL, Le Heuzey JY, Kay GN, Lowe JE, Olsson SB, Prystowsky EN, Tamargo JL, Wann S, Smith SC Jr, Jacobs AK, Adams CD, Anderson JL, Antman EM, Halperin JL, Hunt SA, Nishimura R, Ornato JP, Page RL, Riegel B, Priori SG, Blanc JJ, Budaj A, Camm AJ, Dean V, Deckers JW, Despres C, Dickstein K, Lekakis J, McGregor K, Metra M, Morais J, Osterspey A, Tamargo JL, Zamorano JL, American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines, European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines, European Heart Rhythm Association, Heart Rhythm Society (2006) ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 guidelines for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines (writing committee to revise the 2001 guidelines for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation): developed in collaboration with the European Heart Rhythm Association and the Heart Rhythm Society. Circulation 114(7):e257–e354CrossRefPubMed Fuster V, Ryden LE, Cannom DS, Crijns HJ, Curtis AB, Ellenbogen KA, Halperin JL, Le Heuzey JY, Kay GN, Lowe JE, Olsson SB, Prystowsky EN, Tamargo JL, Wann S, Smith SC Jr, Jacobs AK, Adams CD, Anderson JL, Antman EM, Halperin JL, Hunt SA, Nishimura R, Ornato JP, Page RL, Riegel B, Priori SG, Blanc JJ, Budaj A, Camm AJ, Dean V, Deckers JW, Despres C, Dickstein K, Lekakis J, McGregor K, Metra M, Morais J, Osterspey A, Tamargo JL, Zamorano JL, American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines, European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines, European Heart Rhythm Association, Heart Rhythm Society (2006) ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 guidelines for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines (writing committee to revise the 2001 guidelines for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation): developed in collaboration with the European Heart Rhythm Association and the Heart Rhythm Society. Circulation 114(7):e257–e354CrossRefPubMed
8.
go back to reference Castello R, Pearson AC, Labovitz AJ (1990) Prevalence and clinical implications of atrial spontaneous contrast in patients undergoing transesophageal echocardiography. Am J Cardiol 65(16):1149–1153CrossRefPubMed Castello R, Pearson AC, Labovitz AJ (1990) Prevalence and clinical implications of atrial spontaneous contrast in patients undergoing transesophageal echocardiography. Am J Cardiol 65(16):1149–1153CrossRefPubMed
9.
go back to reference Black IW, Hopkins AP, Lee LC, Walsh WF (1991) Left atrial spontaneous echo contrast: a clinical and echocardiographic analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol 18(2):398–404CrossRefPubMed Black IW, Hopkins AP, Lee LC, Walsh WF (1991) Left atrial spontaneous echo contrast: a clinical and echocardiographic analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol 18(2):398–404CrossRefPubMed
10.
go back to reference Chimowitz MI, DeGeorgia MA, Poole RM, Hepner A, Armstrong WM (1993) Left atrial spontaneous echo contrast is highly associated with previous stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation or mitral stenosis. Stroke 24(7):1015–1019CrossRefPubMed Chimowitz MI, DeGeorgia MA, Poole RM, Hepner A, Armstrong WM (1993) Left atrial spontaneous echo contrast is highly associated with previous stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation or mitral stenosis. Stroke 24(7):1015–1019CrossRefPubMed
11.
go back to reference Garcia-Fernandez MA, Torrecilla EG, San Roman D, Azevedo J, Bueno H, Moreno MM, Delcan JL (1992) Left atrial appendage Doppler flow patterns: implications on thrombus formation. Am Heart J 124(4):955–961CrossRefPubMed Garcia-Fernandez MA, Torrecilla EG, San Roman D, Azevedo J, Bueno H, Moreno MM, Delcan JL (1992) Left atrial appendage Doppler flow patterns: implications on thrombus formation. Am Heart J 124(4):955–961CrossRefPubMed
12.
go back to reference Verhorst PM, Kamp O, Visser CA, Verheugt FW (1993) Left atrial appendage flow velocity assessment using transesophageal echocardiography in nonrheumatic atrial fibrillation and systemic embolism. Am J Cardiol 71(2):192–196CrossRefPubMed Verhorst PM, Kamp O, Visser CA, Verheugt FW (1993) Left atrial appendage flow velocity assessment using transesophageal echocardiography in nonrheumatic atrial fibrillation and systemic embolism. Am J Cardiol 71(2):192–196CrossRefPubMed
13.
go back to reference Tops LF, Schalij MJ, Bax JJ (2010) Imaging and atrial fibrillation: the role of multimodality imaging in patient evaluation and management of atrial fibrillation. Eur Heart J 31(5):542–551CrossRefPubMed Tops LF, Schalij MJ, Bax JJ (2010) Imaging and atrial fibrillation: the role of multimodality imaging in patient evaluation and management of atrial fibrillation. Eur Heart J 31(5):542–551CrossRefPubMed
14.
