Prolonged clinical remissions in patients with relapsed or refractory follicular lymphoma treated with autologous stem cell transplantation incorporating rituximab

Three sequential phase II trials were conducted with different immunotherapy approaches to enhance the outcome of autologous transplant (high-dose therapy and autologous stem cell transplantation (HDT/ASCT)) for recurrent follicular lymphoma. Seventy-three patients were enrolled from 1996 to 2009. Patients received HDT/ASCT combined with (1) interferon-α 3 MU/m² subcutaneously (SC) three times per week (TIW) for 2 years post-ASCT, (2) rituximab (R) 375 mg/m² for in vivo purging 3–5 days pre-stem cell collection and 2 × 4 weekly R at 2 and 6 months post-ASCT, respectively, or (3) three infusions of R pre-stem cell collection followed by 6× R weekly and interferon-α 3 MU/m² SC TIW. Although not statistically significant, progression-free survival (PFS) for patients who received rituximab was 56.4 and 49.1 % at 5 and 10 years compared to 36 and 21 % in those who did not receive rituximab. Molecular relapse post-HDT/ASCT was the strongest predictor of PFS in a multivariate analysis. Molecular relapse was coincident with or preceded clinical relapses in 84 % of patients who relapsed—median of 12 months (range 0–129 months). Adverse events included secondary malignancy, transformation to diffuse large B cell lymphoma, prolonged mostly asymptomatic hypogammaglobulinemia, and pulmonary fibrosis. The long-term toxicity profile must be considered when selecting patients for this treatment.