Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

LIVE: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)
Join our expert panel to discover why you need to understand the drivers of non-adherence in your patients, and how you can optimize medication adherence in your clinics to drastically improve patient outcomes.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
Current Obesity Reports
Published in: Current Obesity Reports 3/2013

01-09-2013 | Ergonomy (N Teasdale, Section Editor)

Obesity and Low Back Pain: Is There a Weight of Evidence to Support a Positive Relationship?

Authors: Darren M. Roffey, Adele Budiansky, Matthew J. Coyle, Eugene K. Wai

Published in: Current Obesity Reports | Issue 3/2013

Login to get access

Abstract

Obesity and low back pain (LBP) are responsible for significant morbidities and financial expenditure. Numerous studies have demonstrated a positive relationship between obesity and LBP, but a concurrent investigation of causality is often omitted. Spinal clinicians routinely prescribe exercise and weight loss for obese patients with LBP, despite a paucity of literature evaluating why obesity might cause LBP or how exercise and weight loss might be suitable treatments for LBP. Etiologies have tended to focus on the biomechanical effects of obesity that lead to excessive loading and degeneration of the lumbar spine. However, recent evidence suggests that systemic inflammation associated with obesity may also be an important contributor to LBP. In this article, the latest evidence investigating the relationship between obesity and LBP is reviewed, an overview of the impact of exercise and weight loss on LBP is provided, and proposed mechanisms connecting obesity, systemic inflammation, and LBP are outlined.
Literature
1.
Heitmann BL, Westerterp KR, Loos RJ, et al. Obesity: lessons from evolution and the environment. Obes Rev. 2012;13:910–22.PubMedCrossRef
2.
Moore CJ, Cunningham SA. Social position, psychological stress, and obesity: a systematic review. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2012;112:518–26.PubMedCrossRef
3.
Scarpellini E, Tack J. Obesity and metabolic syndrome: an inflammatory condition. Dig Dis. 2012;30:148–53.PubMedCrossRef
4.
Shields M, Carroll MD, Ogden CL. Adult obesity prevalence in Canada and the United States. NCHS Data Brief. 2011;56:1–8.PubMed
5.
Ogden CL, Carroll MD, Kit BK, Flegal KM. Prevalence of obesity in the United States, 2009–2010. NCHS Data Brief. 2012;82:1–8.PubMed
6.
Finkelstein EA, Khavjou OA, Thompson H, et al. Obesity and severe obesity forecasts through 2030. Am J Prev Med. 2012;42:563–70.PubMedCrossRef
7.
8.
9.
Carragee EJ, Tanner CM, Khurana S, et al. The rates of false-positive lumbar discography in select patients without low back symptoms. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2000;25:1373–80.CrossRef
10.
Jensen MC, Brant-Zawadzki MN, Obuchowski N, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging of the lumbar spine in people without back pain. N Engl J Med. 1994;331:69–73.PubMedCrossRef
11.
Deyo RA, Mirza SK, Martin BI. Back pain prevalence and visit rates: estimates from U.S. national surveys. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2006;31:2724–7.CrossRef
12.
Cassidy JD, Carroll LJ, Cote P. The Saskatchewan health and back pain survey. The prevalence of low back pain and related disability in Saskatchewan adults. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1998;23:1860–6.CrossRef
13.
Martin BI, Turner JA, Mirza SK, et al. Trends in health care expenditures, utilization, and health status among US adults with spine problems, 1997–2006. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2009;34(19):2077–84.CrossRef
14.
Martin BI, Deyo RA, Mirza SK, et al. Expenditures and health status among adults with back and neck problems. JAMA. 2008;299:656–64.PubMedCrossRef
15.
Dagenais S, Haldeman S. Commentary: laboring to understand the economic impact of spinal disorders. Spine J. 2012;12:1119–21.PubMedCrossRef
16.
17.
• Shiri R, Karppinen J, Leino-Arjas P, et al. The association between obesity and low back pain: a meta-analysis. Am J Epidemiol. 2010;171:135–54. This meta-analysis found that obesity was associated with increased incidence of low back pain for ≥1 day in the past 12 months.PubMedCrossRef
18.
Shiri R, Karppinen J, Leino-Arjas P, et al. Cardiovascular and lifestyle risk factors in lumbar radicular pain or clinically defined sciatica: a systematic review. Eur Spine J. 2007;16:2043–54.PubMedCrossRef
19.
•• Heuch I, Heuch I, Hagen K, Zwart JA. Body mass index as a risk factor for developing chronic low back pain: a follow-up in the Nord-Trøndelag Health Study. Spine. 2013;38(2):133–9. This prospective cohort study indicated that high body mass index values may predispose to chronic low back pain 11 years later, both in individuals with and without LBP at baseline.
