Top

Published in:

01-02-2020 | Obesity | Original Article

Low prolactin levels are associated with visceral adipocyte hypertrophy and insulin resistance in humans

Authors: Antonio J. Ponce, Tomás Galván-Salas, Ricardo M. Lerma-Alvarado, Xarubet Ruiz-Herrera, Tomás Hernández-Cortés, Rodrigo Valencia-Jiménez, Laura E. Cárdenas-Rodríguez, Gonzalo Martínez de la Escalera, Carmen Clapp, Yazmín Macotela

Published in: Endocrine | Issue 2/2020

Abstract

Purpose

Low prolactin (PRL) serum levels are associated with glucose intolerance and type 2 diabetes in adults, and with metabolic syndrome and obesity in children. In obese rodents, PRL treatment promotes insulin sensitivity by maintaining adipose tissue fitness, and lack of PRL signaling exacerbates obesity-derived metabolic alterations. Since adipose tissue dysfunction is a key factor triggering metabolic alterations, we evaluated whether PRL serum levels are associated with adipocyte hypertrophy (a marker of adipose tissue dysfunction), insulin resistance, and metabolic syndrome in lean, overweight, and obese adult men and women.

Methods

Samples of serum and adipose tissue from 40 subjects were obtained to evaluate insulin resistance index (homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR)), signs of metabolic syndrome (glucose levels, high-density lipoproteins, triglycerides, blood pressure, and waist circumference), as well as adipocyte size and gene expression in fat.

Results

Lower PRL serum levels are associated with adipocyte hypertrophy, in visceral but not in subcutaneous fat, and with a higher HOMA-IR. Furthermore, low systemic PRL levels together with high waist circumference predict an elevated HOMA-IR whereas low serum PRL values in combination with high blood glucose predicts visceral adipocyte hypertrophy. In agreement, visceral fat from insulin resistant subjects shows reduced expression of prolactin receptor. However, there is no association between PRL levels and obesity or signs of metabolic syndrome.

Conclusions

Our results support that low levels of PRL are markers of visceral fat dysfunction and insulin resistance, and suggest the potential therapeutic value of medications elevating PRL levels to help maintain metabolic homeostasis.

M. Andersen, D. Glintborg, Metabolic syndrome in hyperprolactinemia. Front Horm. Res. 49, 29–47 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1159/000486000 CrossRefPubMed

N.A. Pala, B.A. Laway, R.A. Misgar, R.A. Dar, Metabolic abnormalities in patients with prolactinoma: response to treatment with cabergoline. Diabetol. Metab. Syndr. 7, 99 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13098-015-0094-4 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

R.S. Auriemma, D. De Alcubierre, R. Pirchio, R. Pivonello, A. Colao, Glucose abnormalities associated to prolactin secreting pituitary adenomas. Front Endocrinol. 10, 327 (2019). https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2019.00327 CrossRef

R. Landgraf, M.M. Landraf-Leurs, A. Weissmann, R. Horl, K. von Werder, P.C. Scriba, Prolactin: a diabetogenic hormone. Diabetologia 13(2), 99–104 (1977)CrossRef

L.B. Creemers, P.M. Zelissen, J.W. van ‘t Verlaat, H.P. Koppeschaar, Prolactinoma and body weight: a retrospective study. Acta Endocrinol. 125(4), 392–396 (1991)CrossRef

M. Doknic, S. Pekic, M. Zarkovic, M. Medic-Stojanoska, C. Dieguez, F. Casanueva, V. Popovic, Dopaminergic tone and obesity: an insight from prolactinomas treated with bromocriptine. Eur. J. Endocrinol. 147(1), 77–84 (2002)CrossRef

C.M. dos Santos Silva, F.R. Barbosa, G.A. Lima, L. Warszawski, R. Fontes, R.C. Domingues, M.R. Gadelha, BMI and metabolic profile in patients with prolactinoma before and after treatment with dopamine agonists. Obesity 19(4), 800–805 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2010.150 CrossRefPubMed

R.S. Auriemma, L. Granieri, M. Galdiero, C. Simeoli, Y. Perone, P. Vitale, C. Pivonello, M. Negri, T. Mannarino, C. Giordano, M. Gasperi, A. Colao, R. Pivonello, Effect of cabergoline on metabolism in prolactinomas. Neuroendocrinology 98(4), 299–310 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1159/000357810 CrossRefPubMed

C.A. Steele, I.A. MacFarlane, J. Blair, D.J. Cuthbertson, M. Didi, C. Mallucci, M. Javadpour, C. Daousi, Pituitary adenomas in childhood, adolescence and young adulthood: presentation, management, endocrine and metabolic outcomes. Eur. J. Endocrinol. 163(4), 515–522 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1530/EJE-10-0519 CrossRefPubMed

10.

