Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Journal of Translational Medicine 1/2011

Open Access 01-12-2011 | Review

Ozone acting on human blood yields a hormetic dose-response relationship

Authors: Velio A Bocci, Iacopo Zanardi, Valter Travagli

Published in: Journal of Translational Medicine | Issue 1/2011

Login to get access

Abstract

The aim of this paper is to analyze why ozone can be medically useful when it dissolves in blood or in other biological fluids. In reviewing a number of clinical studies performed in Peripheral Arterial Diseases (PAD) during the last decades, it has been possible to confirm the long-held view that the inverted U-shaped curve, typical of the hormesis concept, is suitable to represent the therapeutic activity exerted by the so-called ozonated autohemotherapy. The quantitative and qualitative aspects of human blood ozonation have been also critically reviewed in regard to the biological, therapeutic and safety of ozone. It is hoped that this gas, although toxic for the pulmonary system during prolonged inhalation, will be soon recognized as a useful agent in oxidative-stress related diseases, joining other medical gases recently thought to be of therapeutic importance. Finally, the elucidation of the mechanisms of action of ozone as well as the obtained results in PAD may encourage clinical scientists to evaluate ozone therapy in vascular diseases in comparison to the current therapies.
Appendix
Available only for authorised users
Literature
1.
go back to reference Xia L, Lenaghan SC, Zhang M, Zhang Z, Li Q: Naturally occurring nanoparticles from English ivy: an alternative to metal-based nanoparticles for UV protection. J Nanobiotechnology. 2010, 8: 12-10.1186/1477-3155-8-12.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Xia L, Lenaghan SC, Zhang M, Zhang Z, Li Q: Naturally occurring nanoparticles from English ivy: an alternative to metal-based nanoparticles for UV protection. J Nanobiotechnology. 2010, 8: 12-10.1186/1477-3155-8-12.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
2.
go back to reference Bell ML, McDermott A, Zeger SL, Samet JM, Dominici F: Ozone and short-term mortality in 95 US urban communities, 1987-2000. JAMA. 2004, 292 (19): 2372-2378. 10.1001/jama.292.19.2372.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Bell ML, McDermott A, Zeger SL, Samet JM, Dominici F: Ozone and short-term mortality in 95 US urban communities, 1987-2000. JAMA. 2004, 292 (19): 2372-2378. 10.1001/jama.292.19.2372.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
3.
go back to reference Jerrett M, Burnett RT, Pope CA, Ito K, Thurston G, Krewski D, Shi Y, Calle E, Thun M: Long-term ozone exposure and mortality. N Engl J Med. 2009, 360 (11): 1085-1095. 10.1056/NEJMoa0803894.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Jerrett M, Burnett RT, Pope CA, Ito K, Thurston G, Krewski D, Shi Y, Calle E, Thun M: Long-term ozone exposure and mortality. N Engl J Med. 2009, 360 (11): 1085-1095. 10.1056/NEJMoa0803894.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
4.
go back to reference Bocci V, Borrelli E, Travagli V, Zanardi I: The ozone paradox: ozone is a strong oxidant as well as a medical drug. Med Res Rev. 2009, 29 (4): 646-682. 10.1002/med.20150.CrossRefPubMed Bocci V, Borrelli E, Travagli V, Zanardi I: The ozone paradox: ozone is a strong oxidant as well as a medical drug. Med Res Rev. 2009, 29 (4): 646-682. 10.1002/med.20150.CrossRefPubMed
5.
go back to reference Bocci V, Di Paolo N: Oxygen-ozone therapy in medicine: an update. Blood Purif. 2009, 28 (4): 373-376. 10.1159/000236365.CrossRefPubMed Bocci V, Di Paolo N: Oxygen-ozone therapy in medicine: an update. Blood Purif. 2009, 28 (4): 373-376. 10.1159/000236365.CrossRefPubMed
6.
go back to reference Guven A, Gundogdu G, Vurucu S, Uysal B, Oztas E, Ozturk H, Korkmaz A: Medical ozone therapy reduces oxidative stress and intestinal damage in an experimental model of necrotizing enterocolitis in neonatal rats. J Pediatr Surg. 2009, 44 (9): 1730-1735. 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2009.01.007.CrossRefPubMed Guven A, Gundogdu G, Vurucu S, Uysal B, Oztas E, Ozturk H, Korkmaz A: Medical ozone therapy reduces oxidative stress and intestinal damage in an experimental model of necrotizing enterocolitis in neonatal rats. J Pediatr Surg. 2009, 44 (9): 1730-1735. 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2009.01.007.CrossRefPubMed
7.
go back to reference Morsy MD, Hassan WN, Zalat SI: Improvement of renal oxidative stress markers after ozone administration in diabetic nephropathy in rats. Diabetol Metab Syndr. 2010, 13 (2(1)): 29-CrossRef Morsy MD, Hassan WN, Zalat SI: Improvement of renal oxidative stress markers after ozone administration in diabetic nephropathy in rats. Diabetol Metab Syndr. 2010, 13 (2(1)): 29-CrossRef
8.
go back to reference Steppan J, Meaders T, Muto M, Murphy KJ: A metaanalysis of the effectiveness and safety of ozone treatments for herniated lumbar discs. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2010, 21 (4): 534-548. 10.1016/j.jvir.2009.12.393.CrossRefPubMed Steppan J, Meaders T, Muto M, Murphy KJ: A metaanalysis of the effectiveness and safety of ozone treatments for herniated lumbar discs. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2010, 21 (4): 534-548. 10.1016/j.jvir.2009.12.393.CrossRefPubMed
9.
go back to reference Demirbag S, Uysal B, Guven A, Cayci T, Ozler M, Ozcan A, Kaldirim U, Surer I, Korkmaz A: Effects of medical ozone therapy on acetaminophen-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Ren Fail. 2010, 32 (4): 493-497. 10.3109/08860221003646352.CrossRefPubMed Demirbag S, Uysal B, Guven A, Cayci T, Ozler M, Ozcan A, Kaldirim U, Surer I, Korkmaz A: Effects of medical ozone therapy on acetaminophen-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Ren Fail. 2010, 32 (4): 493-497. 10.3109/08860221003646352.CrossRefPubMed
10.
