Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

LIVE: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)
Join our expert panel to discover why you need to understand the drivers of non-adherence in your patients, and how you can optimize medication adherence in your clinics to drastically improve patient outcomes.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
BMC Infectious Diseases
Published in: BMC Infectious Diseases 1/2018

Open Access 01-12-2018 | Research article

Prevalence and genotypes of group A rotavirus among outpatient children under five years old with diarrhea in Beijing, China, 2011–2016

Authors: Yi Tian, Abrar Ahmad Chughtai, Zhiyong Gao, Hanqiu Yan, Yanwei Chen, Baiwei Liu, Da Huo, Lei Jia, Quanyi Wang, Chandini Raina MacIntyre

Published in: BMC Infectious Diseases | Issue 1/2018

Login to get access

Abstract

Background

Rotavirus is a leading cause of severe diarrheal disease, and one of the common causes of death in children aged under five years old. The dominant epidemic strains may change in different years in the same area. In order to provide evidence for rotavirus epidemic control and inform vaccine development, we analyzed epidemiological patterns and genetic characteristics of rotavirus in Beijing during 2011–2016.

Methods

Stool specimens of outpatient children under five years old were collected from three children’s hospitals on a weekly basis. Group A rotavirus antigens were detected using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit. The partial VP4 genes and VP7 genes of rotavirus were both amplified and sequenced. Genotyping and phylogenetic analyses were performed. Logistic regression and Chi-square tests were performed to determine differences across age groups, districts and years in rotavirus prevalence and genotype distribution.

Results

A total of 3668 stool specimens from children with acute diarrhea identified through hospital-based surveillance were collected from 2011 to 2016 in Beijing. A total of 762 (20.8%) specimens tested positive for rotavirus. The rotavirus-positive rate was highest among the 1–2 years old age group (29.0%, 310/1070). November, December and January were the highest rotavirus-positive rate months each year. G9 was the most common G genotype (64.4%, 461/716), and P [8] was the most common P genotype (87.0%, 623/716) among the 716 rotavirus-positive specimens. G9P [8], G3P [8] and G2P [4] were the most common strains. The rotavirus-positive rates of samples in 2012 and 2013 were higher than that in 2011, and the dominant genotype changed from G3P [8] to G9P [8] in 2012 and 2013. VP7 gene sequences of G9 strains in this study clustered into two main lineages. Most of the G9 strains exhibited the highest nucleotide similarity (99.1%~ 100.0%) to the strain found in Japan (MI1128). VP4 gene sequences of P [8] strains were almost P[8]b.

