Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Current Diabetes Reports 12/2015

01-12-2015 | Diabetes Epidemiology (NM Maruthur, Section Editor)

Novel Risk Factors for Type 2 Diabetes in African-Americans

Authors: Ranee Chatterjee, Nisa M. Maruthur, David Edelman

Published in: Current Diabetes Reports | Issue 12/2015

Login to get access

Abstract

In the USA, compared to whites, African-Americans are disproportionately impacted by the diabetes epidemic. Traditional diabetes risk factors, such as obesity, are more common among African-Americans, but these traditional risk factors do not explain all of the disparity in diabetes risk. Recent research has identified novel environmental, lifestyle, physiologic, and genetic risk factors for diabetes, some of which appear to impact African-Americans more than whites. This manuscript reviews the recent literature to highlight some of these novel risk factors that may be contributing to the racial disparity in diabetes risk. Further study is needed of the modifiable risk factors for development of interventions to reduce the risk of diabetes in African-Americans, as well as other high-risk populations.
Literature
1.
go back to reference Brancati FL, Kao WH, Folsom AR, Watson RL, Szklo M. Incident type 2 diabetes mellitus in African American and white adults: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study. JAMA. 2000;283(17):2253–9.CrossRefPubMed Brancati FL, Kao WH, Folsom AR, Watson RL, Szklo M. Incident type 2 diabetes mellitus in African American and white adults: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study. JAMA. 2000;283(17):2253–9.CrossRefPubMed
2.•
go back to reference Chatterjee R, Brancati FL, Shafi T, Edelman D, Pankow JS, Mosley TH, et al. Non-traditional risk factors are important contributors to the racial disparity in diabetes risk: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study. J Gen Intern Med. 2013. This is a large, population-based prospective cohort study that quantifies the impact of traditional and non-traditional risk factors on the racial disparity of diabetes risk in this cohort. Chatterjee R, Brancati FL, Shafi T, Edelman D, Pankow JS, Mosley TH, et al. Non-traditional risk factors are important contributors to the racial disparity in diabetes risk: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study. J Gen Intern Med. 2013. This is a large, population-based prospective cohort study that quantifies the impact of traditional and non-traditional risk factors on the racial disparity of diabetes risk in this cohort.
3.
go back to reference Agardh E, Allebeck P, Hallqvist J, Moradi T, Sidorchuk A. Type 2 diabetes incidence and socio-economic position: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Epidemiol. 2011;40(3):804–18.CrossRefPubMed Agardh E, Allebeck P, Hallqvist J, Moradi T, Sidorchuk A. Type 2 diabetes incidence and socio-economic position: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Epidemiol. 2011;40(3):804–18.CrossRefPubMed
4.
go back to reference Espelt A, Arriola L, Borrell C, Larranaga I, Sandin M, Escolar-Pujolar A. Socioeconomic position and type 2 diabetes mellitus in Europe 1999–2009: a panorama of inequalities. Curr Diabetes Rev. 2011;7(3):148–58.CrossRefPubMed Espelt A, Arriola L, Borrell C, Larranaga I, Sandin M, Escolar-Pujolar A. Socioeconomic position and type 2 diabetes mellitus in Europe 1999–2009: a panorama of inequalities. Curr Diabetes Rev. 2011;7(3):148–58.CrossRefPubMed
5.
go back to reference Spanakis EK, Golden SH. Race/ethnic difference in diabetes and diabetic complications. Curr Diab Rep. 2013;13(6):814–23.CrossRefPubMed Spanakis EK, Golden SH. Race/ethnic difference in diabetes and diabetic complications. Curr Diab Rep. 2013;13(6):814–23.CrossRefPubMed
6.
go back to reference Gaskin DJ, Thorpe Jr RJ, McGinty EE, Bower K, Rohde C, Young JH, et al. Disparities in diabetes: the nexus of race, poverty, and place. Am J Public Health. 2014;104(11):2147–55.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Gaskin DJ, Thorpe Jr RJ, McGinty EE, Bower K, Rohde C, Young JH, et al. Disparities in diabetes: the nexus of race, poverty, and place. Am J Public Health. 2014;104(11):2147–55.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
7.
go back to reference Insaf TZ, Strogatz DS, Yucel RM, Chasan-Taber L, Shaw BA. Associations between race, lifecourse socioeconomic position and prevalence of diabetes among US women and men: results from a population-based panel study. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2014;68(4):318–25.CrossRefPubMed Insaf TZ, Strogatz DS, Yucel RM, Chasan-Taber L, Shaw BA. Associations between race, lifecourse socioeconomic position and prevalence of diabetes among US women and men: results from a population-based panel study. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2014;68(4):318–25.CrossRefPubMed
8.
go back to reference Hasson RE, Adam TC, Pearson J, Davis JN, Spruijt-Metz D, Goran MI. Sociocultural and socioeconomic influences on type 2 diabetes risk in overweight/obese African-American and Latino-American children and adolescents. J Obes. 2013;2013:512914.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Hasson RE, Adam TC, Pearson J, Davis JN, Spruijt-Metz D, Goran MI. Sociocultural and socioeconomic influences on type 2 diabetes risk in overweight/obese African-American and Latino-American children and adolescents. J Obes. 2013;2013:512914.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
9.
go back to reference Unger JB, Reynolds K, Shakib S, Spruijt-Metz D, Sun P, Johnson CA. Acculturation, physical activity, and fast-food consumption among Asian-American and Hispanic adolescents. J Community Health. 2004;29(6):467–81.CrossRefPubMed Unger JB, Reynolds K, Shakib S, Spruijt-Metz D, Sun P, Johnson CA. Acculturation, physical activity, and fast-food consumption among Asian-American and Hispanic adolescents. J Community Health. 2004;29(6):467–81.CrossRefPubMed