go back to reference Uysal B, Yasar M, Ersoz N, Coskun O, Kilic A, Cayc T, Kurt B, Oter S, Korkmaz A, Guven A: Efficacy of hyperbaric oxygen therapy and medical ozone therapy in experimental acute necrotizing pancreatitis. Pancreas. 2010, 39 (1): 9-15. 10.1097/MPA.0b013e3181bb5ae3.CrossRefPubMed Uysal B, Yasar M, Ersoz N, Coskun O, Kilic A, Cayc T, Kurt B, Oter S, Korkmaz A, Guven A: Efficacy of hyperbaric oxygen therapy and medical ozone therapy in experimental acute necrotizing pancreatitis. Pancreas. 2010, 39 (1): 9-15. 10.1097/MPA.0b013e3181bb5ae3.CrossRefPubMed
11.
go back to reference Di Filippo C, Luongo M, Marfella R, Ferraraccio F, Lettieri B, Capuano A, Rossi F, D'Amico M: Oxygen/ozone protects the heart from acute myocardial infarction through local increase of eNOS activity and endothelial progenitor cells recruitment. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 2010, 382 (3): 287-291. 10.1007/s00210-010-0545-2.CrossRefPubMed Di Filippo C, Luongo M, Marfella R, Ferraraccio F, Lettieri B, Capuano A, Rossi F, D'Amico M: Oxygen/ozone protects the heart from acute myocardial infarction through local increase of eNOS activity and endothelial progenitor cells recruitment. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 2010, 382 (3): 287-291. 10.1007/s00210-010-0545-2.CrossRefPubMed
12.
go back to reference Timbrell J: The poison paradox: chemicals as friends and foes. 2005, New York: Oxford University Press Timbrell J: The poison paradox: chemicals as friends and foes. 2005, New York: Oxford University Press
13.
go back to reference Olivieri G, Bodycote J, Wolff S: Adaptive response of human lymphocytes to low concentrations of radioactive thymidine. Science. 1984, 223 (4636): 594-597. 10.1126/science.6695170.CrossRefPubMed Olivieri G, Bodycote J, Wolff S: Adaptive response of human lymphocytes to low concentrations of radioactive thymidine. Science. 1984, 223 (4636): 594-597. 10.1126/science.6695170.CrossRefPubMed
14.
go back to reference Wolff S: Aspects of the adaptive response to very low doses of radiation and other agents. Mutat Res. 1996, 358 (2): 135-142.CrossRefPubMed Wolff S: Aspects of the adaptive response to very low doses of radiation and other agents. Mutat Res. 1996, 358 (2): 135-142.CrossRefPubMed
15.
go back to reference Goldman M: Cancer risk of low-level exposure. Science. 1996, 271 (5257): 1821-1822. 10.1126/science.271.5257.1821.CrossRefPubMed Goldman M: Cancer risk of low-level exposure. Science. 1996, 271 (5257): 1821-1822. 10.1126/science.271.5257.1821.CrossRefPubMed
16.
go back to reference Calabrese EJ, Baldwin LA: A general classification of U-shaped dose-response relationships in toxicology and their mechanistic foundations. Hum Exp Toxicol. 1998, 17 (7): 353-364. 10.1191/096032798678908918.CrossRefPubMed Calabrese EJ, Baldwin LA: A general classification of U-shaped dose-response relationships in toxicology and their mechanistic foundations. Hum Exp Toxicol. 1998, 17 (7): 353-364. 10.1191/096032798678908918.CrossRefPubMed
17.
go back to reference Calabrese EJ, Baldwin LA: Defining hormesis. Hum Exp Toxicol. 2002, 21 (2): 91-97. 10.1191/0960327102ht217oa.CrossRefPubMed Calabrese EJ, Baldwin LA: Defining hormesis. Hum Exp Toxicol. 2002, 21 (2): 91-97. 10.1191/0960327102ht217oa.CrossRefPubMed
18.
go back to reference Calabrese EJ: Hormesis: principles and applications for pharmacology and toxicology. Am J Pharm Toxicol. 2008, 3 (1): 56-68. Calabrese EJ: Hormesis: principles and applications for pharmacology and toxicology. Am J Pharm Toxicol. 2008, 3 (1): 56-68.
19.
go back to reference Calabrese EJ: Hormesis is central to toxicology, pharmacology and risk assessment. Hum Exp Toxicol. 2010, 29 (4): 249-261.CrossRefPubMed Calabrese EJ: Hormesis is central to toxicology, pharmacology and risk assessment. Hum Exp Toxicol. 2010, 29 (4): 249-261.CrossRefPubMed
20.
go back to reference Bocci V: Oxygen-Ozone Therapy: A Critical Evaluation. 2002, Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic PublisherCrossRef Bocci V: Oxygen-Ozone Therapy: A Critical Evaluation. 2002, Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic PublisherCrossRef
21.
go back to reference Bocci V: Is it true that ozone is always toxic? The end of a dogma. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2006, 216 (3): 493-504. 10.1016/j.taap.2006.06.009.CrossRefPubMed Bocci V: Is it true that ozone is always toxic? The end of a dogma. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2006, 216 (3): 493-504. 10.1016/j.taap.2006.06.009.CrossRefPubMed
22.
go back to reference Bocci V: The case for oxygen-ozonetherapy. Br J Biomed Sci. 2007, 64 (1): 44-49.PubMed Bocci V: The case for oxygen-ozonetherapy. Br J Biomed Sci. 2007, 64 (1): 44-49.PubMed
23.
go back to reference Re L: La terapia con ossigeno-ozono o ozormesi: recenti acquisizioni scientifiche. Medici & Medici. 2008, 16: 18-20. Re L: La terapia con ossigeno-ozono o ozormesi: recenti acquisizioni scientifiche. Medici & Medici. 2008, 16: 18-20.
24.
go back to reference Horvath M, Bilitzky L, Huttner J: Ozone. 1985, New York: Elsevier Horvath M, Bilitzky L, Huttner J: Ozone. 1985, New York: Elsevier
25.
go back to reference Wolff HH: Das medizinische Ozon. Theoretische Grundlagen, therapeutische Anwendungen. 1998, Heidelberg: Verlag für Medizin Fischer Wolff HH: Das medizinische Ozon. Theoretische Grundlagen, therapeutische Anwendungen. 1998, Heidelberg: Verlag für Medizin Fischer
26.
go back to reference Bocci V: Ozone. A new medical drug. 2011, Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer Bocci V: Ozone. A new medical drug. 2011, Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer
27.
go back to reference Aldini G, Gamberoni L, Orioli M, Beretta G, Regazzoni L, Maffei Facino R, Carini M: Mass spectrometric characterization of covalent modification of human serum albumin by 4-hydroxy-trans-2-nonenal. J Mass Spectrom. 2006, 41 (9): 1149-1161. 10.1002/jms.1067.CrossRefPubMed Aldini G, Gamberoni L, Orioli M, Beretta G, Regazzoni L, Maffei Facino R, Carini M: Mass spectrometric characterization of covalent modification of human serum albumin by 4-hydroxy-trans-2-nonenal. J Mass Spectrom. 2006, 41 (9): 1149-1161. 10.1002/jms.1067.CrossRefPubMed
28.