go back to reference Heist EK, Refaat M, Danik SB, Holmvang G, Ruskin JN, Mansour M (2006) Analysis of the left atrial appendage by magnetic resonance angiography in patients with atrial fibrillation. Heart Rhythm 3(11):1313–1318CrossRefPubMed Heist EK, Refaat M, Danik SB, Holmvang G, Ruskin JN, Mansour M (2006) Analysis of the left atrial appendage by magnetic resonance angiography in patients with atrial fibrillation. Heart Rhythm 3(11):1313–1318CrossRefPubMed
15.
go back to reference Muellerleile K, Sultan A, Groth M, Steven D, Hoffmann B, Adam G, Lund GK, Rostock T, Willems S (2012) Velocity encoded cardiovascular magnetic resonance to assess left atrial appendage emptying. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 14:39CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Muellerleile K, Sultan A, Groth M, Steven D, Hoffmann B, Adam G, Lund GK, Rostock T, Willems S (2012) Velocity encoded cardiovascular magnetic resonance to assess left atrial appendage emptying. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 14:39CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
16.
go back to reference Daccarett M, Badger TJ, Akoum N, Burgon NS, Mahnkopf C, Vergara G, Kholmovski E, McGann CJ, Parker D, Brachmann J, Macleod RS, Marrouche NF (2011) Association of left atrial fibrosis detected by delayed-enhancement magnetic resonance imaging and the risk of stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol 57(7):831–838CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Daccarett M, Badger TJ, Akoum N, Burgon NS, Mahnkopf C, Vergara G, Kholmovski E, McGann CJ, Parker D, Brachmann J, Macleod RS, Marrouche NF (2011) Association of left atrial fibrosis detected by delayed-enhancement magnetic resonance imaging and the risk of stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol 57(7):831–838CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
17.
go back to reference European Heart Rhythm Association, Heart Rhythm Society, Fuster V, Rydén LE, Cannom DS, Crijns HJ, Curtis AB, Ellenbogen KA, Halperin JL, Le Heuzey JY, Kay GN, Lowe JE, Olsson SB, Prystowsky EN, Tamargo JL, Wann S, Smith SC Jr, Jacobs AK, Adams CD, Anderson JL, Antman EM, Hunt SA, Nishimura R, Ornato JP, Page RL, Riegel B, Priori SG, Blanc JJ, Budaj A, Camm AJ, Dean V, Deckers JW, Despres C, Dickstein K, Lekakis J, McGregor K, Metra M, Morais J, Osterspey A, Zamorano JL, American College of Cardiology, American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines, European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines, Writing Committee to Revise the 2001 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation (2006) ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 guidelines for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation–executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 2001 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation). J Am Coll Cardiol 48(4):854–906CrossRef European Heart Rhythm Association, Heart Rhythm Society, Fuster V, Rydén LE, Cannom DS, Crijns HJ, Curtis AB, Ellenbogen KA, Halperin JL, Le Heuzey JY, Kay GN, Lowe JE, Olsson SB, Prystowsky EN, Tamargo JL, Wann S, Smith SC Jr, Jacobs AK, Adams CD, Anderson JL, Antman EM, Hunt SA, Nishimura R, Ornato JP, Page RL, Riegel B, Priori SG, Blanc JJ, Budaj A, Camm AJ, Dean V, Deckers JW, Despres C, Dickstein K, Lekakis J, McGregor K, Metra M, Morais J, Osterspey A, Zamorano JL, American College of Cardiology, American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines, European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines, Writing Committee to Revise the 2001 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation (2006) ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 guidelines for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation–executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 2001 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation). J Am Coll Cardiol 48(4):854–906CrossRef
18.
go back to reference Wylie JV Jr, Peters DC, Essebag V, Manning WJ, Josephson ME, Hauser TH (2008) Left atrial function and scar after catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation. Heart Rhythm 5(5):656–662CrossRefPubMed Wylie JV Jr, Peters DC, Essebag V, Manning WJ, Josephson ME, Hauser TH (2008) Left atrial function and scar after catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation. Heart Rhythm 5(5):656–662CrossRefPubMed
19.
go back to reference Hwang SH, Oh YW, Lee DI, Shim J, Park SW, Kim YH (2015) Evaluation of quantification methods for left arial late gadolinium enhancement based on different references in patients with atrial fibrillation. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 31(Suppl 1):91–101CrossRefPubMed Hwang SH, Oh YW, Lee DI, Shim J, Park SW, Kim YH (2015) Evaluation of quantification methods for left arial late gadolinium enhancement based on different references in patients with atrial fibrillation. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 31(Suppl 1):91–101CrossRefPubMed
20.
go back to reference Hwang SH, Oh YW, Lee DI, Shim J, Park SW, Kim YH (2015) Relation between left atrial wall composition by late gadolinium enhancement and complex fractionated atrial electrograms in patients with persistent atrial fibrillation: influence of non-fibrotic substrate in the left atrium. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 31(6):1191–1199CrossRefPubMed Hwang SH, Oh YW, Lee DI, Shim J, Park SW, Kim YH (2015) Relation between left atrial wall composition by late gadolinium enhancement and complex fractionated atrial electrograms in patients with persistent atrial fibrillation: influence of non-fibrotic substrate in the left atrium. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 31(6):1191–1199CrossRefPubMed
21.
