Top

International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction

Published in:

01-08-2016

Prevalence of Psychiatric Symptoms and Mental Health Services in Students with Specific Learning Disabilities in Tehran, Iran

Authors: Samaneh Karamali Esmaili, Narges Shafaroodi, Afsoon Hassani Mehraban, Akram Parand, Mostafa Qorbani, Farzaneh Yazdani, Azita Mahmoudpour

Published in: International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction | Issue 4/2016

Abstract

Children with specific learning disabilities are at a greater risk of mental health problems than their non-disabled peers. Further interventions and research will be required. This is a cross-sectional study. A sample of 107 students (7 to 11 years old) with specific learning disabilities were randomly selected from educational and rehabilitation settings in Tehran. The Child Symptom Inventory-4 (CSI-4) (parent checklist) was administered. Among children studied, 86 subjects (82.8 %) in some of the categories of psychiatric symptoms gained scores above the cut-off point. The most prevalent psychiatric symptoms were related to attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, generalized anxiety disorder and oppositional defiant disorder. There were not any statistically significant differences between the genders. In addition to direct education, 15 subjects (14 %) were receiving medication, 2 subjects (1.9 %) were receiving only occupational therapy, 2 subjects (1.9 %) were receiving only speech therapy, and 5 subjects (4.7 %) were receiving both occupational and speech therapy. The emphasis on considering co-morbid symptoms and usage of mental health services are important issues for students with specific learning difficulties.

Alavi, A., Mohammadi, M. R., Joshaghani, N., & Mahmoudi-Gharaei, J. (2010). Frequency of psychological disorders amongst children in urban areas of Tehran [in persian]. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry, 5(2), 55.PubMedPubMedCentral

Alipour, A., & Mohammad-Esmail, E. (2001). Studying of validity, reliability, and cutoff points of (child symptom inventory-4) CSI-4 in the school children aged 6 to 14 in Tehran [In persian]. Tehran: Exceptional students’ Research Center.

American Psychiatric Association: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5th edition (2013). Arlington VA: American Psychiatric Association.

August, G. J., & Garfinkel, B. D. (1990). Comorbidity of ADHD and reading disability among clinic-referred children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 18(1), 29–45.CrossRefPubMed

Bahramabadi, M. Z., & Gangi, K. (2014). The study of prevalence of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and it’s comorbidity with learning disorder (LD) in primary school’s students [In persian]. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 3(4.25–43), 25–43.

Behrad, B. (2005). A metaanalysis on prevalence of learning disabilities in elementary school students in Iran [in persian]. Research on Exceptional Children, 18(4), 417–436.

Bernard, S., & Turk, J. (2009). Developing mental health services for children and adolescents with learning disabilities: A toolkit for clinicians. UK: RCPsych Publications.

Boyle, J., & Scanlon, D. (2010). Methods and strategies for teaching students with mild disabilities: A case-based approach. Belmont, CA: Cengage Learning.

Cantwell, D. P., & Baker, L. (1991). Association between attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder and learning disorders. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 24(2), 88–95.CrossRefPubMed

DuPaul, G. J., Gormley, M. J., & Laracy, S. D. (2012). Comorbidity of LD and ADHD: implications of DSM-5 for assessment and treatment. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 46(1), 43–51.CrossRefPubMed

Emerson, E., & Hatton, C. (2007). The mental health of children and adolescents with learning disabilities in britain. Advances in Mental Health and Learning Disabilities, 1(3), 62–63.CrossRef

Enderby, P., John, A., & Petheram, B. (2006). Therapy outcome measures for rehabilitation professionals: speech and language therapy, physiotherapy, occupational therapy (second ed., ). England: Wiley.

Exceptional student organization. Administrative Regulation for The Centers of Education and Rehabilitation for Specific Learning Difficulties [In persian] (2007). Tehran: Exceptional student organization.

Fletcher, J. M., Coulter, W. A., Reschly, D. J., & Vaughn, S. (2004). Alternative approaches to the definition and identification of learning disabilities: some questions and answers. Annals of Dyslexia, 54(2), 304–331.CrossRefPubMed

Fuchs, D., Mock, D., Morgan, P. L., & Young, C. L. (2003). Responsiveness-to-intervention: definitions, evidence, and implications for the learning disabilities construct. Learning Disabilities Research and Practice, 18(3), 157–171.CrossRef

Gadow, K. D., & Sprafkin, J. (1997). Quick guide to using the youth' inventory-4 screening kit. Stony Brook: Ny: Checkmate Plus.

Germano, E., Gagliano, A., & Curatolo, P. (2010). Comorbidity of ADHD and dyslexia. Developmental Neuropsychology, 35(5), 475–493.CrossRefPubMed

Hinshaw, S. P. (1992). Academic underachievement, attention deficits, and aggression: comorbidity and implications for intervention. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 60(6), 893.CrossRefPubMed

Hoffmann, F. J., Sheldon, K. L., Minskoff, E. H., Sautter, S. W., Steidle, E. F., Baker, D. P., et al. (1987). Needs of learning disabled adults. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 20(1), 43–52.CrossRefPubMed

Lerner, J. W., & Johns, B. (2011). Learning disabilities and related mild disabilities: characteristics and directions. In J. W. Lerner, & B. Johns (Eds.), Learning disabilities and related mild disabilities (12th ed., pp. 1–35). Wadsworth: Cengage Learning.