go back to reference Aldini G, Vistoli G, Regazzoni L, Gamberoni L, Facino RM, Yamaguchi S, Uchida K, Carini M: Albumin is the main nucleophilic target of human plasma: a protective role against pro-atherogenic electrophilic reactive carbonyl species?. Chem Res Toxicol. 2008, 21 (4): 824-835. 10.1021/tx700349r.CrossRefPubMed Aldini G, Vistoli G, Regazzoni L, Gamberoni L, Facino RM, Yamaguchi S, Uchida K, Carini M: Albumin is the main nucleophilic target of human plasma: a protective role against pro-atherogenic electrophilic reactive carbonyl species?. Chem Res Toxicol. 2008, 21 (4): 824-835. 10.1021/tx700349r.CrossRefPubMed
29.
go back to reference Bocci V: Scientific and medical aspects of ozone therapy. State of the art. Arch Med Res. 2006, 37 (4): 425-435. 10.1016/j.arcmed.2005.08.006.CrossRefPubMed Bocci V: Scientific and medical aspects of ozone therapy. State of the art. Arch Med Res. 2006, 37 (4): 425-435. 10.1016/j.arcmed.2005.08.006.CrossRefPubMed
30.
go back to reference Shinriki N, Suzuki T, Takama K, Fukunaga K, Ohgiya S, Kubota K, Miura T: Susceptibilities of plasma antioxidants and erythrocyte constituents to low levels of ozone. Haematologia (Budap). 1998, 29 (3): 229-239. Shinriki N, Suzuki T, Takama K, Fukunaga K, Ohgiya S, Kubota K, Miura T: Susceptibilities of plasma antioxidants and erythrocyte constituents to low levels of ozone. Haematologia (Budap). 1998, 29 (3): 229-239.
31.
go back to reference Poli G, Schaur RJ, Siems WG, Leonarduzzi G: 4-Hydroxynonenal: A membrane lipid oxidation product of medicinal interest. Med Res Rev. 2008, 28 (4): 569-631. 10.1002/med.20117.CrossRefPubMed Poli G, Schaur RJ, Siems WG, Leonarduzzi G: 4-Hydroxynonenal: A membrane lipid oxidation product of medicinal interest. Med Res Rev. 2008, 28 (4): 569-631. 10.1002/med.20117.CrossRefPubMed
32.
go back to reference Guichardant M, Bacot S, Molière P, Lagarde M: Hydroxy-alkenals from the peroxidation of n-3 and n-6 fatty acids and urinary metabolites. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2006, 75 (3): 179-182. 10.1016/j.plefa.2006.05.006.CrossRefPubMed Guichardant M, Bacot S, Molière P, Lagarde M: Hydroxy-alkenals from the peroxidation of n-3 and n-6 fatty acids and urinary metabolites. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2006, 75 (3): 179-182. 10.1016/j.plefa.2006.05.006.CrossRefPubMed
33.
go back to reference Long EK, Picklo MJ: Trans-4-hydroxy-2-hexenal, a product of n-3 fatty acid peroxidation: Make some room HNE... Free Radic Biol Med. 2010, 49 (1): 1-8. 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2010.03.015.CrossRefPubMed Long EK, Picklo MJ: Trans-4-hydroxy-2-hexenal, a product of n-3 fatty acid peroxidation: Make some room HNE... Free Radic Biol Med. 2010, 49 (1): 1-8. 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2010.03.015.CrossRefPubMed
34.
go back to reference Bocci V, Valacchi G, Corradeschi F, Fanetti G: Studies on the biological effects of ozone: 8. Effects on the total antioxidant status and on interleukin-8 production. Mediators Inflamm. 1998, 7 (5): 313-317. 10.1080/09629359890820.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Bocci V, Valacchi G, Corradeschi F, Fanetti G: Studies on the biological effects of ozone: 8. Effects on the total antioxidant status and on interleukin-8 production. Mediators Inflamm. 1998, 7 (5): 313-317. 10.1080/09629359890820.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
35.
go back to reference Valacchi G, Bocci V: Studies on the biological effects of ozone: 11. Release of factors from human endothelial cells. Mediators Inflamm. 2000, 9 (6): 271-276. 10.1080/09629350020027573.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Valacchi G, Bocci V: Studies on the biological effects of ozone: 11. Release of factors from human endothelial cells. Mediators Inflamm. 2000, 9 (6): 271-276. 10.1080/09629350020027573.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
36.
go back to reference Antunes F, Cadenas E: Estimation of H2O2 gradients across biomembranes. FEBS Lett. 2000, 475 (2): 121-126. 10.1016/S0014-5793(00)01638-0.CrossRefPubMed Antunes F, Cadenas E: Estimation of H2O2 gradients across biomembranes. FEBS Lett. 2000, 475 (2): 121-126. 10.1016/S0014-5793(00)01638-0.CrossRefPubMed
37.
go back to reference Stone JR, Collins T: The role of hydrogen peroxide in endothelial proliferative responses. Endothelium. 2002, 9 (4): 231-238. 10.1080/10623320214733.CrossRefPubMed Stone JR, Collins T: The role of hydrogen peroxide in endothelial proliferative responses. Endothelium. 2002, 9 (4): 231-238. 10.1080/10623320214733.CrossRefPubMed
38.
go back to reference Bocci V, Aldinucci C: Biochemical modifications induced in human blood by oxygenation-ozonation. J Biochem Mol Toxicol. 2006, 20 (3): 133-138. 10.1002/jbt.20124.CrossRefPubMed Bocci V, Aldinucci C: Biochemical modifications induced in human blood by oxygenation-ozonation. J Biochem Mol Toxicol. 2006, 20 (3): 133-138. 10.1002/jbt.20124.CrossRefPubMed
39.
go back to reference Stone JR, Yang S: Hydrogen peroxide: A signaling messenger. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2006, 8 (3-4): 243-70. 10.1089/ars.2006.8.243.CrossRefPubMed Stone JR, Yang S: Hydrogen peroxide: A signaling messenger. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2006, 8 (3-4): 243-70. 10.1089/ars.2006.8.243.CrossRefPubMed
40.
go back to reference Mendiratta S, Qu ZC, May JM: Erythrocyte ascorbate recycling: Antioxidant effects in blood. Free Radic Biol Med. 1998, 24 (5): 789-797. 10.1016/S0891-5849(97)00351-1.CrossRefPubMed Mendiratta S, Qu ZC, May JM: Erythrocyte ascorbate recycling: Antioxidant effects in blood. Free Radic Biol Med. 1998, 24 (5): 789-797. 10.1016/S0891-5849(97)00351-1.CrossRefPubMed
41.
go back to reference Bocci V, Luzzi E, Corradeschi F, Paulesu L, Rossi R, Cardaioli E, Di Simplicio P: Studies on the biological effects of ozone: 4. Cytokine production and glutathione levels in human erythrocytes. J Biol Regul Homeost Agents. 1993, 7 (4): 133-138.PubMed Bocci V, Luzzi E, Corradeschi F, Paulesu L, Rossi R, Cardaioli E, Di Simplicio P: Studies on the biological effects of ozone: 4. Cytokine production and glutathione levels in human erythrocytes. J Biol Regul Homeost Agents. 1993, 7 (4): 133-138.PubMed
42.
go back to reference Packer L, Roy S, Sen CK: Alpha-lipoic acid: A metabolic antioxidant and potential redox modulator of transcription. Adv Pharmacol. 1997, 38: 79-101.CrossRefPubMed Packer L, Roy S, Sen CK: Alpha-lipoic acid: A metabolic antioxidant and potential redox modulator of transcription. Adv Pharmacol. 1997, 38: 79-101.CrossRefPubMed