20.
Al-Saeed O, Al-Jarallah K, Raeess M, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging of the lumbar spine in young arabs with low back pain. Asian Spine J. 2012;64:249–56.CrossRef
21.
Biglarian A, Seifi B, Bakhshi E, et al. Low back pain prevalence and associated factors in Iranian population: findings from the national health survey. Pain Res Treat. 2012;653060:1–5.CrossRef
22.
Deere KC, Clinch J, Holliday K, et al. Obesity is a risk factor for musculoskeletal pain in adolescents: findings from a population-based cohort. Pain. 2012;153:1932–8.PubMedCrossRef
23.
Duruoz MT, Turan Y, Gurgan A, Deveci H. Evaluation of metabolic syndrome in patients with chronic low back pain. Rheumatol Int. 2012;32:663–7.PubMedCrossRef
24.
•• Shiri R, Solovieva S, Husgafvel-Pursiainen K, et al. The role of obesity and physical activity in non-specific and radiating low back pain: The Young Finns study. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2012. doi:10.​1016/​j.​semarthrit.​2012.​09.​002. This prospective cohort study showed that both obesity and low level of physical activity are independent risk factors of radiating low back pain, and that obese individuals should stay physically active, even if they may not lose weight.PubMed
25.
Zhao I, Bogossian F, Turner C. The effects of shift work and interaction between shift work and overweight/obesity on low back pain in nurses: results from a longitudinal study. J Occup Environ Med. 2012;54:820–5.PubMedCrossRef
26.
Fernandez-de-las-Penas C, Hernandez-Barrera V, Alonso-Blanco C, et al. Prevalence of neck and low back pain in community-dwelling adults in Spain: a population-based national study. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2011;36:E213–9.CrossRef
27.
Nilsen TI, Holtermann A, Mork PJ. Physical exercise, body mass index, and risk of chronic pain in the low back and neck/shoulders: longitudinal data from the Nord-Trondelag Health Study. Am J Epidemiol. 2011;174:267–73.PubMedCrossRef
28.
Rivinoja AE, Paananen MV, Taimela SP, et al. Sports, smoking, and overweight during adolescence as predictors of sciatica in adulthood: a 28-year follow-up study of a birth cohort. Am J Epidemiol. 2011;173:890–7.PubMedCrossRef
29.
Samartzis D, Karppinen J, Mok F. A population-based study of juvenile disc degeneration and its association with overweight and obesity, low back pain, and diminished functional status. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2011;93:662–70.PubMedCrossRef
30.
Tsai SP, Bhojani FA, Wendt JK. Risk factors for illness absence due to musculoskeletal disorders in a 4-year prospective study of a petroleum-manufacturing population. J Occup Environ Med. 2011;53:434–40.PubMedCrossRef
31.
Urquhart DM, Berry P, Wluka AE, et al. 2011 Young Investigator Award winner: Increased fat mass is associated with high levels of low back pain intensity and disability. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2011;36:1320–5.CrossRef
32.
van Oostrom SH, Monique Verschuren WM, de Vet HC, Picavet HS. Ten year course of low back pain in an adult population-based cohort-the Doetinchem cohort study. Eur J Pain. 2011;15:993–8.PubMedCrossRef
33.
Vincent HK, Omli MR, Day T, et al. Fear of movement, quality of life, and self-reported disability in obese patients with chronic lumbar pain. Pain Med. 2011;121:154–64.CrossRef
34.
Rihn JA, Radcliff K, Hilibrand AS, et al. Does obesity affect outcomes of treatment for lumbar stenosis and degenerative spondylolisthesis? Analysis of the Spine Patient Outcomes Research Trial SPORT. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2012;37:1933–46.CrossRef
35.
• Rihn JA, Kurd M, Hilibrand AS, et al. The influence of obesity on the outcome of treatment of lumbar disc herniation: analysis of the Spine Patient Outcomes Research Trial SPORT. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2013;95:1–8. This prospective cohort study that after four years, obese patients realized less clinical benefit from both operative and nonoperative treatment of lumbar disc herniation compared to non-obese patients.PubMedCrossRef
36.
•• Roffey DM, Ashdown LC, Dornan HD, et al. Pilot evaluation of a multidisciplinary, medically supervised, nonsurgical weight loss program on the severity of low back pain in obese adults. Spine J. 2011;11:197–204. This prospective cohort pilot study demonstrated that a combination of meal replacement, caloric restriction, education, exercise, and group therapy was successful at reducing the severity of LBP and decreasing the burden of disability in 46 morbidly obese adults.PubMedCrossRef
37.
