Top

International Ophthalmology

Published in:

17-10-2023 | Refractive Errors | Original Paper

Effects of prematurity and retinopathy of prematurity on refractive errors and biometric optic components in school children: results of a tertiary center from Turkey

Authors: Cigdem Deniz Genc, Ozlem Eski Yucel

Published in: International Ophthalmology | Issue 12/2023

Abstract

Purpose

To reveal refractive errors, the relationship between refractive errors and optical parameters, and the effect of prematurity and retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) on ocular development in school children with a history of prematurity.

Methods

Premature children aged 8–12 years were divided into 3 groups as those without ROP (Group 1), with ROP that did not require treatment (Group 2), and with laser-treated ROP (Group 3). Age-matched full-term healthy children were included in the control group.

Demographic features were recorded. A detailed ophthalmologic examination was performed. Anterior chamber depth (ACD), trabecular-iris angle (TIA), iris thickness (IT), lens thickness (LT), vitreous body length (VBL), axial length (AL) were measured by ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM). The results were compared between groups.

Results

Group 3 had the lowest best corrected visual acuity (0.81 ± 0.31 SL), the highest rates of myopia (55.9%) and astigmatism (50.0%). In the premature groups, ACD (p < 0.001), TIA (p < 0.001), IT (p = 0.016), VBL (p < 0.001) and AL (p < 0.001) were lower; LT (p < 0.001) was higher than in the control group. As birth weight (BW) and gestational age (GA) increased, ACD, TIA, VBL and AL increased, and LT decreased (p < 0.001). In the group 3, 35.2% anisometropia, 17.6% of esotropia and 5.9% of exotropia were detected.

Conclusions

The frequency of myopia, astigmatism, hyperopia and anisometropia is increasing in premature children, especially in cases with laser-treated ROP. Premature cases are characterized by thicker lens, shallower ACD, narrower TIA and shorter AL. Refractive errors, anisometropia, amblyopia and strabismus are important causes of visual impairment in children with laser-treated ROP.

Quiram PA, Capone A (2007) Current understanding and management of retinopathy of prematurity. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 18(3):228–234. https://doi.org/10.1097/ICU.0b013e3281107fd3CrossRefPubMed

Chen J, Stahl A, Hellstrom A, Smith LE (2011) Current update on retinopathy of prematurity: screening and treatment. Curr Opin Pediatr 23:173–178. https://doi.org/10.1097/MOP.0b013e3283423f35CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

O’Connor AR, Wilson CM, Fielder AR (2007) Ophthalmological problems associated with preterm birth. Eye (Lond) 21(10):1254–1260. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.eye.6702838CrossRefPubMed

McLoone E, O’Keefe M, McLoone S, Lanigan B (2006) Long term functional and structural outcomes of laser therapy for retinopathy of prematurity. Br J Ophthalmol 90:754–759. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjo.2005.068304CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Yang CS, Wang AG, Sung CS, Hsu WM, Lee FL, Lee SM (2010) Long term visual outcomes of laser treated threshold retinopathy of prematurity: a study of refractive status at 7 years. Eye (Lond) 24:14–20. https://doi.org/10.1038/eye.2009.63CrossRefPubMed

Larsson EK, Rydberg AC, Holmstrom GE (2003) A population-based study of the refractive outcome in 10-year-old preterm and full-term children. Arch Ophthalmol 121:1430–1436. https://doi.org/10.1001/archopht.121.10.1430CrossRefPubMed

Cats BP, Tan KE (1989) Prematures with and without regressed retinopathy of prematurity: comparison of long term (6–10 years) ophthalmological morbidity. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 26:271–275CrossRefPubMed

McLoone EM, O’Keefe M, McLoone SF, Lanigan BM (2006) Long-term refractive and biometric outcomes following diode laser therapy for retinopathy of prematurity. J AAPOS 10(5):454–459. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaapos.2006.05.005CrossRefPubMed

Shapiro A, Yanko L, Nawratzki I, Merin S (1980) Refractive power of premature children at infancy and early childhood. Am J Ophthalmol 90(2):234–238. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0002-9394(14)74860-3CrossRefPubMed

10.

Choi MY, Park IK, Yu YS (2000) Long term refractive outcome in eyes of preterm infants with and without retinopathy of prematurity: comparison of keratometric value, axial length, anterior chamber depth, and lens thickness. Br J Ophthalmol 84(2):138–143. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjo.84.2.138CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

11.

Garcia-Valenzuela E, Kaufman LM (2005) High myopia associated with retinopathy of prematurity is primarily lenticular. J AAPOS 9(2):121–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaapos.2004.12.018CrossRefPubMed

12.