43.
go back to reference Rokitanski O, Rokitanski A, Steiner J, Trubel W, Viebahn R, Washüttl J: Die ozontherapie bei peripheren, arteriellen Durchblutungs-strörugen; klinik, biochemische und blutgasanalytische untersuchungen. Wasser IOA. 1981, Ozon-Weltkongress: Berlin, 53-75. Rokitanski O, Rokitanski A, Steiner J, Trubel W, Viebahn R, Washüttl J: Die ozontherapie bei peripheren, arteriellen Durchblutungs-strörugen; klinik, biochemische und blutgasanalytische untersuchungen. Wasser IOA. 1981, Ozon-Weltkongress: Berlin, 53-75.
44.
go back to reference Bocci V, Larini A, Micheli V: Restoration of normoxia by ozone therapy may control neoplastic growth: a review and a working hypothesis. J Altern Complement Med. 2005, 11 (2): 257-265. 10.1089/acm.2005.11.257.CrossRefPubMed Bocci V, Larini A, Micheli V: Restoration of normoxia by ozone therapy may control neoplastic growth: a review and a working hypothesis. J Altern Complement Med. 2005, 11 (2): 257-265. 10.1089/acm.2005.11.257.CrossRefPubMed
45.
go back to reference Babior BM, Takeuchi C, Ruedi J, Gutierrez A, Wentworth P: Investigating antibody-catalyzed ozone generation by human neutrophils. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2003, 100 (6): 3031-3034. 10.1073/pnas.0530251100.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Babior BM, Takeuchi C, Ruedi J, Gutierrez A, Wentworth P: Investigating antibody-catalyzed ozone generation by human neutrophils. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2003, 100 (6): 3031-3034. 10.1073/pnas.0530251100.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
46.
go back to reference Shin HW, Umber BJ, Meinardi S, Leu SY, Zaldivar F, Blake DR, Cooper DM: Acetaldehyde and hexanaldehyde from cultured white cells. J Transl Med. 2009, 7: 31-10.1186/1479-5876-7-31.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Shin HW, Umber BJ, Meinardi S, Leu SY, Zaldivar F, Blake DR, Cooper DM: Acetaldehyde and hexanaldehyde from cultured white cells. J Transl Med. 2009, 7: 31-10.1186/1479-5876-7-31.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
47.
go back to reference Volkhovskaya NB, Tkachenko SB, Belopolsky AA: Modulation of phagocytic activity of blood polynuclear leukocytes with ozonized physiological saline. Bull Exp Biol Med. 2008, 146 (5): 559-561. 10.1007/s10517-009-0340-6.CrossRefPubMed Volkhovskaya NB, Tkachenko SB, Belopolsky AA: Modulation of phagocytic activity of blood polynuclear leukocytes with ozonized physiological saline. Bull Exp Biol Med. 2008, 146 (5): 559-561. 10.1007/s10517-009-0340-6.CrossRefPubMed
48.
go back to reference Sen R, Baltimore D: Inducibility of kappa immunoglobulin enhancer-binding protein Nf-kappa B by a posttranslational mechanism. Cell. 1986, 47 (6): 921-928. 10.1016/0092-8674(86)90807-X.CrossRefPubMed Sen R, Baltimore D: Inducibility of kappa immunoglobulin enhancer-binding protein Nf-kappa B by a posttranslational mechanism. Cell. 1986, 47 (6): 921-928. 10.1016/0092-8674(86)90807-X.CrossRefPubMed
49.
go back to reference Baeuerle PA, Henkel T: Function and activation of NF-kappa B in the immune system. Annu Rev Immunol. 1994, 12: 141-79. 10.1146/annurev.iy.12.040194.001041.CrossRefPubMed Baeuerle PA, Henkel T: Function and activation of NF-kappa B in the immune system. Annu Rev Immunol. 1994, 12: 141-79. 10.1146/annurev.iy.12.040194.001041.CrossRefPubMed
50.
go back to reference Bocci V, Paulesu L: Studies on the biological effects of ozone 1. Induction of interferon gamma on human leucocytes. Haematologica. 1990, 75 (6): 510-515.PubMed Bocci V, Paulesu L: Studies on the biological effects of ozone 1. Induction of interferon gamma on human leucocytes. Haematologica. 1990, 75 (6): 510-515.PubMed
51.
go back to reference Burgassi S, Zanardi I, Travagli V, Montomoli E, Bocci V: How much ozone bactericidal activity is compromised by plasma components?. J Appl Microbiol. 2009, 106 (5): 1715-1721. 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2008.04141.x.CrossRefPubMed Burgassi S, Zanardi I, Travagli V, Montomoli E, Bocci V: How much ozone bactericidal activity is compromised by plasma components?. J Appl Microbiol. 2009, 106 (5): 1715-1721. 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2008.04141.x.CrossRefPubMed
52.
go back to reference Valacchi G, Bocci V: Studies on the biological effects of ozone: 10. Release of factors from ozonated human platelets. Mediators Inflamm. 1999, 8 (4-5): 205-9. 10.1080/09629359990360.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Valacchi G, Bocci V: Studies on the biological effects of ozone: 10. Release of factors from ozonated human platelets. Mediators Inflamm. 1999, 8 (4-5): 205-9. 10.1080/09629359990360.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
53.
go back to reference Petersen DR, Doorn JA: Reactions of 4-hydroxynonenal with proteins and cellular targets. Free Radic Biol Med. 2004, 37 (7): 937-945. 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2004.06.012.CrossRefPubMed Petersen DR, Doorn JA: Reactions of 4-hydroxynonenal with proteins and cellular targets. Free Radic Biol Med. 2004, 37 (7): 937-945. 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2004.06.012.CrossRefPubMed
54.
go back to reference Bocci V, Valacchi G, Corradeschi F, Aldinucci C, Silvestri S, Paccagnini E, Gerli R: Studies on the biological effects of ozone: 7. Generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) after exposure of human blood to ozone. J Biol Regul Homeost Agents. 1998, 12 (3): 67-75.PubMed Bocci V, Valacchi G, Corradeschi F, Aldinucci C, Silvestri S, Paccagnini E, Gerli R: Studies on the biological effects of ozone: 7. Generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) after exposure of human blood to ozone. J Biol Regul Homeost Agents. 1998, 12 (3): 67-75.PubMed
55.
go back to reference Siems W, Grune T: Intracellular metabolism of 4-hydroxynonenal. Mol Aspects Med. 2003, 24 (4-5): 167-175. 10.1016/S0098-2997(03)00011-6.CrossRefPubMed Siems W, Grune T: Intracellular metabolism of 4-hydroxynonenal. Mol Aspects Med. 2003, 24 (4-5): 167-175. 10.1016/S0098-2997(03)00011-6.CrossRefPubMed