T. Wang, J. Lu, Y. Xu, M. Li, J. Sun, J. Zhang, B. Xu, M. Xu, Y. Chen, Y. Bi, W. Wang, G. Ning, Circulating prolactin associates with diabetes and impaired glucose regulation: a population-based study. Diabetes Care 36(7), 1974–1980 (2013). https://doi.org/10.2337/dc12-1893 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

11.

L. Balbach, H. Wallaschofski, H. Volzke, M. Nauck, M. Dorr, R. Haring, Serum prolactin concentrations as risk factor of metabolic syndrome or type 2 diabetes? BMC Endocr. Disord. 13, 12 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6823-13-12 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

12.

R. Wagner, M. Heni, K. Linder, C. Ketterer, A. Peter, A. Bohm, E. Hatziagelaki, N. Stefan, H. Staiger, H.U. Haring, A. Fritsche, Age-dependent association of serum prolactin with glycaemia and insulin sensitivity in humans. Acta Diabetol. 51(1), 71–78 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00592-013-0493-7 CrossRefPubMed

13.

D. Glintborg, M. Altinok, H. Mumm, K. Buch, P. Ravn, M. Andersen, Prolactin is associated with metabolic risk and cortisol in 1007 women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Hum. Reprod. 29(8), 1773–1779 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/deu133 CrossRefPubMed

14.

A. Albu, S. Florea, S. Fica, Is prolactin the missing link in adipose tissue dysfunction of polycystic ovary syndrome patients? Endocrine 51(1), 163–173 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12020-015-0655-1 CrossRefPubMed

15.

X. Ruiz-Herrera, E.A. de Los Rios, J.M. Diaz, R.M. Lerma-Alvarado, L. Martinez de la Escalera, F. Lopez-Barrera, M. Lemini, E. Arnold, G. Martinez de la Escalera, C. Clapp, Y. Macotela, Prolactin promotes adipose tissue fitness and insulin sensitivity in obese males. Endocrinology 158(1), 56–68 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1210/en.2016-1444 CrossRefPubMed

16.

P. Zhang, Z. Ge, H. Wang, W. Feng, X. Sun, X. Chu, C. Jiang, Y. Wang, D. Zhu, Y. Bi, Prolactin improves hepatic steatosis via CD36 pathway. J. Hepatol. 68(6), 1247–1255 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2018.01.035 CrossRefPubMed

17.

V. Chirico, S. Cannavo, A. Lacquaniti, V. Salpietro, M. Mandolfino, P.D. Romeo, O. Cotta, C. Munafo, G. Giorgianni, C. Salpietro, T. Arrigo, Prolactin in obese children: a bridge between inflammation and metabolic-endocrine dysfunction. Clin. Endocrinol. 79(4), 537–544 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1111/cen.12183 CrossRef

18.

J. Li, M.S. Rice, T. Huang, S.E. Hankinson, C.V. Clevenger, F.B. Hu, S.S. Tworoger, Circulating prolactin concentrations and risk of type 2 diabetes in US women. Diabetologia 61(12), 2549–2560 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-018-4733-9 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

19.

M. Lemini, X. Ruiz-Herrera, M.G. Ledesma-Colunga, N. Diaz-Lezama, E.A. De Los Rios, F. Lopez-Barrera, I. Mendez, G. Martinez de la Escalera, Y. Macotela, C. Clapp, Prolactin anterior pituitary expression and circulating levels are reduced in obese and diabetic rats: role of TGF-beta and TNF-alpha. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 308(9), R792–R799 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00327.2014 CrossRefPubMed

20.

B.A. Larson, Y.N. Sinha, W.P. Vanderlaan, Serum growth hormone and prolactin during and after the development of the obese-hyperglycemic syndrome in mice. Endocrinology 98(1), 139–145 (1976). https://doi.org/10.1210/endo-98-1-139 CrossRefPubMed

21.