Ritter S, Vetter ML, Sarwer DB. Lifestyle modifications and surgical options in the treatment of patients with obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Postgrad Med. 2012;124:168–80.PubMedCrossRef
38.
39.
Lidar Z, Behrbalk E, Regev GJ, et al. Intervertebral disc height changes after weight reduction in morbidly obese patients and its effect on quality of life and radicular and low back pain. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2012;37:1947–52.CrossRef
40.
• Vincent HK, Ben-David K, Conrad BP, et al. Rapid changes in gait, musculoskeletal pain, and quality of life after bariatric surgery. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2012;8:346–54. This prospective comparative study showed that at 3-months follow-up, bariatric surgery had resulted in weight loss of 21.6 kg and a decrease in the severity of low back pain by 54%.PubMedCrossRef
41.
Josbeno DA, Jakicic JM, Hergenroeder A, Eid GM. Physical activity and physical function changes in obese individuals after gastric bypass surgery. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2010;6:361–6.PubMedCrossRef
42.
Khoueir P, Black MH, Crookes PF, et al. Prospective assessment of axial back pain symptoms before and after bariatric weight reduction surgery. Spine J. 2009;9:454–63.PubMedCrossRef
43.
Jackson TD, Hutter MM. Morbidity and effectiveness of laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy, adjustable gastric band, and gastric bypass for morbid obesity. Adv Surg. 2012;46:255–68.PubMedCrossRef
44.
Chebli JE, Schindler R. The results of a surgical complication protection program BLIS, Inc. for private pay bariatric patients in the U.S.: 2006–2011. Obes Surg. 2012;22:1798–801.PubMedCrossRef
45.
Hammer HF. Medical complications of bariatric surgery: focus on malabsorption and dumping syndrome. Dig Dis. 2012;30:182–6.PubMedCrossRef
46.
Neovius M, Narbro K, Keating C, et al. Health care use during 20 years following bariatric surgery. JAMA. 2012;308:1132–41.PubMedCrossRef
47.
Picot J, Jones J, Colquitt JL, et al. Weight loss surgery for mild to moderate obesity: a systematic review and economic evaluation. Obes Surg. 2012;22:1496–506.PubMedCrossRef
48.
49.
Ho SS, Dhaliwal SS, Hills AP, Pal S. The effect of 12 weeks of aerobic, resistance or combination exercise training on cardiovascular risk factors in the overweight and obese in a randomized trial. BMC Publ Health. 2012;12:704.CrossRef
50.
Ogden LG, Stroebele N, Wyatt HR, et al. Cluster analysis of the national weight control registry to identify distinct subgroups maintaining successful weight loss. Obesity Silver Spring. 2012;20:2039–47.PubMedCrossRef
51.
Shnayderman I, Katz-Leurer M. An aerobic walking programme versus muscle strengthening programme for chronic low back pain: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Rehabil. 2013;27(3):207–14.
52.
Murtezani A, Hundozi H, Orovcanec N, et al. A comparison of high intensity aerobic exercise and passive modalities for the treatment of workers with chronic low back pain: a randomized, controlled trial. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med. 2011;47:359–66.PubMed
53.
Dufour N, Thamsborg G, Oefeldt A, et al. Treatment of chronic low back pain: a randomized, clinical trial comparing group-based multidisciplinary biopsychosocial rehabilitation and intensive individual therapist-assisted back muscle strengthening exercises. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2010;35:469–76.CrossRef
54.
Wajswelner H, Metcalf B, Bennell K. Clinical pilates versus general exercise for chronic low back pain: randomized trial. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2012;44:1197–205.PubMedCrossRef
55.
Piya MK, McTernan PG, Kumar S. Adipokine inflammation and insulin resistance: the role of glucose, lipids and endotoxin. J Endocrinol. 2013;216:T1–T15.PubMedCrossRef
56.
Enos RT, Davis JM, Velazquez KT, et al. Influence of dietary saturated fat content on adiposity, macrophage behavior, inflammation, and metabolism: composition matters. J Lipid Res. 2013;54:152–63.PubMedCrossRef
57.
Wieser V, Moschen AR, Tilg H. Inflammation, cytokines and insulin resistance: a clinical perspective. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz). 2013;61(2):119–25.
58.
Zavala G, Long KZ, Garcia OP, Caamaño MD, Aguilar T, Salgado LM, et al. Specific micronutrient concentrations are associated with inflammatory cytokines in a rural population of Mexican women with a high prevalence of obesity. Br J Nutr. 2012;29:1–9.
59.
• Choi J, Joseph L, Pilote L. Obesity and C-reactive protein in various populations: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev. 2013;14(3):232–44. This review found that obesity was associated with elevated levels of C-reactive protein, and that the association is stronger in women and North Americans/Europeans.
60.