56.
go back to reference Awasthi YC, Ansari GA, Awasthi S: Regulation of 4-hydroxynonenal mediated signaling by glutathione S-transferase. Methods Enzymol. 2005, 401: 379-407.CrossRefPubMed Awasthi YC, Ansari GA, Awasthi S: Regulation of 4-hydroxynonenal mediated signaling by glutathione S-transferase. Methods Enzymol. 2005, 401: 379-407.CrossRefPubMed
57.
go back to reference Petras T, Siems W, Grune T: 4-Hydroxynonenal is degraded to mercapturic acid conjugate in rat kidney. Free Radic Biol Med. 1995, 19 (5): 685-688. 10.1016/0891-5849(95)00060-B.CrossRefPubMed Petras T, Siems W, Grune T: 4-Hydroxynonenal is degraded to mercapturic acid conjugate in rat kidney. Free Radic Biol Med. 1995, 19 (5): 685-688. 10.1016/0891-5849(95)00060-B.CrossRefPubMed
58.
go back to reference Alary J, Geuraud F, Cravedi JP: Fate of 4-hydroxynonenal in vivo: Disposition and metabolic pathways. Mol Aspects Med. 2003, 24 (4-5): 177-187. 10.1016/S0098-2997(03)00012-8.CrossRefPubMed Alary J, Geuraud F, Cravedi JP: Fate of 4-hydroxynonenal in vivo: Disposition and metabolic pathways. Mol Aspects Med. 2003, 24 (4-5): 177-187. 10.1016/S0098-2997(03)00012-8.CrossRefPubMed
59.
go back to reference Jardines D, Correa T, Ledea O, Zamora Z, Rosado A, Molerio J: Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry profile of urinary organic acids of Wistar rats orally treated with ozonized unsaturated triglycerides and ozonized sunflower oil. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2003, 783 (2): 517-525. 10.1016/S1570-0232(02)00707-9.CrossRefPubMed Jardines D, Correa T, Ledea O, Zamora Z, Rosado A, Molerio J: Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry profile of urinary organic acids of Wistar rats orally treated with ozonized unsaturated triglycerides and ozonized sunflower oil. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2003, 783 (2): 517-525. 10.1016/S1570-0232(02)00707-9.CrossRefPubMed
60.
go back to reference Bocci V: Does ozone therapy normalize the cellular redox balance? Implications for therapy of human immunodeficiency virus infection and several other diseases. Med Hypotheses. 1996, 46 (2): 150-154. 10.1016/S0306-9877(96)90016-X.CrossRefPubMed Bocci V: Does ozone therapy normalize the cellular redox balance? Implications for therapy of human immunodeficiency virus infection and several other diseases. Med Hypotheses. 1996, 46 (2): 150-154. 10.1016/S0306-9877(96)90016-X.CrossRefPubMed
61.
go back to reference Takahashi K, Hara E, Ogawa K, Kimura D, Fujita H, Shibahara S: Possible implications of the induction of human heme oxygenase-1 by nitric oxide donors. J Biochem. 1997, 121 (6): 1162-1168.CrossRefPubMed Takahashi K, Hara E, Ogawa K, Kimura D, Fujita H, Shibahara S: Possible implications of the induction of human heme oxygenase-1 by nitric oxide donors. J Biochem. 1997, 121 (6): 1162-1168.CrossRefPubMed
62.
go back to reference Dianzani MU: 4-Hydroxynonenal and cell signalling. Free Radic Res. 1998, 28 (6): 553-560. 10.3109/10715769809065811.CrossRefPubMed Dianzani MU: 4-Hydroxynonenal and cell signalling. Free Radic Res. 1998, 28 (6): 553-560. 10.3109/10715769809065811.CrossRefPubMed
63.
go back to reference Lin F, Josephs SF, Alexandrescu DT, Ramos F, Bogin V, Gammill V, Dasanu CA, De Necochea-Campion R, Patel AN, Carrier E, Koos DR: Lasers, stem cells, and COPD. J Transl Med. 2010, 8: 16-10.1186/1479-5876-8-16.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Lin F, Josephs SF, Alexandrescu DT, Ramos F, Bogin V, Gammill V, Dasanu CA, De Necochea-Campion R, Patel AN, Carrier E, Koos DR: Lasers, stem cells, and COPD. J Transl Med. 2010, 8: 16-10.1186/1479-5876-8-16.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
64.
go back to reference Bocci V, Aldinucci C, Mosci F, Carraro F, Valacchi G: Ozonation of human blood induces a remarkable upregulation of heme oxygenase-1 and heat stress protein-70. Mediators Inflamm. 2007, 2007: 26785-PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Bocci V, Aldinucci C, Mosci F, Carraro F, Valacchi G: Ozonation of human blood induces a remarkable upregulation of heme oxygenase-1 and heat stress protein-70. Mediators Inflamm. 2007, 2007: 26785-PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
65.
go back to reference Chaudhary P, Sharma R, Sharma A, Vatsyayan R, Yadav S, Singhal SS, Rauniyar N, Prokai L, Awasthi S, Awasthi YC: Mechanisms of 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal induced pro- and anti-apoptotic signaling. Biochemistry. 2010, 49 (29): 6263-6275.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Chaudhary P, Sharma R, Sharma A, Vatsyayan R, Yadav S, Singhal SS, Rauniyar N, Prokai L, Awasthi S, Awasthi YC: Mechanisms of 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal induced pro- and anti-apoptotic signaling. Biochemistry. 2010, 49 (29): 6263-6275.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
66.
go back to reference Taha H, Skrzypek K, Guevara I, Nigisch A, Mustafa S, Grochot-Przeczek A, Ferdek P, Was H, Kotlinowski J, Kozakowska M, Balcerczyk A, Muchova L, Vitek L, Weigel G, Dulak J, Jozkowicz A: Role of heme oxygenase-1 in human endothelial cells: lesson from the promoter allelic variants. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2010, 30 (8): 1634-1641. 10.1161/ATVBAHA.110.207316.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Taha H, Skrzypek K, Guevara I, Nigisch A, Mustafa S, Grochot-Przeczek A, Ferdek P, Was H, Kotlinowski J, Kozakowska M, Balcerczyk A, Muchova L, Vitek L, Weigel G, Dulak J, Jozkowicz A: Role of heme oxygenase-1 in human endothelial cells: lesson from the promoter allelic variants. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2010, 30 (8): 1634-1641. 10.1161/ATVBAHA.110.207316.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
67.
go back to reference Wang R: Two's company, three's a crowd: can H2S be the third endogenous gaseous transmitter?. FASEB J. 2002, 16 (13): 1792-1798. 10.1096/fj.02-0211hyp.CrossRefPubMed Wang R: Two's company, three's a crowd: can H2S be the third endogenous gaseous transmitter?. FASEB J. 2002, 16 (13): 1792-1798. 10.1096/fj.02-0211hyp.CrossRefPubMed
68.
69.
