Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Neurological Sciences 1/2011

01-02-2011 | Original Article

Potential relevance of low-intensity microembolic signals by TCD monitoring

Authors: G. Telman, E. Sprecher, E. Kouperberg

Published in: Neurological Sciences | Issue 1/2011

Login to get access

Abstract

The significance of low-intensity microembolic signals (MES), as well as their relationship with high-intensity MES, has not yet been studied. We monitored MES by TCD in 256 arteries of 229 patients with carotid stenosis. All microemboli were detected automatically without a preliminary set threshold. For those 110 patients who evidenced any emboli, the correlation between the number of high- and low-intensity MES was r = 0.50, p < 0.0001. A statistically significant relationship between both types of MES was found, with a degree of association of 0.42, as assessed by Cohen’s kappa. Later occurrence of high-intensity MES based on early low-intensity MES was statistically significant, with a chi-square p = 0.0006 and a degree of association of 0.24, as assessed by Cohen’s kappa. There is a significant relationship between low- and high-intensity MES, thereby indicating that many MES routinely rejected because of their low intensity are real.
Literature
1.
go back to reference Sliwka U, Lingnau A, Stohlmann WD, Schmidt P, Mull M, Diehl RR, Noth J (1997) Prevalence and time course of microembolic signals in patients with acute stroke. A prospective study. Stroke 28(2):358–363PubMed Sliwka U, Lingnau A, Stohlmann WD, Schmidt P, Mull M, Diehl RR, Noth J (1997) Prevalence and time course of microembolic signals in patients with acute stroke. A prospective study. Stroke 28(2):358–363PubMed
2.
go back to reference Markus HS, Droste DW, Kaps M, Larrue V, Lees KR, Siebler M, Ringelstein EB (2005) Dual antiplatelet therapy with clopidogrel and aspirin in symptomatic carotid stenosis evaluated using oppler embolic signal detection: the clopidogrel and aspirin for reduction of Emboli in symptomatic carotid stenosis (CARESS) trial. Circulation 111(17):2233–2240CrossRefPubMed Markus HS, Droste DW, Kaps M, Larrue V, Lees KR, Siebler M, Ringelstein EB (2005) Dual antiplatelet therapy with clopidogrel and aspirin in symptomatic carotid stenosis evaluated using oppler embolic signal detection: the clopidogrel and aspirin for reduction of Emboli in symptomatic carotid stenosis (CARESS) trial. Circulation 111(17):2233–2240CrossRefPubMed
3.
go back to reference Kimura K, Minematsu K, Koga M, Arakawa R, Yasaka M, Yamagami H, Nagatsuka K, Naritomi H, Yamaguchi T (2001) Microembolic signals and diffusion-weighted MR imaging abnormalities in acute ischemic stroke. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 22(6):1037–1042PubMed Kimura K, Minematsu K, Koga M, Arakawa R, Yasaka M, Yamagami H, Nagatsuka K, Naritomi H, Yamaguchi T (2001) Microembolic signals and diffusion-weighted MR imaging abnormalities in acute ischemic stroke. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 22(6):1037–1042PubMed
4.
go back to reference Iguchi Y, Kimura K, Kobayashi K, Ueno Y, Shibazaki K, Inoue T (2008) Microembolic signals at 48 hours after stroke onset contribute to new ischaemia within a week. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 79(3):253–259CrossRefPubMed Iguchi Y, Kimura K, Kobayashi K, Ueno Y, Shibazaki K, Inoue T (2008) Microembolic signals at 48 hours after stroke onset contribute to new ischaemia within a week. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 79(3):253–259CrossRefPubMed
5.
go back to reference (1995) Basic identification criteria of Doppler microembolic signals. Consensus committee of the ninth international cerebral hemodynamic symposium. Stroke 26(6):1123 (1995) Basic identification criteria of Doppler microembolic signals. Consensus committee of the ninth international cerebral hemodynamic symposium. Stroke 26(6):1123
6.
go back to reference Ringelstein EB, Droste DW, Babikian VL, Evans DH, Grosset DG, Kaps M, Markus HS, Russell D, Siebler M (1998) Consensus on microembolus detection by TCD. International consensus group on microembolus detection. Stroke 29(3):725–729PubMed Ringelstein EB, Droste DW, Babikian VL, Evans DH, Grosset DG, Kaps M, Markus HS, Russell D, Siebler M (1998) Consensus on microembolus detection by TCD. International consensus group on microembolus detection. Stroke 29(3):725–729PubMed
7.