Schaffer DB, Quinn GE, Johnson L (1984) Sequelae of arrested mild retinopathy of prematurity. Arch Ophthalmol 102(3):373–376. https://doi.org/10.1001/archopht.1984.01040030291021CrossRefPubMed

13.

Lin LL, Shih YF, Lee YC, Hung PT, Hou PK (1996) Changes in ocular refraction and its components among medical students–a 5-year longitudinal study. Optom Vis Sci 73(7):495–498. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006324-199607000-00007CrossRefPubMed

14.

Lin LL, Shih YF, Hsiao CK, Chen CJ (2004) Prevalence of myopia in Taiwanese school children: 1983–2000. Ann Acad Med Singap 33(1):27–33CrossRefPubMed

15.

O’Connor AR, Stephenson TJ, Johnson A, Tobin MJ, Ratib S, Fielder AR (2006) Change of refractive state and eye size in children of birth weight less than 1701 g. Br J Ophthalmol 90(4):456–460. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjo.2005.083535CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

16.

Nissenkorn I, Yassur Y, Mashkowski D, Sherf I, Ben-Sira I (1983) Myopia in premature babies with and without ROP. Br J Ophthalmol 67:170–173. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjo.67.3.170CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

17.

Gallo JE, Fagerholm P (1993) Low-grade myopia in children with regressed retinopathy of prematurity. Act Ophthalmol (Copenh) 71:519–523. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-3768.1993.tb04629.xCrossRef

18.

Lue CL, Hansen RM, Reisner DS, Findl O, Petersen RA, Fulton AB (1995) The course of myopia in children with mild retinopathy of prematurity. Vision Res 35(9):1329–1335. https://doi.org/10.1016/0042-6989(94)00227-dCrossRefPubMed

19.

Fledelius HC (1980) Ophthalmic changes from age of 10 to 18 years: a longitudinal study of sequels to low birth weight. I Refraction Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh) 58(6):889–898. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-3768.1980.tb08314.xCrossRefPubMed

20.

Davitt BV, Quinn GE, Wallace DK, Dobson V, Hardy RJ, Tung B, Lai D, Good WV, Early Treatment for Retinopathy of Prematurity Cooperative Group (2011) Astigmatism progression in the early treatment for retinopathy of prematurity study to 6 years of age. Ophthalmology 118(12):2326–2329. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2011.06.006CrossRefPubMed

21.

Holmstrom M, el Azazi M, Kugelberg U (1998) Ophthalmological long-term follow up of preterm infants: a population based, prospective study of the refraction and its development. Br J Ophthalmol 82(11):1265–1271. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjo.82.11.1265CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

22.

Laws D, Shaw DE, Robinson J, Jones HS, Ng YK, Fielder AR (1992) Retinopathy of prematurity: a prospective study: review at six months. Eye (Lond) 6(Pt 5):477–483. https://doi.org/10.1038/eye.1992.101CrossRefPubMed

23.

Gallo JE, Lennerstrand G (1991) A population-based study of ocular abnormalities in premature children aged 5–10 years. Am J Ophthalmol 111(5):539–547. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0002-9394(14)73695-5CrossRefPubMed

24.

O’Connor AR, Stephenson TJ, Johnson A, Tobin MJ, Ratib S, Fielder AR (2002) Strabismus in children of birth weight less than 1701 g. Arch Ophthalmol 120(6):767–773. https://doi.org/10.1001/archopht.120.6.767CrossRefPubMed

25.

Holmström G, el Azazi M, Kugelberg U (1999) Ophthalmological follow up of preterm infants: a population based, prospective study of visual acuity and strabismus. Br J Ophthalmol 83(2):143–150. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjo.83.2.143CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

26.

Majima A (1976) Problems on retinopathy of prematurity. Statistical analysis of factors related to occurrence and progression of retinopathy, and fundus appearances and ocular functions in prematurely born subjects. Nippon Ganka Gakkai Zasshi 80(11):1372–1419PubMed

27.

Laws DE, Haslett R, Ashby D, O’Brien C, Clark D (1994) Axial length biometry in infants with retinopathy of prematurity. Eye (Lond) 8(Pt 4):427–430. https://doi.org/10.1038/eye.1994.101CrossRefPubMed

28.

Chen TC, Tsai TH, Shih YF, Yeh PT, Yang CH, Hu FC, Lin LL, Yang CM (2010) Long-term evaluation of refractive status and optical components in eyes of children born prematurely. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 51(12):6140–6148. https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.10-5234CrossRefPubMed

29.

Kent D, Pennie F, Laws D, White S, Clark D (2000) The influence of retinopathy of prematurity on ocular growth. Eye (Lond) 14(Pt 1):23–29. https://doi.org/10.1038/eye.2000.6CrossRefPubMed

30.