Y.N. Sinha, S.R. Baxter, B.A. Larson, W.P. Vanderlaan, Levels of prolactin, growth hormone and insulin in genetically diabetic (db/db) mice. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 161(1), 78–81 (1979). https://doi.org/10.3181/00379727-161-40494 CrossRefPubMed

22.

C.E. Boujon, G.E. Bestetti, F. Abramo, V. Locatelli, G.L. Rossi, The reduction of circulating growth hormone and prolactin in streptozocin-induced diabetic male rats is possibly caused by hypothalamic rather than pituitary changes. J. Endocrinol. 145(1), 19–26 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1450019 CrossRefPubMed

23.

J. Yu, F. Xiao, Q. Zhang, B. Liu, Y. Guo, Z. Lv, T. Xia, S. Chen, K. Li, Y. Du, F. Guo, PRLR regulates hepatic insulin sensitivity in mice via STAT5. Diabetes 62(9), 3103–3113 (2013). https://doi.org/10.2337/db13-0182 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

24.

S. Shao, Z. Yao, J. Lu, Y. Song, Z. He, C. Yu, X. Zhou, L. Zhao, J. Zhao, L. Gao, Ablation of prolactin receptor increases hepatic triglyceride accumulation. Biochem Biophys. Res Commun. 498(3), 693–699 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.03.048 CrossRefPubMed

25.

M. Freemark, I. Avril, D. Fleenor, P. Driscoll, A. Petro, E. Opara, W. Kendall, J. Oden, S. Bridges, N. Binart, B. Breant, P.A. Kelly, Targeted deletion of the PRL receptor: effects on islet development, insulin production, and glucose tolerance. Endocrinology 143(4), 1378–1385 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1210/endo.143.4.8722 CrossRefPubMed

26.

C. Huang, F. Snider, J.C. Cross, Prolactin receptor is required for normal glucose homeostasis and modulation of beta-cell mass during pregnancy. Endocrinology 150(4), 1618–1626 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1210/en.2008-1003 CrossRefPubMed

27.

A.L. Ghaben, P.E. Scherer, Adipogenesis and metabolic health. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 20(4), 242–258 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41580-018-0093-z CrossRefPubMed

28.

M. Lonn, K. Mehlig, C. Bengtsson, L. Lissner, Adipocyte size predicts incidence of type 2 diabetes in women. FASEB J. 24(1), 326–331 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1096/fj.09-133058 CrossRefPubMed

29.

O.O. Woolcott, R.N. Bergman, Relative fat mass (RFM) as a new estimator of whole-body fat percentage horizontal line—a cross-sectional study in American adult individuals. Sci. Rep. 8(1), 10980 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-29362-1 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

30.

T.M. Wallace, J.C. Levy, D.R. Matthews, Use and abuse of HOMA modeling. Diabetes Care 27(6), 1487–1495 (2004). https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.27.6.1487 CrossRefPubMed

31.

G. Cai, G. Shi, S. Xue, W. Lu, The atherogenic index of plasma is a strong and independent predictor for coronary artery disease in the Chinese Han population. Medicine 96(37), e8058 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000008058 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

32.

U.I. Nwagha, E.J. Ikekpeazu, F.E. Ejezie, E.E. Neboh, I.C. Maduka, Atherogenic index of plasma as useful predictor of cardiovascular risk among postmenopausal women in Enugu, Nigeria. Afr. Health Sci. 10(3), 248–252 (2010)PubMedPubMedCentral

33.

M.C. Amato, C. Giordano, M. Galia, A. Criscimanna, S. Vitabile, M. Midiri, A. Galluzzo, G. AlkaMeSy Study, Visceral Adiposity Index: a reliable indicator of visceral fat function associated with cardiometabolic risk. Diabetes Care 33(4), 920–922 (2010). https://doi.org/10.2337/dc09-1825 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

34.

R. Valdez, J.C. Seidell, Y.I. Ahn, K.M. Weiss, A new index of abdominal adiposity as an indicator of risk for cardiovascular disease. A cross-population study. Int J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord. 17(2), 77–82 (1993)PubMed

35.