10.
go back to reference Moulton CD, Pickup JC, Ismail K. The link between depression and diabetes: the search for shared mechanisms. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2015;3(6):461–71.CrossRefPubMed Moulton CD, Pickup JC, Ismail K. The link between depression and diabetes: the search for shared mechanisms. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2015;3(6):461–71.CrossRefPubMed
12.
go back to reference Everson-Rose SA, Meyer PM, Powell LH, Pandey D, Torrens JI, Kravitz HM, et al. Depressive symptoms, insulin resistance, and risk of diabetes in women at midlife. Diabetes Care. 2004;27(12):2856–62.CrossRefPubMed Everson-Rose SA, Meyer PM, Powell LH, Pandey D, Torrens JI, Kravitz HM, et al. Depressive symptoms, insulin resistance, and risk of diabetes in women at midlife. Diabetes Care. 2004;27(12):2856–62.CrossRefPubMed
13.
go back to reference Myers JK, Weissman MM. Use of a self-report symptom scale to detect depression in a community sample. Am J Psychiatry. 1980;137(9):1081–4.CrossRefPubMed Myers JK, Weissman MM. Use of a self-report symptom scale to detect depression in a community sample. Am J Psychiatry. 1980;137(9):1081–4.CrossRefPubMed
14.
go back to reference Bray GA, Vollmer WM, Sacks FM, Obarzanek E, Svetkey LP, Appel LJ, et al. A further subgroup analysis of the effects of the DASH diet and three dietary sodium levels on blood pressure: results of the DASH-Sodium Trial. Am J Cardiol. 2004;94(2):222–7.CrossRefPubMed Bray GA, Vollmer WM, Sacks FM, Obarzanek E, Svetkey LP, Appel LJ, et al. A further subgroup analysis of the effects of the DASH diet and three dietary sodium levels on blood pressure: results of the DASH-Sodium Trial. Am J Cardiol. 2004;94(2):222–7.CrossRefPubMed
15.
go back to reference Casagrande SS, Wang Y, Anderson C, Gary TL. Have Americans increased their fruit and vegetable intake? The trends between 1988 and 2002. Am J Prev Med. 2007;32(4):257–63.CrossRefPubMed Casagrande SS, Wang Y, Anderson C, Gary TL. Have Americans increased their fruit and vegetable intake? The trends between 1988 and 2002. Am J Prev Med. 2007;32(4):257–63.CrossRefPubMed
16.
go back to reference Villegas R, Liu S, Gao YT, Yang G, Li H, Zheng W, et al. Prospective study of dietary carbohydrates, glycemic index, glycemic load, and incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in middle-aged Chinese women. Arch Intern Med. 2007;167(21):2310–6.CrossRefPubMed Villegas R, Liu S, Gao YT, Yang G, Li H, Zheng W, et al. Prospective study of dietary carbohydrates, glycemic index, glycemic load, and incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in middle-aged Chinese women. Arch Intern Med. 2007;167(21):2310–6.CrossRefPubMed
17.
go back to reference Hopping BN, Erber E, Grandinetti A, Verheus M, Kolonel LN, Maskarinec G. Dietary fiber, magnesium, and glycemic load alter risk of type 2 diabetes in a multiethnic cohort in Hawaii. J Nutr. 2010;140(1):68–74.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Hopping BN, Erber E, Grandinetti A, Verheus M, Kolonel LN, Maskarinec G. Dietary fiber, magnesium, and glycemic load alter risk of type 2 diabetes in a multiethnic cohort in Hawaii. J Nutr. 2010;140(1):68–74.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
18.
go back to reference Shikany JM, Judd SE, Letter AJ, Ard JD, Newby PK. Dietary contributors to glycemic load in the REasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke study. Nutrition. 2015;31(5):708–15.CrossRefPubMed Shikany JM, Judd SE, Letter AJ, Ard JD, Newby PK. Dietary contributors to glycemic load in the REasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke study. Nutrition. 2015;31(5):708–15.CrossRefPubMed
19.
go back to reference Newby PK, Noel SE, Grant R, Judd S, Shikany JM, Ard J. Race and region are associated with nutrient intakes among black and white men in the United States. J Nutr;141(2):296–303 Newby PK, Noel SE, Grant R, Judd S, Shikany JM, Ard J. Race and region are associated with nutrient intakes among black and white men in the United States. J Nutr;141(2):296–303
20.
go back to reference Tonstad S, Stewart K, Oda K, Batech M, Herring RP, Fraser GE. Vegetarian diets and incidence of diabetes in the Adventist Health Study-2. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2013;23(4):292–9.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Tonstad S, Stewart K, Oda K, Batech M, Herring RP, Fraser GE. Vegetarian diets and incidence of diabetes in the Adventist Health Study-2. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2013;23(4):292–9.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
21.
go back to reference Rhee JJ, Mattei J, Hughes MD, Hu FB, Willett WC. Dietary diabetes risk reduction score, race and ethnicity, and risk of type 2 diabetes in women. Diabetes Care. 2015;38(4):596–603.PubMed Rhee JJ, Mattei J, Hughes MD, Hu FB, Willett WC. Dietary diabetes risk reduction score, race and ethnicity, and risk of type 2 diabetes in women. Diabetes Care. 2015;38(4):596–603.PubMed
22.
go back to reference Chatterjee R, Colangelo LA, Yeh HC, Anderson CA, Daviglus ML, Liu K, et al. Potassium intake and risk of incident type 2 diabetes mellitus: the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study. Diabetologia. 2012;55(5):1295–303.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Chatterjee R, Colangelo LA, Yeh HC, Anderson CA, Daviglus ML, Liu K, et al. Potassium intake and risk of incident type 2 diabetes mellitus: the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study. Diabetologia. 2012;55(5):1295–303.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
23.
go back to reference Panel on Dietary Reference Intakes for Electrolytes and Water. Chapter 5. Potassium dietary reference intakes for water, potassium, sodium, chloride, and sulfate.Washington DC: The National Academies Press. 2004. 186–268 Panel on Dietary Reference Intakes for Electrolytes and Water. Chapter 5. Potassium dietary reference intakes for water, potassium, sodium, chloride, and sulfate.Washington DC: The National Academies Press. 2004. 186–268