Conclusions

Rotavirus accounted for more than one fifth of childhood diarrhea in Beijing during the study period. Targeted measures such as immunization with effective rotavirus vaccines should be carried out to reduce the morbidity and mortality due to rotavirus.
Literature
1.
Najafi A, Kargar M, Jafarpour T. Burden and typing of rotavirus group a in children with acute gastroenteritis in shiraz, southern Iran. Iran Red Crescent Med J. 2012;14(9):531–40.PubMedPubMedCentral
2.
Operario DJ, Platts-Mills JA, Nadan S, Page N, Seheri M, Mphahlele J, Praharaj I, Kang G, Araujo IT, Leite JPG, Cowley D, Thomas S, Kirkwood CD, Dennis F, Armah G, Mwenda JM, Wijesinghe PR, Rey G, Grabovac V, Berejena C, Simwaka CJ, Uwimana J, Sherchand JB, Thu HM, Galagoda G, Bonkoungou IJO, Jagne S, Tsolenyanu E, Diop A, Enweronu-Laryea C, Borbor SA, Liu J, McMurry T, Lopman B, Parashar U, Gentsch J, Steele AD, Cohen A, Serhan F, Houpt ER. Etiology of severe acute watery diarrhea in children in the global rotavirus surveillance network using quantitative polymerase chain reaction. J Infect Dis. 2017;216(2):220–7.CrossRef
3.
Lewnard JA, Lopman BA, Parashar UD, Bar-Zeev N, Samuel P, Guerrero ML, Ruiz-Palacios GM, Kang G, Pitzer VE. Naturally acquired immunity against rotavirus infection and gastroenteritis in children: paired Reanalyses of birth cohort studies. J Infect Dis. 2017;216(3):317–26.CrossRef
4.
5.
Wu D, Yen C, Yin ZD, Li YX, Liu N, Liu YM, Wang HQ, Cui FQ, Gregory CJ, Tate JE, Parashar UD, Yin DP, Li L. The public health burden of rotavirus disease in children younger than five years and considerations for rotavirus vaccine introduction in China. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2016;35(12):e392–e8.CrossRef
6.
Zhang J, Duan Z, Payne DC, Yen C, Pan X, Chang Z, Liu N, Ye J, Ren X, Tate JE, Jiang B, Parashar UD. Rotavirus-specific and overall diarrhea mortality in Chinese children younger than 5 years: 2003 to 2012. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2015;34(10):e233–7.CrossRef
7.
Babji S, Arumugam R, Priyahemavathy R, Sriraman A, Sarvanabhavan A, Manickavasagam P, Simon A, Aggarwal I, Moses PD, Arora R, Kang G. Genotype distribution of group a rotavirus from southern India, 2005-2016. In: Vaccine; 2017.
8.
Coluchi N, Munford V, Manzur J, Vazquez C, Escobar M, Weber E, Marmol P, Racz ML. Detection, subgroup specificity, and genotype diversity of rotavirus strains in children with acute diarrhea in Paraguay. J Clin Microbiol. 2002;40(5):1709–14.CrossRef
9.
10.
Pacilli M, Cortese MM, Smith S, Siston A, Samala U, Bowen MD, Parada JP, Tam KI, Rungsrisuriyachai K, Roy S, Esona MD, Black SR. Outbreak of gastroenteritis in adults due to rotavirus genotype G12P[8]. Clin Infect Dis. 2015;61(4):e20–5.CrossRef
11.
Jain S, Thakur N, Vashistt J, Grover N, Krishnan T, Changotra H. Predominance of unusual rotavirus G1P[6] strain in North India: an evidence from hospitalized children and adult diarrheal patients. Infect Genet Evol. 2016;46:65–70.CrossRef
12.
Do LP, Kaneko M, Nakagomi T, Gauchan P, Agbemabiese CA, Dang AD, Nakagomi O. Molecular epidemiology of rotavirus a, causing acute gastroenteritis hospitalizations among children in Nha Trang, Vietnam, 2007-2008: identification of rare G9P[19] and G10P[14] strains. J Med Virol. 2017;89(4):621–31.CrossRef
13.
Santos N, Hoshino Y. Global distribution of rotavirus serotypes/genotypes and its implication for the development and implementation of an effective rotavirus vaccine. Rev Med Virol. 2005;15(1):29–56.CrossRef
14.