K.G. Alberti, R.H. Eckel, S.M. Grundy, P.Z. Zimmet, J.I. Cleeman, K.A. Donato, J.C. Fruchart, W.P. James, C.M. Loria, S.C. Smith Jr., International Diabetes Federation Task Force on Epidemiology and Prevention, Hational Heart Lung and Blood Institute, American Heart Association, World Heart Federation, International Atherosclerosis Society, International Association for the Study of Obesity, Harmonizing the metabolic syndrome: a joint interim statement of the International Diabetes Federation Task Force on Epidemiology and Prevention; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; American Heart Association; World Heart Federation; International Atherosclerosis Society; and International Association for the Study of Obesity. Circulation 120(16), 1640–1645 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192644 CrossRef

36.

J. Yang, B. Eliasson, U. Smith, S.W. Cushman, A.S. Sherman, The size of large adipose cells is a predictor of insulin resistance in first-degree relatives of type 2 diabetic patients. Obesity 20(5), 932–938 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2011.371 CrossRefPubMed

37.

T. Wang, Y. Xu, M. Xu, G. Ning, J. Lu, M. Dai, B. Xu, J. Sun, W. Sun, S. Lai, Y. Bi, W. Wang, Circulating prolactin and risk of type 2 diabetes: a prospective study. Am. J. Epidemiol. 184(4), 295–301 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwv326 CrossRefPubMed

38.

P. Gayoso-Diz, A. Otero-Gonzalez, M.X. Rodriguez-Alvarez, F. Gude, F. Garcia, A. De Francisco, A.G. Quintela, Insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) cut-off values and the metabolic syndrome in a general adult population: effect of gender and age: EPIRCE cross-sectional study. BMC Endocr. Disord. 13, 47 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6823-13-47 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

39.

N. Motamed, D. Perumal, F. Zamani, H. Ashrafi, M. Haghjoo, F.S. Saeedian, M. Maadi, H. Akhavan-Niaki, B. Rabiee, M. Asouri, Conicity index and waist-to-hip ratio are superior obesity indices in predicting 10-year cardiovascular risk among men and women. Clin. Cardiol. 38(9), 527–534 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1002/clc.22437 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

40.

L.A. Muir, C.K. Neeley, K.A. Meyer, N.A. Baker, A.M. Brosius, A.R. Washabaugh, O.A. Varban, J.F. Finks, B.F. Zamarron, C.G. Flesher, J.S. Chang, J.B. DelProposto, L. Geletka, G. Martinez-Santibanez, N. Kaciroti, C.N. Lumeng, R.W. O’Rourke, Adipose tissue fibrosis, hypertrophy, and hyperplasia: correlations with diabetes in human obesity. Obesity 24(3), 597–605 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.21377 CrossRefPubMed

41.

A. Hammarstedt, S. Gogg, S. Hedjazifar, A. Nerstedt, U. Smith, Impaired adipogenesis and dysfunctional adipose tissue in human hypertrophic obesity. Physiol. Rev. 98(4), 1911–1941 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00034.2017 CrossRefPubMed

42.

B. Gustafson, S. Hedjazifar, S. Gogg, A. Hammarstedt, U. Smith, Insulin resistance and impaired adipogenesis. Trends Endocrinol. Metab. 26(4), 193–200 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tem.2015.01.006 CrossRefPubMed

43.

R. Ye, P.E. Scherer, Adiponectin, driver or passenger on the road to insulin sensitivity? Mol. Metab. 2(3), 133–141 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molmet.2013.04.001 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

44.

C. Bole-Feysot, V. Goffin, M. Edery, N. Binart, P.A. Kelly, Prolactin (PRL) and its receptor: actions, signal transduction pathways and phenotypes observed in PRL receptor knockout mice. Endocr. Rev. 19(3), 225–268 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1210/edrv.19.3.0334 CrossRefPubMed

45.

C. Clapp, S. Thebault, M.C. Jeziorski, G. Martinez De La Escalera, Peptide hormone regulation of angiogenesis. Physiol. Rev. 89(4), 1177–1215 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00024.2009 CrossRefPubMed

46.

L. Beltran, M.N. Fahie-Wilson, T.J. McKenna, L. Kavanagh, T.P. Smith, Serum total prolactin and monomeric prolactin reference intervals determined by precipitation with polyethylene glycol: evaluation and validation on common immunoassay platforms. Clin. Chem. 54(10), 1673–1681 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2008.105312 CrossRefPubMed

47.

Melmed, S., The Pituitary, 3rd edn. (Elsevier/Academic Press, Amsterdam, 2011)

48.