24.
go back to reference Chatterjee R, Yeh HC, Shafi T,et al. Serum and dietary potassium and risk of incident type 2 diabetes mellitus: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. Arch Intern Med. 170(19):1745–51. Chatterjee R, Yeh HC, Shafi T,et al. Serum and dietary potassium and risk of incident type 2 diabetes mellitus: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. Arch Intern Med. 170(19):1745–51.
25.
go back to reference Chatterjee R, Yeh HC, Shafi T, Anderson C, Pankow JS, Miller ER, et al. Serum potassium and the racial disparity in diabetes risk: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2011;93(5):1087–91.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Chatterjee R, Yeh HC, Shafi T, Anderson C, Pankow JS, Miller ER, et al. Serum potassium and the racial disparity in diabetes risk: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2011;93(5):1087–91.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
26.
go back to reference Ginde AA, Liu MC, Camargo Jr CA. Demographic differences and trends of vitamin D insufficiency in the US population, 1988–2004. Arch Intern Med. 2009;169(6):626–32.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Ginde AA, Liu MC, Camargo Jr CA. Demographic differences and trends of vitamin D insufficiency in the US population, 1988–2004. Arch Intern Med. 2009;169(6):626–32.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
27.
go back to reference Nesby-O’Dell S, Scanlon KS, Cogswell ME, Gillespie C, Hollis BW, Looker AC, et al. Hypovitaminosis D prevalence and determinants among African American and white women of reproductive age: Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988–1994. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002;76(1):187–92.PubMed Nesby-O’Dell S, Scanlon KS, Cogswell ME, Gillespie C, Hollis BW, Looker AC, et al. Hypovitaminosis D prevalence and determinants among African American and white women of reproductive age: Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988–1994. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002;76(1):187–92.PubMed
28.
go back to reference Williams SK, Fiscella K, Winters P, Martins D, Ogedegbe G. Association of racial disparities in the prevalence of insulin resistance with racial disparities in vitamin D levels: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2001–2006). Nutr Res. 2013;33(4):266–71.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Williams SK, Fiscella K, Winters P, Martins D, Ogedegbe G. Association of racial disparities in the prevalence of insulin resistance with racial disparities in vitamin D levels: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2001–2006). Nutr Res. 2013;33(4):266–71.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
29.
go back to reference Robinson JG, Manson JE, Larson J, Liu S, Song Y, Howard BV, et al. Lack of association between 25(OH)D levels and incident type 2 diabetes in older women. Diabetes Care. 2011;34(3):628–34.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Robinson JG, Manson JE, Larson J, Liu S, Song Y, Howard BV, et al. Lack of association between 25(OH)D levels and incident type 2 diabetes in older women. Diabetes Care. 2011;34(3):628–34.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
30.
go back to reference Reis JP, Michos ED, Selvin E, Pankow JS, Lutsey PL. Race, vitamin D-binding protein gene polymorphisms, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, and incident diabetes: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2015;101(6):1232–40.CrossRefPubMed Reis JP, Michos ED, Selvin E, Pankow JS, Lutsey PL. Race, vitamin D-binding protein gene polymorphisms, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, and incident diabetes: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2015;101(6):1232–40.CrossRefPubMed
31.
go back to reference Pittas AG, Dawson-Hughes B, Sheehan PR, Rosen CJ, Ware JH, Knowler WC, et al. Rationale and design of the vitamin D and type 2 diabetes (D2d) study: a diabetes prevention trial. Diabetes Care. 2014;37(12):3227–34.CrossRefPubMed Pittas AG, Dawson-Hughes B, Sheehan PR, Rosen CJ, Ware JH, Knowler WC, et al. Rationale and design of the vitamin D and type 2 diabetes (D2d) study: a diabetes prevention trial. Diabetes Care. 2014;37(12):3227–34.CrossRefPubMed
32.
go back to reference Prevalence of self-reported physically active adults--United States, 2007. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2008;57(48):1297–300. Prevalence of self-reported physically active adults--United States, 2007. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2008;57(48):1297–300.
33.
go back to reference Ham SA, Ainsworth BE. Disparities in data on Healthy People 2010 physical activity objectives collected by accelerometry and self-report. Am J Public Health. 2010;100 Suppl 1:S263–8.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Ham SA, Ainsworth BE. Disparities in data on Healthy People 2010 physical activity objectives collected by accelerometry and self-report. Am J Public Health. 2010;100 Suppl 1:S263–8.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
34.
go back to reference Troiano RP, Berrigan D, Dodd KW, Masse LC, Tilert T, McDowell M. Physical activity in the United States measured by accelerometer. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2008;40(1):181–8.CrossRefPubMed Troiano RP, Berrigan D, Dodd KW, Masse LC, Tilert T, McDowell M. Physical activity in the United States measured by accelerometer. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2008;40(1):181–8.CrossRefPubMed
35.