go back to reference Hur J, Pak HN, Kim YJ, Lee HJ, Chang HJ, Hong YJ, Choi BW (2013) Dual-enhancement cardiac computed tomography for assessing left atrial thrombus and pulmonary veins before radiofrequency catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation. Am J Cardiol 112(2):238–244CrossRefPubMed Hur J, Pak HN, Kim YJ, Lee HJ, Chang HJ, Hong YJ, Choi BW (2013) Dual-enhancement cardiac computed tomography for assessing left atrial thrombus and pulmonary veins before radiofrequency catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation. Am J Cardiol 112(2):238–244CrossRefPubMed
22.
go back to reference Henriksson KM, Farahmand B, Johansson S, Asberg S, Terent A, Edvardsson N (2010) Survival after stroke—the impact of CHADS2 score and atrial fibrillation. Int J Cardiol 141(1):18–23CrossRefPubMed Henriksson KM, Farahmand B, Johansson S, Asberg S, Terent A, Edvardsson N (2010) Survival after stroke—the impact of CHADS2 score and atrial fibrillation. Int J Cardiol 141(1):18–23CrossRefPubMed
23.
go back to reference Iwama M, Kawasaki M, Tanaka R, Ono K, Watanabe T, Hirose T, Nagaya M, Noda T, Watanabe S, Minatoguchi S (2012) Left atrial appendage emptying fraction assessed by a feature-tracking echocardiographic method is a determinant of thrombus in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. J Cardiol 59(3):329–336CrossRefPubMed Iwama M, Kawasaki M, Tanaka R, Ono K, Watanabe T, Hirose T, Nagaya M, Noda T, Watanabe S, Minatoguchi S (2012) Left atrial appendage emptying fraction assessed by a feature-tracking echocardiographic method is a determinant of thrombus in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. J Cardiol 59(3):329–336CrossRefPubMed
24.
go back to reference Agmon Y, Khandheria BK, Gentile F, Seward JB (1999) Echocardiographic assessment of the left atrial appendage. J Am Coll Cardiol 34(7):1867–1877CrossRefPubMed Agmon Y, Khandheria BK, Gentile F, Seward JB (1999) Echocardiographic assessment of the left atrial appendage. J Am Coll Cardiol 34(7):1867–1877CrossRefPubMed
26.
go back to reference Zhao J, Liu T, Korantzopoulos P, Fu H, Shao Q, Suo Y, Zheng C, Xu G, Liu E, Xu Y, Zhou C, Li G (2015) Red blood cell distribution width and left atrial thrombus or spontaneous echo contrast in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation. Int J Cardiol 180:63–65CrossRefPubMed Zhao J, Liu T, Korantzopoulos P, Fu H, Shao Q, Suo Y, Zheng C, Xu G, Liu E, Xu Y, Zhou C, Li G (2015) Red blood cell distribution width and left atrial thrombus or spontaneous echo contrast in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation. Int J Cardiol 180:63–65CrossRefPubMed
27.
go back to reference Lotz J, Meier C, Leppert A, Galanski M (2002) Cardiovascular flow measurement with phase-contrast MR imaging: basic facts and implementation. Radiographics 22(3):651–671CrossRefPubMed Lotz J, Meier C, Leppert A, Galanski M (2002) Cardiovascular flow measurement with phase-contrast MR imaging: basic facts and implementation. Radiographics 22(3):651–671CrossRefPubMed
28.
go back to reference Yamamoto M, Seo Y, Kawamatsu N, Sato K, Sugano A, Machino-Ohtsuka T, Kawamura R, Nakajima H, Igarashi M, Sekiguchi Y, Ishizu T, Aonuma K (2014) Complex left atrial appendage morphology and left atrial appendage thrombus formation in patients with atrial fibrillation. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 7(2):337–343CrossRefPubMed Yamamoto M, Seo Y, Kawamatsu N, Sato K, Sugano A, Machino-Ohtsuka T, Kawamura R, Nakajima H, Igarashi M, Sekiguchi Y, Ishizu T, Aonuma K (2014) Complex left atrial appendage morphology and left atrial appendage thrombus formation in patients with atrial fibrillation. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 7(2):337–343CrossRefPubMed
Metadata
Title
Relationship between left atrial appendage emptying and left atrial function using cardiac magnetic resonance in patients with atrial fibrillation: comparison with transesophageal echocardiography
Authors
Sung Ho Hwang
Yu-Whan Oh
Mi-Na Kim
Seong-Mi Park
Wan Joo Shim
Jaemin Shim
Jong-il Choi
Young-Hoon Kim
Publication date
01-06-2016
Publisher
Springer Netherlands
Published in
The International Journal of Cardiovascular Imaging / Issue Special Issue 1/2016
Print ISSN: 1569-5794
Electronic ISSN: 1875-8312
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10554-016-0893-1

Other articles of this Special Issue 1/2016

The International Journal of Cardiovascular Imaging 1/2016 Go to the issue