Wang YH, Pang BB, Ghosh S, Zhou X, Shintani T, Urushibara N, Song YW, He MY, Liu MQ, Tang WF, Peng JS, Hu Q, Zhou DJ, Kobayashi N. Molecular epidemiology and genetic evolution of the whole genome of G3P[8] human rotavirus in Wuhan, China, from 2000 through 2013. PLoS One. 2014;9(3):e88850.CrossRef
15.
Alam MM, Khurshid A, Shaukat S, Suleman RM, Sharif S, Angez M, Malik SA, Ahmed TM, Aamir UB, Naeem M, Zaidi SS. Epidemiology and genetic diversity of rotavirus strains in children with acute gastroenteritis in Lahore, Pakistan. PLoS One. 2013;8(6):e67998.CrossRef
16.
Page N, Esona M, Armah G, Nyangao J, Mwenda J, Sebunya T, Basu G, Pyndiah N, Potgieter N, Geyer A, Steele AD. Emergence and characterization of serotype G9 rotavirus strains from Africa. J Infect Dis. 2010;202(Suppl):S55–63.CrossRef
17.
Phan TG, Khamrin P, Quang TD, Dey SK, Takanashi S, Okitsu S, Maneekarn N, Ushijima H. Detection and genetic characterization of group a rotavirus strains circulating among children with acute gastroenteritis in Japan. J Virol. 2007;81(9):4645–53.CrossRef
18.
Nirwati H, Wibawa T, Aman AT, Wahab A, Soenarto Y. Detection of group a rotavirus strains circulating among children with acute diarrhea in Indonesia. Springerplus. 2016;5:97.CrossRef
19.
Fang ZY, Yang H, Qi J, Zhang J, Sun LW, Tang JY, Ma L, Du ZQ, He A, Xie JP, Lu YY, Ji ZZ, Zhu BQ, Wu HY, Lin SE, Xie HP, Griffin DD, Ivanoff B, Glass RI, Gentsch JR. Diversity of rotavirus strains among children with acute diarrhea in China: 1998-2000 surveillance study. J Clin Microbiol. 2002;40(5):1875–8.CrossRef
20.
Orenstein EW, Fang ZY, Xu J, Liu C, Shen K, Qian Y, Jiang B, Kilgore PE, Glass RI. The epidemiology and burden of rotavirus in China: a review of the literature from 1983 to 2005. Vaccine. 2007;25(3):406–13.CrossRef
21.
Wang YH, Kobayashi N, Zhou DJ, Yang ZQ, Zhou X, Peng JS, Zhu ZR, Zhao DF, Liu MQ, Gong J. Molecular epidemiologic analysis of group a rotaviruses in adults and children with diarrhea in Wuhan city, China, 2000-2006. Arch Virol. 2007;152(4):669–85.CrossRef
22.
Li DD, Liu N, Yu JM, Zhang Q, Cui SX, Zhang DL, Yang SH, Cao DJ, Xu ZQ, Duan ZJ. Molecular epidemiology of G9 rotavirus strains in children with diarrhoea hospitalized in mainland China from January 2006 to December 2007. Vaccine. 2009;27(Suppl 5):F40–5.CrossRef
23.
Duan ZJ, Liu N, Yang SH, Zhang J, Sun LW, Tang JY, Jin Y, Du ZQ, Xu J, Wu QB, Tong ZL, Gong ST, Qian Y, Ma JM, Liao XC, Widdowson MA, Jiang B, Fang ZY. Hospital-based surveillance of rotavirus diarrhea in the People's Republic of China, august 2003-July 2007. J Infect Dis. 2009;200(Suppl 1):S167–73.CrossRef
24.
Rahman M, Yang XL, Sun H, Mahzebin K, Verstappen NW, Novo L, Matthijnssens J, Van Ranst M. Emerging G9 rotavirus strains in the northwest of China. Virus Res 2008;137(1):157–162.CrossRef
25.
Shen Z, Wang G, Zhang W, Qian F, Li Y, Zhang M, Gu S, Wang M, Lin F, Hu Y, Yuan Z, Zhang J. Rotavirus infection and its genetic characterization in non-hospitalized adults with acute gastroenteritis in Shanghai, China. Archives of virology. 2013;158(8):1671–7.CrossRef
26.
Zhang J, Liu H, Jia L, Payne DC, Hall AJ, Xu Z, Gao Z, Chang Z, Jiang B, Parashar UD, Meng L, Yu H, Duan Z. Active, population-based surveillance for rotavirus gastroenteritis in Chinese children: Beijing municipality and Gansu Province, China. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2015;34(1):40–6.CrossRef
27.
Kheyami AM, Nakagomi T, Nakagomi O, Dove W, Hart CA, Cunliffe NA. Molecular epidemiology of rotavirus diarrhea among children in Saudi Arabia: first detection of G9 and G12 strains. J Clin Microbiol. 2008;46(4):1185–91.CrossRef
28.