go back to reference DeLany JP, Dube JJ, Standley RA, Distefano G, Goodpaster BH, Stefanovic-Racic M, et al. Racial differences in peripheral insulin sensitivity and mitochondrial capacity in the absence of obesity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014;99(11):4307–14.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed DeLany JP, Dube JJ, Standley RA, Distefano G, Goodpaster BH, Stefanovic-Racic M, et al. Racial differences in peripheral insulin sensitivity and mitochondrial capacity in the absence of obesity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014;99(11):4307–14.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
36.
go back to reference Cappuccio FP, D’Elia L, Strazzullo P, Miller MA. Quantity and quality of sleep and incidence of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Care. 2010;33(2):414–20.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Cappuccio FP, D’Elia L, Strazzullo P, Miller MA. Quantity and quality of sleep and incidence of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Care. 2010;33(2):414–20.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
37.
go back to reference Cappuccio FP, D’Elia L, Strazzullo P, Miller MA. Sleep duration and all-cause mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. Sleep. 2010;33(5):585–92.PubMedCentralPubMed Cappuccio FP, D’Elia L, Strazzullo P, Miller MA. Sleep duration and all-cause mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. Sleep. 2010;33(5):585–92.PubMedCentralPubMed
38.
go back to reference Zizi F, Pandey A, Murrray-Bachmann R, Vincent M, McFarlane S, Ogedegbe G, et al. Race/ethnicity, sleep duration, and diabetes mellitus: analysis of the National Health Interview Survey. Am J Med. 2012;125(2):162–7.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Zizi F, Pandey A, Murrray-Bachmann R, Vincent M, McFarlane S, Ogedegbe G, et al. Race/ethnicity, sleep duration, and diabetes mellitus: analysis of the National Health Interview Survey. Am J Med. 2012;125(2):162–7.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
39.••
go back to reference Staiano AE, Harrington DM, Johannsen NM, Newton Jr RL, Sarzynski MA, Swift DL, et al. Uncovering physiological mechanisms for health disparities in type 2 diabetes. Ethn Dis. 2015;25(1):31–7. Review based on literature and expert opinion regarding important physiologic and genetic contributors to the racial disparity in diabetes risk.PubMed Staiano AE, Harrington DM, Johannsen NM, Newton Jr RL, Sarzynski MA, Swift DL, et al. Uncovering physiological mechanisms for health disparities in type 2 diabetes. Ethn Dis. 2015;25(1):31–7. Review based on literature and expert opinion regarding important physiologic and genetic contributors to the racial disparity in diabetes risk.PubMed
40.
go back to reference Hales CN, Barker DJ. Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus: the thrifty phenotype hypothesis. Diabetologia. 1992;35(7):595–601.CrossRefPubMed Hales CN, Barker DJ. Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus: the thrifty phenotype hypothesis. Diabetologia. 1992;35(7):595–601.CrossRefPubMed
41.
go back to reference Barker DJ, Hales CN, Fall CH, Osmond C, Phipps K, Clark PM. Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus, hypertension and hyperlipidaemia (syndrome X): relation to reduced fetal growth. Diabetologia. 1993;36(1):62–7.CrossRefPubMed Barker DJ, Hales CN, Fall CH, Osmond C, Phipps K, Clark PM. Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus, hypertension and hyperlipidaemia (syndrome X): relation to reduced fetal growth. Diabetologia. 1993;36(1):62–7.CrossRefPubMed
42.
go back to reference Hattersley AT, Tooke JE. The fetal insulin hypothesis: an alternative explanation of the association of low birthweight with diabetes and vascular disease. Lancet. 1999;353(9166):1789–92.CrossRefPubMed Hattersley AT, Tooke JE. The fetal insulin hypothesis: an alternative explanation of the association of low birthweight with diabetes and vascular disease. Lancet. 1999;353(9166):1789–92.CrossRefPubMed
43.
go back to reference Ruiz-Narvaez EA, Palmer JR, Gerlovin H, Wise LA, Vimalananda VG, Rosenzweig JL, et al. Birth weight and risk of type 2 diabetes in the black women’s health study: does adult BMI play a mediating role? Diabetes Care. 2014;37(9):2572–8.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Ruiz-Narvaez EA, Palmer JR, Gerlovin H, Wise LA, Vimalananda VG, Rosenzweig JL, et al. Birth weight and risk of type 2 diabetes in the black women’s health study: does adult BMI play a mediating role? Diabetes Care. 2014;37(9):2572–8.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
44.
go back to reference Collins Jr JW, David RJ. Racial disparity in low birth weight and infant mortality. Clin Perinatol. 2009;36(1):63–73.CrossRefPubMed Collins Jr JW, David RJ. Racial disparity in low birth weight and infant mortality. Clin Perinatol. 2009;36(1):63–73.CrossRefPubMed
45.
go back to reference James-Todd T, Wise L, Boggs D, Rich-Edwards J, Rosenberg L, Palmer J. Preterm birth and subsequent risk of type 2 diabetes in black women. Epidemiology. 2014;25(6):805–10.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed James-Todd T, Wise L, Boggs D, Rich-Edwards J, Rosenberg L, Palmer J. Preterm birth and subsequent risk of type 2 diabetes in black women. Epidemiology. 2014;25(6):805–10.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
47.
go back to reference Catov JM, Bodnar LM, Ness RB, Barron SJ, Roberts JM. Inflammation and dyslipidemia related to risk of spontaneous preterm birth. Am J Epidemiol. 2007;166(11):1312–9.CrossRefPubMed Catov JM, Bodnar LM, Ness RB, Barron SJ, Roberts JM. Inflammation and dyslipidemia related to risk of spontaneous preterm birth. Am J Epidemiol. 2007;166(11):1312–9.CrossRefPubMed
48.
go back to reference Culhane JF, Goldenberg RL. Racial disparities in preterm birth. Semin Perinatol. 2011;35(4):234–9.CrossRefPubMed Culhane JF, Goldenberg RL. Racial disparities in preterm birth. Semin Perinatol. 2011;35(4):234–9.CrossRefPubMed
49.