Z. Radikova, A. Penesova, E. Cizmarova, M. Huckova, R. Kvetnansky, M. Vigas, J. Koska, Decreased pituitary response to insulin-induced hypoglycaemia in young lean male patients with essential hypertension. J. Hum. Hypertens. 20(7), 510–516 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.jhh.1002026 CrossRefPubMed

49.

G.L. Noel, H.K. Suh, J.G. Stone, A.G. Frantz, Human prolactin and growth hormone release during surgery and other conditions of stress. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 35(6), 840–851 (1972). https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem-35-6-840 CrossRefPubMed

50.

A.C. Hackney, H.C. Davis, A.R. Lane, Growth hormone-insulin-like growth factor axis, thyroid axis, prolactin, and exercise. Front Horm. Res 47, 1–11 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1159/000445147 CrossRefPubMed

51.

S. Park, D.S. Kim, J.W. Daily, S.H. Kim, Serum prolactin concentrations determine whether they improve or impair beta-cell function and insulin sensitivity in diabetic rats. Diabetes Metab. Res Rev. 27(6), 564–574 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1002/dmrr.1215 CrossRefPubMed

52.

L.B. Salans, J.L. Knittle, J. Hirsch, The role of adipose cell size and adipose tissue insulin sensitivity in the carbohydrate intolerance of human obesity. J. Clin. Invest 47(1), 153–165 (1968). https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI105705 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

53.

M. Lundgren, M. Svensson, S. Lindmark, F. Renstrom, T. Ruge, J.W. Eriksson, Fat cell enlargement is an independent marker of insulin resistance and ‘hyperleptinaemia’. Diabetologia 50(3), 625–633 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-006-0572-1 CrossRefPubMed

54.

K. Verboven, K. Wouters, K. Gaens, D. Hansen, M. Bijnen, S. Wetzels, C.D. Stehouwer, G.H. Goossens, C.G. Schalkwijk, E.E. Blaak, J.W. Jocken, Abdominal subcutaneous and visceral adipocyte size, lipolysis and inflammation relate to insulin resistance in male obese humans. Sci. Rep. 8(1), 4677 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-22962-x CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

55.

K.G. Stenkula, C. Erlanson-Albertsson, Adipose cell size: importance in health and disease. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 315(2), R284–R295 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00257.2017 CrossRefPubMed

56.

T.P. Combs, U.B. Pajvani, A.H. Berg, Y. Lin, L.A. Jelicks, M. Laplante, A.R. Nawrocki, M.W. Rajala, A.F. Parlow, L. Cheeseboro, Y.Y. Ding, R.G. Russell, D. Lindemann, A. Hartley, G.R. Baker, S. Obici, Y. Deshaies, M. Ludgate, L. Rossetti, P.E. Scherer, A transgenic mouse with a deletion in the collagenous domain of adiponectin displays elevated circulating adiponectin and improved insulin sensitivity. Endocrinology 145(1), 367–383 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1210/en.2003-1068 CrossRefPubMed

57.

C.M. Kusminski, W.L. Holland, K. Sun, J. Park, S.B. Spurgin, Y. Lin, G.R. Askew, J.A. Simcox, D.A. McClain, C. Li, P.E. Scherer, MitoNEET-driven alterations in adipocyte mitochondrial activity reveal a crucial adaptive process that preserves insulin sensitivity in obesity. Nat. Med. 18(10), 1539–1549 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1038/nm.2899 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

58.

Y. Macotela, B. Emanuelli, M.A. Mori, S. Gesta, T.J. Schulz, Y.H. Tseng, C.R. Kahn, Intrinsic differences in adipocyte precursor cells from different white fat depots. Diabetes 61(7), 1691–1699 (2012). https://doi.org/10.2337/db11-1753 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

59.

R. Nanbu-Wakao, Y. Fujitani, Y. Masuho, M. Muramatu, H. Wakao, Prolactin enhances CCAAT enhancer-binding protein-beta (C/EBP beta) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR gamma) messenger RNA expression and stimulates adipogenic conversion of NIH-3T3 cells. Mol. Endocrinol. 14(2), 307–316 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1210/mend.14.2.0420 CrossRefPubMed

60.

E.R. Hugo, D.C. Borcherding, K.S. Gersin, J. Loftus, N. Ben-Jonathan, Prolactin release by adipose explants, primary adipocytes, and LS14 adipocytes. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 93(10), 4006–4012 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2008-1172 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

61.