Laframboise WA, Dhir R, Kelly LA, et al. Serum protein profiles predict coronary artery disease in symptomatic patients referred for coronary angiography. BMC Med. 2012;10:157.PubMedCrossRef
61.
Kaneko H, Anzai T, Nagai T, et al. Human C-reactive protein exacerbates metabolic disorders in association with adipose tissue remodelling. Cardiovasc Res. 2011;91:546–55.PubMedCrossRef
62.
Lira FS, Rosa JC, Dos Santos RV, et al. Visceral fat decreased by long-term interdisciplinary lifestyle therapy correlated positively with interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha and negatively with adiponectin levels in obese adolescents. Metabolism. 2011;60:359–65.PubMedCrossRef
63.
Lee DE, Kehlenbrink S, Lee H, et al. Getting the message across: mechanisms of physiological cross talk by adipose tissue. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2009;296:E1210–29.PubMedCrossRef
64.
Ferraccioli G, Bracci-Laudiero L, Alivernini S, et al. Interleukin-1beta and interleukin-6 in arthritis animal models: roles in the early phase of transition from acute to chronic inflammation and relevance for human rheumatoid arthritis. Mol Med. 2010;16:552–7.PubMedCrossRef
65.
Cave MC, Hurt RT, Frazier TH, et al. Obesity, inflammation, and the potential application of pharmaconutrition. Nutr Clin Pract. 2008;23:16–34.PubMedCrossRef
66.
Shi H, Kokoeva MV, Inouye K, et al. TLR4 links innate immunity and fatty acid-induced insulin resistance. J Clin Invest. 2006;116:3015–25.PubMedCrossRef
67.
Bruun JM, Lihn AS, Verdich C, et al. Regulation of adiponectin by adipose tissue-derived cytokines: in vivo and in vitro investigations in humans. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2003;285:E527–33.PubMed
68.
Ouchi N, Kihara S, Arita Y, et al. Adiponectin, an adipocyte-derived plasma protein, inhibits endothelial NF-kappaB signaling through a cAMP-dependent pathway. Circulation. 2000;102:1296–301.PubMedCrossRef
69.
Puglisi MJ, Fernandez ML. Modulation of C-reactive protein, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and adiponectin by diet, exercise, and weight loss. J Nutr. 2008;138:2293–6.PubMedCrossRef
70.
Bruun JM, Helge JW, Richelsen B, Stallknecht B. Diet and exercise reduce low-grade inflammation and macrophage infiltration in adipose tissue but not in skeletal muscle in severely obese subjects. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2006;290:E961–7.PubMedCrossRef
71.
Olefsky JM, Glass CK. Macrophages, inflammation, and insulin resistance. Annu Rev Physiol. 2010;72:219–46.PubMedCrossRef
72.
Devaraj S, Venugopal SK, Singh U, Jialal I. Hyperglycemia induces monocytic release of interleukin-6 via induction of protein kinase c-alpha and -beta. Diabetes. 2005;54:85–91.PubMedCrossRef
73.
Romanovsky D, Cruz NF, Dienel GA, Dobretsov M. Mechanical hyperalgesia correlates with insulin deficiency in normoglycemic streptozotocin-treated rats. Neurobiol Dis. 2006;24:384–94.PubMedCrossRef
74.
75.
Iannitti T, Graham A, Dolan S. Increased central and peripheral inflammation and inflammatory hyperalgesia in Zucker rat model of leptin receptor deficiency and genetic obesity. Exp Physiol. 2012;97:1236–45.PubMedCrossRef
76.
Zhang L, Berta T, Xu ZZ, et al. TNF-alpha contributes to spinal cord synaptic plasticity and inflammatory pain: distinct role of TNF receptor subtypes 1 and 2. Pain. 2011;152:419–27.PubMedCrossRef
77.
Manjavachi MN, Motta EM, Marotta DM, et al. Mechanisms involved in IL-6-induced muscular mechanical hyperalgesia in mice. Pain. 2010;151:345–55.PubMedCrossRef
78.
Burke JG, Watson RW, McCormack D, et al. Intervertebral discs which cause low back pain secrete high levels of proinflammatory mediators. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2002;84:196–201.PubMedCrossRef
79.
Rannou F, Ouanes W, Boutron I, et al. High-sensitivity C-reactive protein in chronic low back pain with vertebral end-plate Modic signal changes. Arthritis Rheum. 2007;57:1311–5.PubMedCrossRef
80.
•• Briggs MS, Givens DL, Schmitt LC, Taylor CA. The relationships of C-reactive protein and obesity to the prevalence and the odds of reporting low back pain. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2013;94(4):745–52. This cross-sectional analysis is the first of its kind to show that high levels of C-reactive protein may increase the odds of reporting low back pain in obese patients, and that patients with high waist circumference values had significantly greater odds of reportinglow back pain.
81.
Thompson D, Karpe F, Lafontan M, Frayn K. Physical activity and exercise in the regulation of human adipose tissue physiology. Physiol Rev. 2012;92:157–91.PubMedCrossRef
82.
Kawanishi N, Yano H, Yokogawa Y, Suzuki K. Exercise training inhibits inflammation in adipose tissue via both suppression of macrophage infiltration and acceleration of phenotypic switching from M1 to M2 macrophages in high-fat-diet-induced obese mice. Exerc Immunol Rev. 2010;16:105–18.PubMed