go back to reference Selvin E, Halushka MK, Rawlings AM, Hoogeveen RC, Ballantyne CM, Coresh J, et al. sRAGE and risk of diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and death. Diabetes. 2013;62(6):2116–21.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Selvin E, Halushka MK, Rawlings AM, Hoogeveen RC, Ballantyne CM, Coresh J, et al. sRAGE and risk of diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and death. Diabetes. 2013;62(6):2116–21.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
50.
go back to reference Maruthur NM, Li M, Halushka MK, Astor BC, Pankow JS, Boerwinkle E, et al. Genetics of plasma soluble receptor for advanced glycation end-products and cardiovascular outcomes in a community-based population: results from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study. PLoS One. 2015;10(6), e0128452.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Maruthur NM, Li M, Halushka MK, Astor BC, Pankow JS, Boerwinkle E, et al. Genetics of plasma soluble receptor for advanced glycation end-products and cardiovascular outcomes in a community-based population: results from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study. PLoS One. 2015;10(6), e0128452.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
51.
go back to reference Yeh HC, Punjabi NM, Wang NY, Pankow JS, Duncan BB, Brancati FL. Vital capacity as a predictor of incident type 2 diabetes: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study. Diabetes Care. 2005;28(6):1472–9.CrossRefPubMed Yeh HC, Punjabi NM, Wang NY, Pankow JS, Duncan BB, Brancati FL. Vital capacity as a predictor of incident type 2 diabetes: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study. Diabetes Care. 2005;28(6):1472–9.CrossRefPubMed
52.
go back to reference Klein OL, Krishnan JA, Glick S, Smith LJ. Systematic review of the association between lung function and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabet Med. 27(9):977–87. Klein OL, Krishnan JA, Glick S, Smith LJ. Systematic review of the association between lung function and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabet Med. 27(9):977–87.
53.
go back to reference Sentell TL, He G, Gregg EW, Schillinger D. Racial/ethnic variation in prevalence estimates for United States prediabetes under alternative 2010 American Diabetes Association criteria: 1988–2008. Ethn Dis. 2012;22(4):451–8.PubMed Sentell TL, He G, Gregg EW, Schillinger D. Racial/ethnic variation in prevalence estimates for United States prediabetes under alternative 2010 American Diabetes Association criteria: 1988–2008. Ethn Dis. 2012;22(4):451–8.PubMed
54.••
go back to reference Herman WH, Cohen RM. Racial and ethnic differences in the relationship between HbA1c and blood glucose: implications for the diagnosis of diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012;97(4):1067–72. Review of the advantages and disadvantages related to use of A1c testing in groups of different races/ethnicities.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Herman WH, Cohen RM. Racial and ethnic differences in the relationship between HbA1c and blood glucose: implications for the diagnosis of diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012;97(4):1067–72. Review of the advantages and disadvantages related to use of A1c testing in groups of different races/ethnicities.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
55.
go back to reference Herman WH, Ma Y, Uwaifo G, Haffner S, Kahn SE, Horton ES, et al. Differences in A1C by race and ethnicity among patients with impaired glucose tolerance in the Diabetes Prevention Program. Diabetes Care. 2007;30(10):2453–7.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Herman WH, Ma Y, Uwaifo G, Haffner S, Kahn SE, Horton ES, et al. Differences in A1C by race and ethnicity among patients with impaired glucose tolerance in the Diabetes Prevention Program. Diabetes Care. 2007;30(10):2453–7.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
56.
go back to reference Viberti G, Lachin J, Holman R, Zinman B, Haffner S, Kravitz B, et al. A Diabetes Outcome Progression Trial (ADOPT): baseline characteristics of type 2 diabetic patients in North America and Europe. Diabet Med. 2006;23(12):1289–94.CrossRefPubMed Viberti G, Lachin J, Holman R, Zinman B, Haffner S, Kravitz B, et al. A Diabetes Outcome Progression Trial (ADOPT): baseline characteristics of type 2 diabetic patients in North America and Europe. Diabet Med. 2006;23(12):1289–94.CrossRefPubMed
57.
go back to reference Ziemer DC, Kolm P, Weintraub WS, Vaccarino V, Rhee MK, Twombly JG, et al. Glucose-independent, black-white differences in hemoglobin A1c levels: a cross-sectional analysis of 2 studies. Ann Intern Med. 2010;152(12):770–7.CrossRefPubMed Ziemer DC, Kolm P, Weintraub WS, Vaccarino V, Rhee MK, Twombly JG, et al. Glucose-independent, black-white differences in hemoglobin A1c levels: a cross-sectional analysis of 2 studies. Ann Intern Med. 2010;152(12):770–7.CrossRefPubMed
58.
go back to reference Selvin E, Steffes MW, Zhu H, Matsushita K, Wagenknecht L, Pankow J, et al. Glycated hemoglobin, diabetes, and cardiovascular risk in nondiabetic adults. N Engl J Med. 2010;362(9):800–11.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Selvin E, Steffes MW, Zhu H, Matsushita K, Wagenknecht L, Pankow J, et al. Glycated hemoglobin, diabetes, and cardiovascular risk in nondiabetic adults. N Engl J Med. 2010;362(9):800–11.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
59.
go back to reference Neeland IJ, Turer AT, Ayers CR, Powell-Wiley TM, Vega GL, Farzaneh-Far R, et al. Dysfunctional adiposity and the risk of prediabetes and type 2 diabetes in obese adults. JAMA. 2012;308(11):1150–9.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Neeland IJ, Turer AT, Ayers CR, Powell-Wiley TM, Vega GL, Farzaneh-Far R, et al. Dysfunctional adiposity and the risk of prediabetes and type 2 diabetes in obese adults. JAMA. 2012;308(11):1150–9.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
60.