go back to reference Calabrese EJ, Stanek EJ, Nascarella MA, Hoffmann GR: Hormesis predicts low-dose responses better than threshold models. Int J Toxicol. 2008, 27 (5): 369-378. 10.1080/10915810802503735.CrossRefPubMed Calabrese EJ, Stanek EJ, Nascarella MA, Hoffmann GR: Hormesis predicts low-dose responses better than threshold models. Int J Toxicol. 2008, 27 (5): 369-378. 10.1080/10915810802503735.CrossRefPubMed
70.
go back to reference Bocci V, Zanardi I, Travagli V: Potentiality of oxygen-ozone therapy to improve the health of aging people. Curr Aging Sci. 2010, 3 (3): 177-187. 10.2174/1874609811003030177.CrossRefPubMed Bocci V, Zanardi I, Travagli V: Potentiality of oxygen-ozone therapy to improve the health of aging people. Curr Aging Sci. 2010, 3 (3): 177-187. 10.2174/1874609811003030177.CrossRefPubMed
71.
go back to reference Michaud K, Matheson K, Kelly O, Anisman H: Impact of stressors in a natural context on release of cortisol in healthy adult humans: a meta-analysis. Stress. 2008, 11 (3): 177-197. 10.1080/10253890701727874.CrossRefPubMed Michaud K, Matheson K, Kelly O, Anisman H: Impact of stressors in a natural context on release of cortisol in healthy adult humans: a meta-analysis. Stress. 2008, 11 (3): 177-197. 10.1080/10253890701727874.CrossRefPubMed
72.
go back to reference Viru A, Tendzegolskis Z: Plasma endorphin species during dynamic exercise in humans. Clin Physiol. 1995, 15 (1): 73-79.CrossRefPubMed Viru A, Tendzegolskis Z: Plasma endorphin species during dynamic exercise in humans. Clin Physiol. 1995, 15 (1): 73-79.CrossRefPubMed
73.
go back to reference Travagli V, Zanardi I, Silvietti A, Bocci V: A physicochemical investigation on the effects of ozone on blood. Int J Biol Macromol. 2007, 41 (5): 504-511. 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2007.06.010.CrossRefPubMed Travagli V, Zanardi I, Silvietti A, Bocci V: A physicochemical investigation on the effects of ozone on blood. Int J Biol Macromol. 2007, 41 (5): 504-511. 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2007.06.010.CrossRefPubMed
74.
go back to reference Travagli V, Zanardi I, Bernini P, Nepi S, Tenori L, Bocci V: Effects of ozone blood treatment on the metabolite profile of human blood. Int J Toxicol. 2010, 29 (2): 165-174. 10.1177/1091581809360069.CrossRefPubMed Travagli V, Zanardi I, Bernini P, Nepi S, Tenori L, Bocci V: Effects of ozone blood treatment on the metabolite profile of human blood. Int J Toxicol. 2010, 29 (2): 165-174. 10.1177/1091581809360069.CrossRefPubMed
75.
go back to reference Hunter PE, Krithayakiern V: Effect of gamma radiation upon life expectancy and reproduction in the house cricket, Acheta domesticus (Orthoptera: Gryllidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. America. 1971, 64: 119-123.CrossRef Hunter PE, Krithayakiern V: Effect of gamma radiation upon life expectancy and reproduction in the house cricket, Acheta domesticus (Orthoptera: Gryllidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. America. 1971, 64: 119-123.CrossRef
76.
go back to reference Meng Z: Effects of arsenic on DNA synthesis in human lymphocytes. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 1993, 25 (4): 525-528.CrossRefPubMed Meng Z: Effects of arsenic on DNA synthesis in human lymphocytes. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 1993, 25 (4): 525-528.CrossRefPubMed
77.
go back to reference Tang L, Mamotte CD, Van Bockxmeer FM, Taylor RR: The effect of homocysteine on DNA synthesis in cultured human vascular smooth muscle. Atherosclerosis. 1998, 136 (1): 169-173. 10.1016/S0021-9150(97)00208-6.CrossRefPubMed Tang L, Mamotte CD, Van Bockxmeer FM, Taylor RR: The effect of homocysteine on DNA synthesis in cultured human vascular smooth muscle. Atherosclerosis. 1998, 136 (1): 169-173. 10.1016/S0021-9150(97)00208-6.CrossRefPubMed
78.
go back to reference Rattan SIS, Demirovic D: Hormesis and aging. Hormesis: A Revolution in Biology, Toxicology and Medicine. Edited by: Mattson MP and Calabrese E. Totowa NJ. 2010, Humana Press, Springer Science and Business Media, 153-175.CrossRef Rattan SIS, Demirovic D: Hormesis and aging. Hormesis: A Revolution in Biology, Toxicology and Medicine. Edited by: Mattson MP and Calabrese E. Totowa NJ. 2010, Humana Press, Springer Science and Business Media, 153-175.CrossRef
79.
go back to reference Re R, Pellegrini N, Proteggente A, Pannala A, Yang M, Rice-Evans C: Antioxidant activity applying an improved ABTS radical cation decolorization assay. Free Radic Biol Med. 1999, 26 (9-10): 1231-1237. 10.1016/S0891-5849(98)00315-3.CrossRefPubMed Re R, Pellegrini N, Proteggente A, Pannala A, Yang M, Rice-Evans C: Antioxidant activity applying an improved ABTS radical cation decolorization assay. Free Radic Biol Med. 1999, 26 (9-10): 1231-1237. 10.1016/S0891-5849(98)00315-3.CrossRefPubMed
80.
go back to reference Matassi R, D'Angelo F, Bisetti P, Colombo R, Vaghi M: Terapia con ozono per via parenterale nelle arteriopatie obliteranti periferiche: Meccanismo biochimico e risultati clinici. Il Giornale di Chirurgia. 1987, VIII: 109-111. Matassi R, D'Angelo F, Bisetti P, Colombo R, Vaghi M: Terapia con ozono per via parenterale nelle arteriopatie obliteranti periferiche: Meccanismo biochimico e risultati clinici. Il Giornale di Chirurgia. 1987, VIII: 109-111.
81.
go back to reference Hernández F, Menéndez S, Wong R: Decrease of blood cholesterol and stimulation of antioxidative response in cardiopathy patients treated with endovenous ozone therapy. Free Radic Biol Med. 1995, 19 (1): 115-119. 10.1016/0891-5849(94)00201-T.CrossRefPubMed Hernández F, Menéndez S, Wong R: Decrease of blood cholesterol and stimulation of antioxidative response in cardiopathy patients treated with endovenous ozone therapy. Free Radic Biol Med. 1995, 19 (1): 115-119. 10.1016/0891-5849(94)00201-T.CrossRefPubMed
82.
go back to reference Di Paolo N, Bocci V, Garosi G, Borrelli E, Bravi A, Bruci A, Aldinucci C, Capotondo L: Extracorporeal blood oxygenation and ozonation (EBOO) in man. Preliminary report. Int J Artif Organs. 2000, 23 (2): 131-41.PubMed Di Paolo N, Bocci V, Garosi G, Borrelli E, Bravi A, Bruci A, Aldinucci C, Capotondo L: Extracorporeal blood oxygenation and ozonation (EBOO) in man. Preliminary report. Int J Artif Organs. 2000, 23 (2): 131-41.PubMed