Fielder AR, Quinn GE (1997) Myopia of prematurity: nature, nurture, or disease? Br J Ophthalmol 81:2–3. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjo.81.1.2CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

31.

Zadnik K, Manny RE, Yu JA, Mitchell GL, Cotter SA, Quiralte JC, Shipp M, Friedman NE, Kleinstein RN, Walker TW, Jones LA, Moeschberger ML, Mutti DO, Collaborative Longitudinal Evaluation of Ethnicity and Refractive Error (CLEERE) Study Group (2002) Ocular component data in schoolchildren as a function of age and gender. Optom Vis Sci 80(3):226–236. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006324-200303000-00012CrossRef

32.

Fledelius HC (1996) Pre-term delivery and subsequent ocular development. A 7–10 year follow-up of children screened 1982–84 for ROP. 3) Refraction. Myopia of prematurity. Acta Ophthalmol Scand 74:297–305. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0420.1996.tb00096.xCrossRefPubMed

33.

Gordon RA, Donzis PB (1986) Myopia associated with retinopathy of prematurity. Ophthalmology 93(12):1593–1598. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0161-6420(86)33523-1CrossRefPubMed

34.

Ryan H (1952) Retrolental fibroplasia: a clinicopathological study. Am J Ophthalmol 35(3):329–342. https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9394(52)90003-2CrossRefPubMed

35.

Szewczyk TS (1953) Retrolental fibroplasia and related ocular diseases; classification, etiology, and prophylaxis. Am J Ophthalmol 36(10):1336–1361. https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9394(53)90792-2CrossRefPubMed

36.

Hoffer KJ (1993) Axial dimension of the cataractous lens. Arch Ophthalmol 111(7):914–918. https://doi.org/10.1001/archopht.1993.01090070032014CrossRefPubMed

37.

Donzis PB, Insler MS, Gordon RA (1985) Corneal curvatures in premature infants. Am J Ophthalmol 99(2):213–215. https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9394(84)90253-8CrossRefPubMed

38.

Yang CS, Wang AG, Shih YF, Hsu WM (2013) Astigmatism and biometric optic components of diode laser-treated threshold retinopathy of prematurity at 9 years of age. Eye (Lond) 27(3):374–381. https://doi.org/10.1038/eye.2012.263CrossRefPubMed

39.

Gunay M, Celik G, Gunay BO, Dogru M, Gursoy T, Ovalı HF (2014) Central corneal thickness measurements in premature infants. Int J Ophthalmol 7(3):496–500. https://doi.org/10.3980/j.issn.2222-3959.2014.03.20CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

40.

Kirwan C, O’Keefe M, Fitzsimon S (2005) Central corneal thickness and corneal diameter in premature infants. Acta Ophthalmol Scand 83(6):751–753. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0420.2005.00559.xCrossRefPubMed

41.

Kobayashi H, Kiryu J, Kobayashi K, Kondo T (1997) Ultrasound biomicroscopic measurement of anterior chamber angle in premature infants. Br J Ophthalmol 81(6):460–464. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjo.81.6.460CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Title: Effects of prematurity and retinopathy of prematurity on refractive errors and biometric optic components in school children: results of a tertiary center from Turkey
Authors: Cigdem Deniz Genc
Ozlem Eski Yucel
Publication date: 17-10-2023
Publisher: Springer Netherlands
Keywords: Refractive Errors
Strabismus
Strabismus
Ultrasound
Ultrasound
Laser
Published in: International Ophthalmology / Issue 12/2023
Print ISSN: 0165-5701
Electronic ISSN: 1573-2630
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10792-023-02884-y

At a glance: The STEP trials

Springer Medicine

Effects of prematurity and retinopathy of prematurity on refractive errors and biometric optic components in school children: results of a tertiary center from Turkey

Abstract

Purpose

Methods

Results

Conclusions

At a glance: The STEP trials

Springer Medicine

Abstract

Purpose

Methods

Results

Conclusions

Please log in to get access to this content

Other articles of this Issue 12/2023

The 100 top-cited articles in uveitis from 1950 to 2022

Prevalence of cataract and its contributing factors in Iranian elderly population: the Gilan eye study

Does Twitter improve the dissemination of ophthalmology scientific publications?

Effectiveness and safety of fluocinolone acetonide intravitreal implant in diabetic macular edema patients considered insufficiently responsive to available therapies (REACT): a prospective, non-randomized, and multicenter study

Manual compass measurement and trigonometric determination of proptosis

COVID, the end of pandemic and vaccine-induced Uveitis: is this the showdown?