go back to reference Hanley AJ, Wagenknecht LE, Norris JM, Bryer-Ash M, Chen YI, Anderson AM, et al. Insulin resistance, beta cell dysfunction and visceral adiposity as predictors of incident diabetes: the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study (IRAS) Family study. Diabetologia. 2009;52(10):2079–86.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Hanley AJ, Wagenknecht LE, Norris JM, Bryer-Ash M, Chen YI, Anderson AM, et al. Insulin resistance, beta cell dysfunction and visceral adiposity as predictors of incident diabetes: the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study (IRAS) Family study. Diabetologia. 2009;52(10):2079–86.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
61.
go back to reference Despres JP, Lemieux I, Bergeron J, Pibarot P, Mathieu P, Larose E, et al. Abdominal obesity and the metabolic syndrome: contribution to global cardiometabolic risk. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2008;28(6):1039–49.CrossRefPubMed Despres JP, Lemieux I, Bergeron J, Pibarot P, Mathieu P, Larose E, et al. Abdominal obesity and the metabolic syndrome: contribution to global cardiometabolic risk. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2008;28(6):1039–49.CrossRefPubMed
62.
go back to reference Despres JP, Couillard C, Gagnon J, Bergeron J, Leon AS, Rao DC, et al. Race, visceral adipose tissue, plasma lipids, and lipoprotein lipase activity in men and women: the Health, Risk Factors, Exercise Training, and Genetics (HERITAGE) family study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2000;20(8):1932–8.CrossRefPubMed Despres JP, Couillard C, Gagnon J, Bergeron J, Leon AS, Rao DC, et al. Race, visceral adipose tissue, plasma lipids, and lipoprotein lipase activity in men and women: the Health, Risk Factors, Exercise Training, and Genetics (HERITAGE) family study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2000;20(8):1932–8.CrossRefPubMed
63.
go back to reference Hill JO, Sidney S, Lewis CE, Tolan K, Scherzinger AL, Stamm ER. Racial differences in amounts of visceral adipose tissue in young adults: the CARDIA (Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults) study. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999;69(3):381–7.PubMed Hill JO, Sidney S, Lewis CE, Tolan K, Scherzinger AL, Stamm ER. Racial differences in amounts of visceral adipose tissue in young adults: the CARDIA (Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults) study. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999;69(3):381–7.PubMed
64.
go back to reference Hoffman DJ, Wang Z, Gallagher D, Heymsfield SB. Comparison of visceral adipose tissue mass in adult African Americans and whites. Obes Res. 2005;13(1):66–74.CrossRefPubMed Hoffman DJ, Wang Z, Gallagher D, Heymsfield SB. Comparison of visceral adipose tissue mass in adult African Americans and whites. Obes Res. 2005;13(1):66–74.CrossRefPubMed
65.
go back to reference Bray GA, Jablonski KA, Fujimoto WY, Barrett-Connor E, Haffner S, Hanson RL, et al. Relation of central adiposity and body mass index to the development of diabetes in the Diabetes Prevention Program. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008;87(5):1212–8.PubMedCentralPubMed Bray GA, Jablonski KA, Fujimoto WY, Barrett-Connor E, Haffner S, Hanson RL, et al. Relation of central adiposity and body mass index to the development of diabetes in the Diabetes Prevention Program. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008;87(5):1212–8.PubMedCentralPubMed
66.
go back to reference Conway JM, Yanovski SZ, Avila NA, Hubbard VS. Visceral adipose tissue differences in black and white women. Am J Clin Nutr. 1995;61(4):765–71.PubMed Conway JM, Yanovski SZ, Avila NA, Hubbard VS. Visceral adipose tissue differences in black and white women. Am J Clin Nutr. 1995;61(4):765–71.PubMed
67.
go back to reference Kanaley JA, Giannopoulou I, Tillapaugh-Fay G, Nappi JS, Ploutz-Snyder LL. Racial differences in subcutaneous and visceral fat distribution in postmenopausal black and white women. Metabolism. 2003;52(2):186–91.CrossRefPubMed Kanaley JA, Giannopoulou I, Tillapaugh-Fay G, Nappi JS, Ploutz-Snyder LL. Racial differences in subcutaneous and visceral fat distribution in postmenopausal black and white women. Metabolism. 2003;52(2):186–91.CrossRefPubMed
68.
go back to reference Katzmarzyk PT, Bray GA, Greenway FL, Johnson WD, Newton Jr RL, Ravussin E, et al. Racial differences in abdominal depot-specific adiposity in white and African American adults. Am J Clin Nutr. 2010;91(1):7–15.CrossRefPubMed Katzmarzyk PT, Bray GA, Greenway FL, Johnson WD, Newton Jr RL, Ravussin E, et al. Racial differences in abdominal depot-specific adiposity in white and African American adults. Am J Clin Nutr. 2010;91(1):7–15.CrossRefPubMed
69.
go back to reference Toledo-Corral CM, Alderete TL, Hu HH, Nayak K, Esplana S, Liu T, et al. Ectopic fat deposition in prediabetic overweight and obese minority adolescents. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013;98(3):1115–21.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Toledo-Corral CM, Alderete TL, Hu HH, Nayak K, Esplana S, Liu T, et al. Ectopic fat deposition in prediabetic overweight and obese minority adolescents. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013;98(3):1115–21.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
70.
go back to reference Alderete TL, Toledo-Corral CM, Desai P, Weigensberg MJ, Goran MI. Liver fat has a stronger association with risk factors for type 2 diabetes in African-American compared with Hispanic adolescents. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013;98(9):3748–54.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Alderete TL, Toledo-Corral CM, Desai P, Weigensberg MJ, Goran MI. Liver fat has a stronger association with risk factors for type 2 diabetes in African-American compared with Hispanic adolescents. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013;98(9):3748–54.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
71.
72.