83.
•• Ho SS, Dhaliwal SS, Hills AP, Pal S. Effects of chronic exercise training on inflammatory markers in Australian overweight and obese individuals in a randomized controlled trial. Inflammation. 2013:36(6):625–32. This trial demonstrated that 12-weeks of moderate-intensity aerobic, resistance, but mainly combination exercise training decreased inflammatory markers in obese individuals compared to no exercise.
84.
Bergstrom G, Behre CJ, Schmidt C. Moderate intensities of leisure-time physical activity are associated with lower levels of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein in healthy middle-aged men. Angiology. 2012;63:412–5.PubMedCrossRef
85.
McFarlin BK, Flynn MG, Campbell WW, et al. Physical activity status, but not age, influences inflammatory biomarkers and toll-like receptor 4. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2006;61:388–93.PubMedCrossRef
86.
Selvin E, Paynter NP, Erlinger TP. The effect of weight loss on C-reactive protein: a systematic review. Arch Intern Med. 2007;167:31–9.PubMedCrossRef
87.
Jae SY, Fernhall B, Heffernan KS, et al. Effects of lifestyle modifications on C-reactive protein: contribution of weight loss and improved aerobic capacity. Metabolism. 2006;55:825–31.PubMedCrossRef
88.
Campbell KL, Campbell PT, Ulrich CM, et al. No reduction in C-reactive protein following a 12-month randomized controlled trial of exercise in men and women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2008;17:1714–8.PubMedCrossRef
89.
Ahmadi N, Eshaghian S, Huizenga R, et al. Effects of intense exercise and moderate caloric restriction on cardiovascular risk factors and inflammation. Am J Med. 2011;124:978–82.PubMedCrossRef
90.
Sharman MJ, Volek JS. Weight loss leads to reductions in inflammatory biomarkers after a very-low-carbohydrate diet and a low-fat diet in overweight men. Clin Sci Lond. 2004;107:365–9.PubMedCrossRef
91.
Ferrier KE, Nestel P, Taylor A, et al. Diet but not aerobic exercise training reduces skeletal muscle TNF-alpha in overweight humans. Diabetologia. 2004;47:630–7.PubMedCrossRef
92.
Lambert CP, Wright NR, Finck BN, Villareal DT. Exercise but not diet-induced weight loss decreases skeletal muscle inflammatory gene expression in frail obese elderly persons. J Appl Physiol. 2008;105:473–8.PubMedCrossRef
93.
Petersen AM, Pedersen BK. The anti-inflammatory effect of exercise. J Appl Physiol. 2005;98:1154–62.PubMedCrossRef
94.
Oberhauser F, Schulte DM, Faust M, et al. Weight loss due to a very low calorie diet differentially affects insulin sensitivity and interleukin-6 serum levels in nondiabetic obese human subjects. Horm Metab Res. 2012;44:465–70.PubMedCrossRef
95.
Christiansen T, Paulsen SK, Bruun JM, et al. Diet-induced weight loss and exercise alone and in combination enhance the expression of adiponectin receptors in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle, but only diet-induced weight loss enhanced circulating adiponectin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010;95:911–9.PubMedCrossRef
96.
• Murphy JC, McDaniel JL, Mora K, et al. Preferential reductions in intermuscular and visceral adipose tissue with exercise-induced weight loss compared with calorie restriction. J Appl Physiol. 2012;112:79–85. This trial showed that 12-months of calorie restriction or exercise-induced weight loss both decreased intermuscular adipose tissue and visceral adipose tissue volumes, but only exercise appears to result in preferential reductions in both fat depots.PubMedCrossRef
97.
Wachholtz A, Binks M, Eisenson H, et al. Does pain predict interference with daily functioning and weight loss in an obese residential treatment-seeking population? Int J Behav Med. 2010;17:118–24.PubMedCrossRef
98.
Mah E, Matos MD, Kawiecki D, et al. Vitamin C status is related to proinflammatory responses and impaired vascular endothelial function in healthy, college-aged lean and obese men. J Am Diet Assoc. 2011;111:737–43.PubMedCrossRef
99.
Calder PC, Ahluwalia N, Brouns F, et al. Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity. Br J Nutr. 2011;1063:S5–S78.CrossRef
100.
Smith VH. Vitamin C deficiency is an under-diagnosed contributor to degenerative disc disease in the elderly. Med Hypotheses. 2010;74:695–7.PubMedCrossRef
Metadata
Title
Obesity and Low Back Pain: Is There a Weight of Evidence to Support a Positive Relationship?
Authors
Darren M. Roffey
Adele Budiansky
Matthew J. Coyle
Eugene K. Wai
Publication date
01-09-2013
Publisher
Springer US
Published in
Current Obesity Reports / Issue 3/2013
Electronic ISSN: 2162-4968
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13679-013-0058-7