go back to reference Markus H, Bland JM, Rose G, Sitzer M, Siebler M (1996) How good is intercenter agreement in the identification of embolic signals in carotid artery disease? Stroke 27(7):1249–1252PubMed Markus H, Bland JM, Rose G, Sitzer M, Siebler M (1996) How good is intercenter agreement in the identification of embolic signals in carotid artery disease? Stroke 27(7):1249–1252PubMed
8.
go back to reference Markus HS, Ackerstaff R, Babikian V, Bladin C, Droste D, Grosset D, Levi C, Russell D, Siebler M, Tegeler C (1997) Intercenter agreement in reading Doppler embolic signals. A multicenter international study. Stroke 28(7):1307–1310 Markus HS, Ackerstaff R, Babikian V, Bladin C, Droste D, Grosset D, Levi C, Russell D, Siebler M, Tegeler C (1997) Intercenter agreement in reading Doppler embolic signals. A multicenter international study. Stroke 28(7):1307–1310
9.
go back to reference Dittrich R, Ritter MA, Kaps M, Siebler M, Lees K, Larrue V, Nabavi DG, Ringelstein EB, Markus HS, Droste DW (2006) The use of embolic signal detection in multicenter trials to evaluate antiplatelet efficacy: signal analysis and quality control mechanisms in the CARESS (clopidogrel and aspirin for reduction of emboli in symptomatic carotid stenosis) trial. Stroke 37(4):1065–1069CrossRefPubMed Dittrich R, Ritter MA, Kaps M, Siebler M, Lees K, Larrue V, Nabavi DG, Ringelstein EB, Markus HS, Droste DW (2006) The use of embolic signal detection in multicenter trials to evaluate antiplatelet efficacy: signal analysis and quality control mechanisms in the CARESS (clopidogrel and aspirin for reduction of emboli in symptomatic carotid stenosis) trial. Stroke 37(4):1065–1069CrossRefPubMed
10.
go back to reference Valton L, Larrue V, Le Traon AP, Massabuau P, Géraud G (1998) Microembolic signals and risk of early recurrence in patients with stroke or transient ischemic attack. Stroke 29(10):2125–2128PubMed Valton L, Larrue V, Le Traon AP, Massabuau P, Géraud G (1998) Microembolic signals and risk of early recurrence in patients with stroke or transient ischemic attack. Stroke 29(10):2125–2128PubMed
11.
go back to reference Droste DW, Decker W, Siemens HJ, Kaps M, Schulte-Altedorneburg G (1996) Variability in occurrence of embolic signals in long term transcranial Doppler recordings. Neurol Res 18(1):25–30PubMed Droste DW, Decker W, Siemens HJ, Kaps M, Schulte-Altedorneburg G (1996) Variability in occurrence of embolic signals in long term transcranial Doppler recordings. Neurol Res 18(1):25–30PubMed
12.
go back to reference Telman G, Kouperberg E, Sprecher E, Goldsher D, Yarnitsky D (2005) Distribution of artificial cerebral microemboli in stroke patients with patent foramen ovale. Neurol Res 27(1):109–112CrossRefPubMed Telman G, Kouperberg E, Sprecher E, Goldsher D, Yarnitsky D (2005) Distribution of artificial cerebral microemboli in stroke patients with patent foramen ovale. Neurol Res 27(1):109–112CrossRefPubMed
13.
go back to reference Georgiadis D, Grosset DG, Kelman A, Faichney A, Lees KR (1994) Prevalence and characteristics of intracranial microemboli signals in patients with different types of prosthetic cardiac valves. Stroke 25(3):587–592PubMed Georgiadis D, Grosset DG, Kelman A, Faichney A, Lees KR (1994) Prevalence and characteristics of intracranial microemboli signals in patients with different types of prosthetic cardiac valves. Stroke 25(3):587–592PubMed
14.
go back to reference Tong DC, Albers GW (1995) Transcranial Doppler-detected microemboli in patients with acute stroke. Stroke 26(9):1588–1592PubMed Tong DC, Albers GW (1995) Transcranial Doppler-detected microemboli in patients with acute stroke. Stroke 26(9):1588–1592PubMed
15.
go back to reference Babikian VL, Wijman CA, Hyde C, Cantelmo NL, Winter MR, Baker E, Pochay V (1997) Cerebral microembolism and early recurrent cerebral or retinal ischemic events. Stroke 28(7):1314–1318PubMed Babikian VL, Wijman CA, Hyde C, Cantelmo NL, Winter MR, Baker E, Pochay V (1997) Cerebral microembolism and early recurrent cerebral or retinal ischemic events. Stroke 28(7):1314–1318PubMed
16.
go back to reference Forteza AM, Babikian VL, Hyde C, Winter M, Pochay V (1996) Effect of time and cerebrovascular symptoms of the prevalence of microembolic signals in patients with cervical carotid stenosis. Stroke 27(4):687–690PubMed Forteza AM, Babikian VL, Hyde C, Winter M, Pochay V (1996) Effect of time and cerebrovascular symptoms of the prevalence of microembolic signals in patients with cervical carotid stenosis. Stroke 27(4):687–690PubMed