go back to reference Voight BF, Scott LJ, Steinthorsdottir V, Morris AP, Dina C, Welch RP, et al. Twelve type 2 diabetes susceptibility loci identified through large-scale association analysis. Nat Genet. 2010;42(7):579–89.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Voight BF, Scott LJ, Steinthorsdottir V, Morris AP, Dina C, Welch RP, et al. Twelve type 2 diabetes susceptibility loci identified through large-scale association analysis. Nat Genet. 2010;42(7):579–89.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
73.
go back to reference Kooner JS, Saleheen D, Sim X, Sehmi J, Zhang W, Frossard P, et al. Genome-wide association study in individuals of South Asian ancestry identifies six new type 2 diabetes susceptibility loci. Nat Genet. 2011;43(10):984–9.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Kooner JS, Saleheen D, Sim X, Sehmi J, Zhang W, Frossard P, et al. Genome-wide association study in individuals of South Asian ancestry identifies six new type 2 diabetes susceptibility loci. Nat Genet. 2011;43(10):984–9.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
74.
go back to reference Cho YS, Chen CH, Hu C, Long J, Ong RT, Sim X, et al. Meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies identifies eight new loci for type 2 diabetes in East Asians. Nat Genet. 2012;44(1):67–72.CrossRef Cho YS, Chen CH, Hu C, Long J, Ong RT, Sim X, et al. Meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies identifies eight new loci for type 2 diabetes in East Asians. Nat Genet. 2012;44(1):67–72.CrossRef
75.
go back to reference Palmer ND, McDonough CW, Hicks PJ, Roh BH, Wing MR, An SS, et al. A genome-wide association search for type 2 diabetes genes in African Americans. PLoS One. 2012;7(1), e29202.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Palmer ND, McDonough CW, Hicks PJ, Roh BH, Wing MR, An SS, et al. A genome-wide association search for type 2 diabetes genes in African Americans. PLoS One. 2012;7(1), e29202.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
76.
go back to reference Morris AP, Voight BF, Teslovich TM, Ferreira T, Segre AV, Steinthorsdottir V, et al. Large-scale association analysis provides insights into the genetic architecture and pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes. Nat Genet. 2012;44(9):981–90.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Morris AP, Voight BF, Teslovich TM, Ferreira T, Segre AV, Steinthorsdottir V, et al. Large-scale association analysis provides insights into the genetic architecture and pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes. Nat Genet. 2012;44(9):981–90.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
77.
go back to reference Replication DIG, Meta-analysis C. Asian Genetic Epidemiology Network Type 2 Diabetes C, South Asian Type 2 Diabetes C, Mexican American Type 2 Diabetes C, Type 2 Diabetes Genetic Exploration by Next-generation sequencing in multi-Ethnic Samples C, et al. Genome-wide trans-ancestry meta-analysis provides insight into the genetic architecture of type 2 diabetes susceptibility. Nat Genet. 2014;46(3):234–44.CrossRef Replication DIG, Meta-analysis C. Asian Genetic Epidemiology Network Type 2 Diabetes C, South Asian Type 2 Diabetes C, Mexican American Type 2 Diabetes C, Type 2 Diabetes Genetic Exploration by Next-generation sequencing in multi-Ethnic Samples C, et al. Genome-wide trans-ancestry meta-analysis provides insight into the genetic architecture of type 2 diabetes susceptibility. Nat Genet. 2014;46(3):234–44.CrossRef
78.
go back to reference Ng MC, Shriner D, Chen BH, Li J, Chen WM, Guo X, et al. Meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies in African Americans provides insights into the genetic architecture of type 2 diabetes. PLoS Genet. 2014;10(8), e1004517.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Ng MC, Shriner D, Chen BH, Li J, Chen WM, Guo X, et al. Meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies in African Americans provides insights into the genetic architecture of type 2 diabetes. PLoS Genet. 2014;10(8), e1004517.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
79.
go back to reference Meigs JB, Grant RW, Piccolo R, Lopez L, Florez JC, Porneala B, et al. Association of African genetic ancestry with fasting glucose and HbA1c levels in non-diabetic individuals: the Boston Area Community Health (BACH) prediabetes study. Diabetologia. 2014;57(9):1850–8.CrossRefPubMed Meigs JB, Grant RW, Piccolo R, Lopez L, Florez JC, Porneala B, et al. Association of African genetic ancestry with fasting glucose and HbA1c levels in non-diabetic individuals: the Boston Area Community Health (BACH) prediabetes study. Diabetologia. 2014;57(9):1850–8.CrossRefPubMed
80.
go back to reference Maruthur NM, Kao WH, Clark JM, Brancati FL, Cheng CY, Pankow JS, et al. Does genetic ancestry explain higher values of glycated hemoglobin in African Americans? Diabetes. 2011;60(9):2434–8.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Maruthur NM, Kao WH, Clark JM, Brancati FL, Cheng CY, Pankow JS, et al. Does genetic ancestry explain higher values of glycated hemoglobin in African Americans? Diabetes. 2011;60(9):2434–8.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
81.•
go back to reference Maruthur NM. The growing prevalence of type 2 diabetes: increased incidence or improved survival? Curr Diab Rep. 2013;13(6):786–94. Review of risk factors impacting diabetes and diabetes risk world-wide.CrossRefPubMed Maruthur NM. The growing prevalence of type 2 diabetes: increased incidence or improved survival? Curr Diab Rep. 2013;13(6):786–94. Review of risk factors impacting diabetes and diabetes risk world-wide.CrossRefPubMed
Metadata
Title
Novel Risk Factors for Type 2 Diabetes in African-Americans
Authors
Ranee Chatterjee
Nisa M. Maruthur
David Edelman
Publication date
01-12-2015
Publisher
Springer US
Published in
Current Diabetes Reports / Issue 12/2015
Print ISSN: 1534-4827
Electronic ISSN: 1539-0829
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11892-015-0675-5