83.
go back to reference Biedunkiewicz B, Tylicki L, Nieweglowski T, Burakowski S, Rutkowski B: Clinical efficacy of ozonated autohemotherapy in hemodialyzed patients with intermittent claudication: An oxygen-controlled study. Int J Artif Organs. 2004, 27 (1): 29-34.PubMed Biedunkiewicz B, Tylicki L, Nieweglowski T, Burakowski S, Rutkowski B: Clinical efficacy of ozonated autohemotherapy in hemodialyzed patients with intermittent claudication: An oxygen-controlled study. Int J Artif Organs. 2004, 27 (1): 29-34.PubMed
84.
go back to reference De Monte A, van der Zee H, Bocci V: Major ozonated autohemotherapy in chronic limb ischemia with ulcerations. J Altern Complement Med. 2005, 11 (2): 363-367. 10.1089/acm.2005.11.363.CrossRefPubMed De Monte A, van der Zee H, Bocci V: Major ozonated autohemotherapy in chronic limb ischemia with ulcerations. J Altern Complement Med. 2005, 11 (2): 363-367. 10.1089/acm.2005.11.363.CrossRefPubMed
85.
go back to reference Di Paolo N, Bocci V, Salvo DP, Palasciano G, Biagioli M, Meini S, Galli F, Ciari I, Maccari F, Cappelletti F, Di Paolo M, Gaggiotti E: Extracorporeal blood oxygenation and ozonation (EBOO): a controlled trial in patients with peripheral artery disease. Int J Artif Organs. 2005, 28 (10): 1039-1050.PubMed Di Paolo N, Bocci V, Salvo DP, Palasciano G, Biagioli M, Meini S, Galli F, Ciari I, Maccari F, Cappelletti F, Di Paolo M, Gaggiotti E: Extracorporeal blood oxygenation and ozonation (EBOO): a controlled trial in patients with peripheral artery disease. Int J Artif Organs. 2005, 28 (10): 1039-1050.PubMed
86.
go back to reference Bocci V, Zanardi I, Travagli V: Ozone: A New Therapeutic Agent in Vascular Diseases. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs. 2011, 11 (2): 73-82. 10.2165/11539890-000000000-00000.CrossRefPubMed Bocci V, Zanardi I, Travagli V: Ozone: A New Therapeutic Agent in Vascular Diseases. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs. 2011, 11 (2): 73-82. 10.2165/11539890-000000000-00000.CrossRefPubMed
87.
go back to reference Martínez-Sánchez G, Pérez-Davison G, Re L, Giuliani A: Ozone as U-shaped dose responses molecules (Hormetins). Dose Response. 2011, 9 (1): 32-49. 10.2203/dose-response.10-001.Martinez-Sanchez.PubMedCentralCrossRef Martínez-Sánchez G, Pérez-Davison G, Re L, Giuliani A: Ozone as U-shaped dose responses molecules (Hormetins). Dose Response. 2011, 9 (1): 32-49. 10.2203/dose-response.10-001.Martinez-Sanchez.PubMedCentralCrossRef
88.
go back to reference Bocci V, Zanardi I, Huijberts MSP, Travagli V: Diabetes and chronic oxidative stress. A perspective based on the possible usefulness of ozone therapy. Diab Met Syndr: Clin Res Rev. 2011, 5 (1): 45-49. 10.1016/j.dsx.2010.05.014.CrossRef Bocci V, Zanardi I, Huijberts MSP, Travagli V: Diabetes and chronic oxidative stress. A perspective based on the possible usefulness of ozone therapy. Diab Met Syndr: Clin Res Rev. 2011, 5 (1): 45-49. 10.1016/j.dsx.2010.05.014.CrossRef
90.
go back to reference Valacchi G, Lim Y, Belmonte G, Miracco C, Zanardi I, Bocci V, Travagli V: Ozonated sesame oil enhances cutaneous wound healing in SKH1 mice. Wound Repair Regen. 2011, 19 (1): 107-115. 10.1111/j.1524-475X.2010.00649.x.CrossRefPubMed Valacchi G, Lim Y, Belmonte G, Miracco C, Zanardi I, Bocci V, Travagli V: Ozonated sesame oil enhances cutaneous wound healing in SKH1 mice. Wound Repair Regen. 2011, 19 (1): 107-115. 10.1111/j.1524-475X.2010.00649.x.CrossRefPubMed
91.
go back to reference Galli F: Protein damage and inflammation in uraemia and dialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2007, 22 (suppl 5): v20-36.CrossRefPubMed Galli F: Protein damage and inflammation in uraemia and dialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2007, 22 (suppl 5): v20-36.CrossRefPubMed
92.
go back to reference Ruggenenti P, Schieppati A, Remuzzi G: Progression, remission, regression of chronic renal diseases. Lancet. 2001, 357 (9268): 1601-1608. 10.1016/S0140-6736(00)04728-0.CrossRefPubMed Ruggenenti P, Schieppati A, Remuzzi G: Progression, remission, regression of chronic renal diseases. Lancet. 2001, 357 (9268): 1601-1608. 10.1016/S0140-6736(00)04728-0.CrossRefPubMed
93.
go back to reference Calunga JL, Trujillo Y, Menéndez S, Zamora Z, Alonso Y, Merino N, Montero T: Ozone oxidative post-conditioning in acute renal failure. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2009, 61 (2): 221-227.CrossRefPubMed Calunga JL, Trujillo Y, Menéndez S, Zamora Z, Alonso Y, Merino N, Montero T: Ozone oxidative post-conditioning in acute renal failure. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2009, 61 (2): 221-227.CrossRefPubMed
94.
go back to reference Bocci V, Zanardi I, Michaeli D, Travagli V: Mechanisms of action and chemical-biological interactions between ozone and body compartments: a critical appraisal of the different administration routes. Curr Drug Ther. 2009, 4 (3): 159-173. 10.2174/157488509789055045.CrossRef Bocci V, Zanardi I, Michaeli D, Travagli V: Mechanisms of action and chemical-biological interactions between ozone and body compartments: a critical appraisal of the different administration routes. Curr Drug Ther. 2009, 4 (3): 159-173. 10.2174/157488509789055045.CrossRef
95.
go back to reference Grocott MP, Martin DS, Levett DZ, McMorrow R, Windsor J, Montgomery HE, Caudwell Xtreme Everest Research Group: Arterial blood gases and oxygen content in climbers on Mount Everest. N Engl J Med. 2009, 360 (2): 140-149. 10.1056/NEJMoa0801581.CrossRefPubMed Grocott MP, Martin DS, Levett DZ, McMorrow R, Windsor J, Montgomery HE, Caudwell Xtreme Everest Research Group: Arterial blood gases and oxygen content in climbers on Mount Everest. N Engl J Med. 2009, 360 (2): 140-149. 10.1056/NEJMoa0801581.CrossRefPubMed
Metadata
Title
Ozone acting on human blood yields a hormetic dose-response relationship
Authors
Velio A Bocci
Iacopo Zanardi
Valter Travagli
Publication date
01-12-2011
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
Journal of Translational Medicine / Issue 1/2011
Electronic ISSN: 1479-5876
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5876-9-66