G. Corona, E. Mannucci, E.A. Jannini, F. Lotti, V. Ricca, M. Monami, V. Boddi, E. Bandini, G. Balercia, G. Forti, M. Maggi, Hypoprolactinemia: a new clinical syndrome in patients with sexual dysfunction. J. Sex. Med. 6(5), 1457–1466 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1743-6109.2008.01206.x CrossRefPubMed

Title: Low prolactin levels are associated with visceral adipocyte hypertrophy and insulin resistance in humans
Authors: Antonio J. Ponce
Tomás Galván-Salas
Ricardo M. Lerma-Alvarado
Xarubet Ruiz-Herrera
Tomás Hernández-Cortés
Rodrigo Valencia-Jiménez
Laura E. Cárdenas-Rodríguez
Gonzalo Martínez de la Escalera
Carmen Clapp
Yazmín Macotela
Publication date: 01-02-2020
Publisher: Springer US
Keywords: Obesity
Obesity
Insulins
Insulins
Published in: Endocrine / Issue 2/2020
Print ISSN: 1355-008X
Electronic ISSN: 1559-0100
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12020-019-02170-x

Obesity Clinical Trial Summary

At a glance: The STEP trials

A round-up of the STEP phase 3 clinical trials evaluating semaglutide for weight loss in people with overweight or obesity.

Developed by: Springer Medicine

Highlights from the ACC 2024 Congress

Year in Review: Pediatric cardiology

Pediatric Cardiology Video

Watch Dr. Anne Marie Valente present the last year's highlights in pediatric and congenital heart disease in the official ACC.24 Year in Review session.

Year in Review: Pulmonary vascular disease

Cardiopulmonary Comorbidity Video

The last year's highlights in pulmonary vascular disease are presented by Dr. Jane Leopold in this official video from ACC.24.

Year in Review: Valvular heart disease

Valvular Heart Disease Video

Watch Prof. William Zoghbi present the last year's highlights in valvular heart disease from the official ACC.24 Year in Review session.

Year in Review: Heart failure and cardiomyopathies

Heart Failure Video

Watch this official video from ACC.24. Dr. Biykem Bozkurt discuss last year's major advances in heart failure and cardiomyopathies.

ACC 2024 Congress Coverage

Year in Review: Heart failure and cardiomyopathies

Heart Failure Video

Watch this official video from ACC.24. Dr. Biykem Bozkurt discuss last year's major advances in heart failure and cardiomyopathies.

Watch now

Semaglutide benefits people with type 2 diabetes and obesity-related heart failure

16-04-2024 Type 2 Diabetes News

Incentivised to exercise

11-04-2024 Lifestyle Modifications News

New intervention for STEMI-related cardiogenic shock

10-04-2024 Myocardial Infarction News

» View more highlights on the ACC 2024 congress hub page

Image Credits

STEP AAG HeroTeaserCollection image/© Tarek / Generated with AI / Stock.adobe.com, ACC 2024 Pediatric and Congenital Heart Disease: Year in Review/© 2024 American College of Cardiology, ACC 2024 Pulmonary Vascular Disease: Year in Review/© 2024 American College of Cardiology, ACC 2024 Valvular Heart Disease: Year in Review/© 2024 American College of Cardiology, ACC 2024 HF and Cardiomyopathies: Year in Review/© 2024 American College of Cardiology, Woman out walking/© Seventyfour / stock.adobe.com (symbolic image with model), Woman checking smartwatch /© saltdium / stock.adobe.com (symbolic image with model), Cardiac catheterization/© Damian / stock.adobe.com

At a glance: The STEP trials

Springer Medicine

Abstract

Purpose

Methods

Results

Conclusions

Please log in to get access to this content

Other articles of this Issue 2/2020

Metabolic profiling of acromegaly using a GC–MS-based nontargeted metabolomic approach

Dynamics of serum antithyroglobulin antibodies in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer

Sex-related differences in self-care behaviors of adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Growth hormone releasing hormone in the unfolded protein response context

Quercetin improves the effects of sorafenib on growth and migration of thyroid cancer cells

The clinical utility of ‘GRAS’ parameters in stage I–III adrenocortical carcinomas: long-term data from a high-volume institution

Highlights from the ACC 2024 Congress

ACC 2024 Congress Coverage