Other articles of this Issue 12/2015

Current Diabetes Reports 12/2015 Go to the issue

Microvascular Complications—Nephropathy (T Isakova, Section Editor)

Therapies on the Horizon for Diabetic Kidney Disease

Lifestyle Management to Reduce Diabetes/Cardiovascular Risk (E Mayer-Davis and C Shay, Section Editors)

Challenges and Opportunities in the Management of Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Youth With Type 1 Diabetes: Lifestyle and Beyond

Microvascular Complications—Retinopathy (JK Sun, Section Editor)

Hypoxia and Dark Adaptation in Diabetic Retinopathy: Interactions, Consequences, and Therapy

Diabetes Epidemiology (NM Maruthur, Section Editor)

Undiagnosed MODY: Time for Action

Microvascular Complications—Neuropathy (R Pop-Busui, Section Editor)

Exercise as Therapy for Diabetic and Prediabetic Neuropathy

Microvascular Complications—Neuropathy (R Pop-Busui, Section Editor)

Retinal Failure in Diabetes: a Feature of Retinal Sensory Neuropathy

Live Webinar | 27-06-2024 | 18:00 (CEST)

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Live: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)

WHO estimates that half of all patients worldwide are non-adherent to their prescribed medication. The consequences of poor adherence can be catastrophic, on both the individual and population level.

Join our expert panel to discover why you need to understand the drivers of non-adherence in your patients, and how you can optimize medication adherence in your clinics to drastically improve patient outcomes.

Prof. Kevin Dolgin
Prof. Florian Limbourg
Prof. Anoop Chauhan
Developed by: Springer Medicine
Obesity Clinical Trial Summary

At a glance: The STEP trials

A round-up of the STEP phase 3 clinical trials evaluating semaglutide for weight loss in people with overweight or obesity.

Developed by: Springer Medicine