Zuccotti G, Meneghin F, Dilillo D, Romano L, Bottone R, Mantegazza C, Giacchino R, Besana R, Ricciardi G, Sterpa A, Altamura N, Andreotti M, Montrasio G, Macchi L, Pavan A, Paladini S, Zanetti A, Radaelli G. Epidemiological and clinical features of rotavirus among children younger than 5 years of age hospitalized with acute gastroenteritis in northern Italy. BMC Infect Dis. 2010;10:218.CrossRef
29.
Than VT, Kim W. Prevalence of rotavirus genotypes in South Korea in 1989-2009: implications for a nationwide rotavirus vaccine program. Korean J Pediatr. 2013;56(11):465–73.CrossRef
30.
Zhou N, Lv D, Wang S, Lin X, Bi Z, Wang H, Wang P, Zhang H, Tao Z, Hou P, Song Y, Xu A. Continuous detection and genetic diversity of human rotavirus a in sewage in eastern China, 2013-2014. Virol J. 2016;13(1):153.CrossRef
31.
Yu J, Jing H, Lai S, Xu W, Li M, Wu J, Liu W, Yuan Z, Chen Y, Zhao S, Wang X, Zhao Z, Ran L, Wu S, Klena JD, Feng L, Li F, Ye X, Qiu Y, Yu H, Li Z, Yang W. Etiology of diarrhea among children under the age five in China: results from a five-year surveillance. J Inf Secur. 2015;71(1):19–27.
32.
Zhu XH, Tian L, Cheng ZJ, Liu WY, Li S, Yu WT, Zhang WQ, Xiang X, Sun ZY. Viral and bacterial etiology of acute diarrhea among children under 5 years of age in Wuhan, China. Chin Med J. 2016;129(16):1939–44.CrossRef
33.
Liu L, Qian Y, Zhang Y, Zhao L, Jia L, Dong H. Epidemiological aspects of rotavirus and adenovirus in hospitalized children with diarrhea: a 5-year survey in Beijing. BMC Infect Dis. 2016;16(1):508.CrossRef
34.
Jadali F, Karimi A, Fallah F, Zahraei M, Esteghamati A, Navidinia M, Adabian S. A survey on rotavirus associated diarrhea in 5 Main cities of Iran. Arch Pediatr Infect Dis. 2013;1(1):23–6.CrossRef
35.
Patel MM, Pitzer VE, Alonso WJ, Vera D, Lopman B, Tate J, Viboud C, Parashar UD. Global seasonality of rotavirus disease. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2013;32(4):e134–47.CrossRef
36.
Levy K, Hubbard AE, Eisenberg JN. Seasonality of rotavirus disease in the tropics: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Epidemiol. 2008;38(6):1487–96.CrossRef
37.
Ndze VN, Akum AE, Kamga GH, Enjema LE, Esona MD, Banyai K, Therese OA. Epidemiology of rotavirus diarrhea in children under 5 years in northern Cameroon. Pan Afr Med J. 2012;11:73.PubMedPubMedCentral
38.
Payne DC, Currier RL, Staat MA, Sahni LC, Selvarangan R, Halasa NB, Englund JA, Weinberg GA, Boom JA, Szilagyi PG, Klein EJ, Chappell J, Harrison CJ, Davidson BS, Mijatovic-Rustempasic S, Moffatt MD, McNeal M, Wikswo M, Bowen MD, Morrow AL, Parashar UD. Epidemiologic association BetweenFUT2Secretor status and severe rotavirus gastroenteritis in children in the United States. JAMA Pediatr. 2015;169(11):1040.CrossRef
39.
Khandoker N, Thongprachum A, Takanashi S, Okitsu S, Nishimura S, Kikuta H, Yamamoto A, Sugita K, Baba T, Kobayashi M, Hayakawa S, Mizuguchi M, Ushijima H. Molecular epidemiology of rotavirus gastroenteritis in Japan during 2014-2015: characterization of re-emerging G2P[4] after rotavirus vaccine introduction. J Med Virol. 2018;90(6):1040–6.CrossRef
40.
Giri S, Priya Hemavathy R, Arumugam R, Sherchand JB, Thu HM, Galagoda G, Myat TW, Abeysinghe N, Gunasekara M, Janakan N, Pradhan R, Bura V, Wijesinghe P, Kang G. Molecular epidemiology of rotaviruses in the south-east Asian region from 2009 to 2015. In: Vaccine; 2018.
41.
Zhang S, Yin J, Yang J, Tian L, Li D, Zhang Q, Chen J, Xu W, Zhou X. Epidemiology and genetic diversity of group a rotavirus in acute diarrhea patients in pre-vaccination era in Southwest China. J Med Virol. 2017;89(1):71–8.CrossRef
42.