Other articles of this Issue 1/2011

Journal of Translational Medicine 1/2011 Go to the issue
Live Webinar | 27-06-2024 | 18:00 (CEST)

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Live: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)

WHO estimates that half of all patients worldwide are non-adherent to their prescribed medication. The consequences of poor adherence can be catastrophic, on both the individual and population level.

Join our expert panel to discover why you need to understand the drivers of non-adherence in your patients, and how you can optimize medication adherence in your clinics to drastically improve patient outcomes.

Prof. Kevin Dolgin
Prof. Florian Limbourg
Prof. Anoop Chauhan
Developed by: Springer Medicine
Obesity Clinical Trial Summary

At a glance: The STEP trials

A round-up of the STEP phase 3 clinical trials evaluating semaglutide for weight loss in people with overweight or obesity.

Developed by: Springer Medicine

Highlights from the ACC 2024 Congress

Year in Review: Pediatric cardiology

Watch Dr. Anne Marie Valente present the last year's highlights in pediatric and congenital heart disease in the official ACC.24 Year in Review session.

Year in Review: Pulmonary vascular disease

The last year's highlights in pulmonary vascular disease are presented by Dr. Jane Leopold in this official video from ACC.24.

Year in Review: Valvular heart disease

Watch Prof. William Zoghbi present the last year's highlights in valvular heart disease from the official ACC.24 Year in Review session.

Year in Review: Heart failure and cardiomyopathies

Watch this official video from ACC.24. Dr. Biykem Bozkurt discusses last year's major advances in heart failure and cardiomyopathies.