Levinson, E. M., & Ohler, D. L. (1998). Transition from high school to college for students with learning disabilities: needs, assessment, and services. The High School Journal, 82(1), 62–69.

Lewinsohn, P. M., Gotlib, I. H., Lewinsohn, M., Seeley, J. R., & Allen, N. B. (1998). Gender differences in anxiety disorders and anxiety symptoms in adolescents. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 107(1), 109–117.CrossRefPubMed

Mull, C., Sitlington, P. L., & Alper, S. (2001). Postsecondary education for students with learning disabilities: a synthesis of the literature. Exceptional Children, 68(1), 97–118.CrossRef

Nelson, J. M., & Harwood, H. (2011). Learning disabilities and anxiety: a meta-analysis. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 44(1), 3–17.CrossRefPubMed

Newcomer, P. L., Barenbaum, E., & Pearson, N. (1995). Depression and anxiety in children and adolescents with learning disabilities, conduct disorders, and no disabilities. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 3(1), 27–39.CrossRef

Raymond, E. (2004). Learners with mild disabilities: A characteristics approach. Boston: Allyn & Bacon.

Sahoo, M. K., Biswas, H., & Padhy, S. K. (2015). Psychological co-morbidity in children with specific learning disorders. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care, 4(1), 21–25.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Semrud-Clikeman, M., Biederman, J., Sprich-Buckminster, S., Lehman, B. K., Faraone, S. V., & Norman, D. (1992). Comorbidity between ADHD and learning disability: a review and report in a clinically referred sample. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 31(3), 439–448.CrossRefPubMed

Shaywitz, B. A., Fletcher, J. M., & Shaywitz, S. E. (1995). Defining and classifying learning disabilities and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Child Neurology, 10, s50–s57.CrossRefPubMed

Simon, A.E., Pastor, P.N., Reuben, C.A., Huang, L.N., & Goldstrom, I.D. (2015). Use of Mental Health Services by Children Ages Six to 11 With Emotional or Behavioral Difficulties. Psychiatric Services, appi. ps. 201400342.

Simpson, G. A., Cohen, R. A., Bloom, B., & Blumberg, S. J. (2009). The impact of children's emotional and behavioural difficulties on their lives and their use of mental health services. Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology, 23(5), 472–481.CrossRefPubMed

Tannock, R., & Brown, T. E. (2000). Attention-deficit disorders with learning disorders in children and adolscents. In T. E. Brown (Ed.), Attention-deficit disorders and comorbidities in children, adolscents and adults (pp. 231–295). Washington DC: American Psychiatric Press, Inc.

Wechsler, D. (2003). Wechsler intelligence scale for children–fourth edition (WISC-IV). San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation.

Willcutt, E. G., & Pennington, B. F. (2000a). Comorbidity of reading disability and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder differences by gender and subtype. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 33(2), 179–191.CrossRefPubMed

Willcutt, E. G., & Pennington, B. F. (2000b). Psychiatric comorbidity in children and adolescents with reading disability. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 41(08), 1039–1048.CrossRefPubMed

Wren, D. G., & Benson, J. (2004). Measuring test anxiety in children: scale development and internal construct validation. Anxiety, Stress and Coping, 17(3), 227–240.CrossRef

Ysseldyke, J. E., Algozzine, B., Richey, L., & Graden, J. (1982). Declaring students eligible for learning disability services: why bother with the data? Learning Disability Quarterly, 5(1), 37–44.CrossRef

Title: Prevalence of Psychiatric Symptoms and Mental Health Services in Students with Specific Learning Disabilities in Tehran, Iran
Authors: Samaneh Karamali Esmaili
Narges Shafaroodi
Afsoon Hassani Mehraban
Akram Parand
Mostafa Qorbani
Farzaneh Yazdani
Azita Mahmoudpour
Publication date: 01-08-2016
Publisher: Springer US
Published in: International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction / Issue 4/2016
Print ISSN: 1557-1874
Electronic ISSN: 1557-1882
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-015-9617-3

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Springer Medicine

Prevalence of Psychiatric Symptoms and Mental Health Services in Students with Specific Learning Disabilities in Tehran, Iran

Abstract

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Springer Medicine

Abstract

Please log in to get access to this content

Other articles of this Issue 4/2016

Cognitive and Psychosocial Health Risk Factors of Social Networking Addiction

Male Sexual Aggressors in the British Prison Service: An Exploratory Study

A Self-Help Manual for Problem Gamblers: the Impact of Minimal Therapist Guidance on Outcome

rTMS for the Treatment of Depression: a Comprehensive Review of Effective Protocols on Right DLPFC

Translation and Validation of the Caffeine Expectancy Questionnaire (CaffEQ)

Predicting Outcome in Public Addiction Services Using Data Collected During Routinely Assessment Procedures