Wang X, Wang J, Sun H, Xia S, Duan R, Liang J, Xiao Y, Qiu H, Shan G, Jing H. Etiology of childhood infectious diarrhea in a developed region of China: compared to childhood diarrhea in a developing region and adult diarrhea in a developed region. PLoS One. 2015;10(11):e0142136.CrossRef
43.
Saluja T, Dhingra MS, Sharma SD, Gupta M, Kundu R, Kar S, Dutta AK, Silveira MD, Singh JV, Kamath VG, Chaudhary A, Rao V, Ravi MD, Murthy K, Arumugam R, Moureau A, Prasad R, Patnaik BN. Association of rotavirus strains and severity of gastroenteritis in Indian children. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2017;13(3):711–6.CrossRef
44.
Al-Badani A, Al-Areqi L, Majily A, Al-Sallami S, Al-Madhagi A, Amood A-KM. Rotavirus diarrhea among children in Taiz, Yemen: Prevalence-Risk Factors and Detection of Genotypes. Int J Pediatr. 2014;2014:928529.CrossRef
45.
Das SK, Chisti MJ, Sarker MHR, Das J, Ahmed S, Shahunja KM, Nahar S, Gibbons N, Ahmed T, Faruque ASG, Rahman M, G JF, Al Mamun A, John Baker P. Long-term impact of changing childhoodmalnutrition on rotavirus diarrhoea: Two decades of adjusted association with climate and socio-demographic factors from urban Bangladesh. PLoS One. 2017;12(9):1–12.CrossRef
46.
Pun SB, Nakagomi T, Sherchand JB, Pandey BD, Cuevas LE, Cunliffe NA, Hart CA, Nakagomi O. Detection of G12 human rotaviruses in Nepal. Emerg Infect Dis. 2007;13(3):482–4.CrossRef
47.
Ansari S, Sherchand JB, Rijal BP, Parajuli K, Mishra SK, Dahal RK, Shrestha S, Tandukar S, Chaudhary R, Kattel HP, Basnet A, Pokhrel BM. Characterization of rotavirus causing acute diarrhoea in children in Kathmandu, Nepal, showing the dominance of serotype G12. J Med Microbiol. 2013;62(Pt 1):114–20.CrossRef
48.
Wang YH, Zhou X, Ghosh S, Zhou DJ, Pang BB, Peng JS, Hu Q, Kobayashi N. Prevalence of human rotavirus genotypes in Wuhan, China, during 2008-2011: changing trend of predominant genotypes and emergence of strains with the P[8]b subtype of the VP4 gene. Arch Virol. 2011;156(12):2221–31.CrossRef
49.
Cashman O, Collins PJ, Lennon G, Cryan B, Martella V, Fanning S, Staines A, O'Shea H. Molecular characterization of group a rotaviruses detected in children with gastroenteritis in Ireland in 2006-2009. Epidemiol Infect. 2012;140(2):247–59.CrossRef
50.
World Health Organization. WHO position paper-January 2013. Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 2013;88(5):49–64.
51.
Shah MP, Tate JE, Mwenda JM, Steele AD, Parashar UD. Estimated reductions in hospitalizations and deaths from childhood diarrhea following implementation of rotavirus vaccination in Africa. Expert Rev Vaccines. 2017;16(10):987–95.CrossRef
52.
Burnett E, Jonesteller CL, Tate JE, Yen C, Parashar UD. Global impact of rotavirus vaccination on childhood hospitalizations and mortality from diarrhea. J Infect Dis. 2017;215(11):1666–72.CrossRef
53.
Zaman K, Sack DA, Neuzil KM, Yunus M, Moulton LH, Sugimoto JD, Fleming JA, Hossain I, Arifeen SE, Azim T, Rahman M, Lewis KDC, Feller AJ, Qadri F, Halloran ME, Cravioto A, Victor JC. Effectiveness of a live oral human rotavirus vaccine after programmatic introduction in Bangladesh: a cluster-randomized trial. PLoS Med. 2017;14(4):e1002282.CrossRef
Metadata
Title
Prevalence and genotypes of group A rotavirus among outpatient children under five years old with diarrhea in Beijing, China, 2011–2016
Authors
Yi Tian
Abrar Ahmad Chughtai
Zhiyong Gao
Hanqiu Yan
Yanwei Chen
Baiwei Liu
Da Huo
Lei Jia
Quanyi Wang
Chandini Raina MacIntyre
Publication date
01-12-2018
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
BMC Infectious Diseases / Issue 1/2018
Electronic ISSN: 1471-2334
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-018-3411-3