Other articles of this Issue 3/2013

Current Obesity Reports 3/2013 Go to the issue

Ergonomy (N Teasdale, Section Editor)

The Impact of Obesity on In Vivo Human Skeletal Muscle Function

Ergonomy (N Teasdale, Section Editor)

Recent Developments in Obesity Research: Linkages between Obesity, Disability, and Physical Functioning

Economy and Environment (T Andreyeva, Section Editor)

Obesity Prevention Policies in U.S. States and Localities: Lessons from the Field

Ergonomy (N Teasdale, Section Editor)

Obesity and Mobility in Advancing Age: Mechanisms and Interventions to Preserve Independent Mobility

Economy and Environment (T Andreyeva, Section Editor)

Reducing Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Consumption: Evidence, Policies, and Economics

Ergonomy (N Teasdale, Section Editor)

Physical Activity and Development and Obesity
Live Webinar | 27-06-2024 | 18:00 (CEST)

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Reserve your place

Live: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)

WHO estimates that half of all patients worldwide are non-adherent to their prescribed medication. The consequences of poor adherence can be catastrophic, on both the individual and population level.

Join our expert panel to discover why you need to understand the drivers of non-adherence in your patients, and how you can optimize medication adherence in your clinics to drastically improve patient outcomes.

Prof. Kevin Dolgin
Prof. Florian Limbourg
Prof. Anoop Chauhan
Developed by: Springer Medicine
Obesity Clinical Trial Summary

At a glance: The STEP trials

Read more

A round-up of the STEP phase 3 clinical trials evaluating semaglutide for weight loss in people with overweight or obesity.

Developed by: Springer Medicine
Image Credits