17.
go back to reference Aronow HD, Shishehbor M, Davis DA, Katzan IL, Bhatt DL, Bajzer CT, Abou-Chebl A, Derk KW, Whitlow PL, Yadav JS (2005) Leukocyte count predicts microembolic Doppler signals during carotid stenting: a link between inflammation and embolization. Stroke 36(9):1910–1914CrossRefPubMed Aronow HD, Shishehbor M, Davis DA, Katzan IL, Bhatt DL, Bajzer CT, Abou-Chebl A, Derk KW, Whitlow PL, Yadav JS (2005) Leukocyte count predicts microembolic Doppler signals during carotid stenting: a link between inflammation and embolization. Stroke 36(9):1910–1914CrossRefPubMed
18.
go back to reference Stork JL, Levi CR, Chambers BR, Abbott AL, Donnan GA (2002) Possible determinants of early microembolism after carotid endarterectomy. Stroke 33(8):2082–2085CrossRefPubMed Stork JL, Levi CR, Chambers BR, Abbott AL, Donnan GA (2002) Possible determinants of early microembolism after carotid endarterectomy. Stroke 33(8):2082–2085CrossRefPubMed
19.
go back to reference Al-Mubarak N, Roubin GS, Vitek JJ, Iyer SS, New G, Leon MB (2001) Effect of the distal-balloon protection system on microembolization during carotid stenting. Circulation 104(17):1999–2002CrossRefPubMed Al-Mubarak N, Roubin GS, Vitek JJ, Iyer SS, New G, Leon MB (2001) Effect of the distal-balloon protection system on microembolization during carotid stenting. Circulation 104(17):1999–2002CrossRefPubMed
20.
go back to reference Poppert H, Wolf O, Resch M, Theiss W, Schmidt-Thieme T, Graefin von Einsiedel H, Heider P, Martinoff S, Sander D (2004) Differences in number, size and location of intracranial microembolic lesions after surgical versus endovascular treatment without protection device of carotid artery stenosis. J Neurol 251(10):1198–1203CrossRefPubMed Poppert H, Wolf O, Resch M, Theiss W, Schmidt-Thieme T, Graefin von Einsiedel H, Heider P, Martinoff S, Sander D (2004) Differences in number, size and location of intracranial microembolic lesions after surgical versus endovascular treatment without protection device of carotid artery stenosis. J Neurol 251(10):1198–1203CrossRefPubMed
21.
go back to reference Georgiadis D, Lindner A, Manz M, Sonntag M, Zunker P, Zerkowski HR, Borggrefe M (1997) Intracranial microembolic signals in 500 patients with potential cardiac or carotid embolic source and in normal controls. Stroke 28(6):1203–1207PubMed Georgiadis D, Lindner A, Manz M, Sonntag M, Zunker P, Zerkowski HR, Borggrefe M (1997) Intracranial microembolic signals in 500 patients with potential cardiac or carotid embolic source and in normal controls. Stroke 28(6):1203–1207PubMed
22.
go back to reference Sliwka U, Klötzsch C, Popescu O, Brandt K, Schmidt P, Berlit P, Noth J (1997) Do chronic middle cerebral artery stenoses represent an embolic focus? A multirange transcranial Doppler study. Stroke 28(7):1324–1327PubMed Sliwka U, Klötzsch C, Popescu O, Brandt K, Schmidt P, Berlit P, Noth J (1997) Do chronic middle cerebral artery stenoses represent an embolic focus? A multirange transcranial Doppler study. Stroke 28(7):1324–1327PubMed
23.
go back to reference Droste DW, Schlossberg R, Mitusch R, Kaps M (1998) Low frequency of clinically silent circulating emboli in patients with mitral valve prolapse or patent foramen ovale detected by bigated transcranial Doppler ultrasound. Neurol Res 20(6):499–503PubMed Droste DW, Schlossberg R, Mitusch R, Kaps M (1998) Low frequency of clinically silent circulating emboli in patients with mitral valve prolapse or patent foramen ovale detected by bigated transcranial Doppler ultrasound. Neurol Res 20(6):499–503PubMed
24.
go back to reference Nabavi DG, Allroggen A, Reinecke H, Schulte-Altedorneburg G, Droste DW, Breithardt G, Ringelstein EB (1999) Absence of circulating microemboli in patients with lone atrial fibrillation. Neurol Res 21(6):566–568PubMed Nabavi DG, Allroggen A, Reinecke H, Schulte-Altedorneburg G, Droste DW, Breithardt G, Ringelstein EB (1999) Absence of circulating microemboli in patients with lone atrial fibrillation. Neurol Res 21(6):566–568PubMed
Metadata
Title
Potential relevance of low-intensity microembolic signals by TCD monitoring
Authors
G. Telman
E. Sprecher
E. Kouperberg
Publication date
01-02-2011
Publisher
Springer Milan
Published in
Neurological Sciences / Issue 1/2011
Print ISSN: 1590-1874
Electronic ISSN: 1590-3478
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10072-010-0429-8

Other articles of this Issue 1/2011

Neurological Sciences 1/2011 Go to the issue