Other articles of this Issue 1/2018

BMC Infectious Diseases 1/2018 Go to the issue

Case report

A case of hepatic anisakiasis caused by Pseudoterranova decipiens mimicking metastatic liver cancer

Technical advance

Coinfections identified from metagenomic analysis of cervical lymph nodes from tularemia patients

Debate

An enhanced regimen as post-exposure chemoprophylaxis for leprosy: PEP++

Research article

Differences in response to antiretroviral therapy in HIV-positive patients being treated for tuberculosis in Eastern Europe, Western Europe and Latin America

Research article

Management and control of communicable diseases in schools and other child care settings: systematic review on the incubation period and period of infectiousness

Research article

Molecular characterization of mutations associated with resistance to second-line tuberculosis drug among multidrug-resistant tuberculosis patients from high prevalence tuberculosis city in Morocco
Live Webinar | 27-06-2024 | 18:00 (CEST)

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Reserve your place

Live: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)

WHO estimates that half of all patients worldwide are non-adherent to their prescribed medication. The consequences of poor adherence can be catastrophic, on both the individual and population level.

Join our expert panel to discover why you need to understand the drivers of non-adherence in your patients, and how you can optimize medication adherence in your clinics to drastically improve patient outcomes.

Prof. Kevin Dolgin
Prof. Florian Limbourg
Prof. Anoop Chauhan
Developed by: Springer Medicine
Obesity Clinical Trial Summary

At a glance: The STEP trials

Read more

A round-up of the STEP phase 3 clinical trials evaluating semaglutide for weight loss in people with overweight or obesity.

Developed by: Springer Medicine

Highlights from the ACC 2024 Congress

Year in Review: Pediatric cardiology

Pediatric Cardiology Video

Watch Dr. Anne Marie Valente present the last year's highlights in pediatric and congenital heart disease in the official ACC.24 Year in Review session.

Year in Review: Pulmonary vascular disease

Cardiopulmonary Comorbidity Video

The last year's highlights in pulmonary vascular disease are presented by Dr. Jane Leopold in this official video from ACC.24.

Year in Review: Valvular heart disease

Valvular Heart Disease Video

Watch Prof. William Zoghbi present the last year's highlights in valvular heart disease from the official ACC.24 Year in Review session.

Year in Review: Heart failure and cardiomyopathies

Heart Failure Video

Watch this official video from ACC.24. Dr. Biykem Bozkurt discusses last year's major advances in heart failure and cardiomyopathies.

ACC 2024 Congress Coverage

Year in Review: Heart failure and cardiomyopathies

Heart Failure Video

Watch this official video from ACC.24. Dr. Biykem Bozkurt discusses last year's major advances in heart failure and cardiomyopathies.

Watch now

Semaglutide benefits people with type 2 diabetes and obesity-related heart failure

16-04-2024 Type 2 Diabetes News

Incentivised to exercise

11-04-2024 Lifestyle Modifications News

New intervention for STEMI-related cardiogenic shock

10-04-2024 Myocardial Infarction News

» View more highlights on the ACC 2024 congress hub page

Image Credits