Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

LIVE: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)
Join our expert panel to discover why you need to understand the drivers of non-adherence in your patients, and how you can optimize medication adherence in your clinics to drastically improve patient outcomes.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
Cancer and Metastasis Reviews
Published in: Cancer and Metastasis Reviews 1/2018

01-03-2018

Non-coding RNAs, epigenetics, and cancer: tying it all together

Authors: Humberto J. Ferreira, Manel Esteller

Published in: Cancer and Metastasis Reviews | Issue 1/2018

Login to get access

Abstract

While only a small part of the human genome encodes for proteins, biological functions for the so-called junk genome are increasingly being recognized through high-throughput technologies and mechanistic experimental studies. Indeed, novel mechanisms of gene regulation are being discovered that require coordinated interaction between DNA, RNA, and proteins. Therefore, interdisciplinary efforts are still needed to decipher these complex transcriptional networks. In this review, we discuss how non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are epigenetically regulated in cancer and metastases and consequently how ncRNAs participate in the sculpting of the epigenetic profile of a cancer cell, thus modulating the expression of other RNA molecules. In the latter case, ncRNAs not only affect the DNA methylation status of certain genomic loci but also interact with histone-modifying complexes, changing the structure of the chromatin itself. We present several examples of epigenetic changes causing aberrant expression of ncRNAs in the context of tumor progression. Interestingly, there are also important epigenetic changes and transcriptional regulatory effects derived from their aberrant expression. As ncRNAs can also be used as biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis or explored as potential targets, we present insights into the use of ncRNAs for targeted cancer therapy.
Literature
1.
Crick, F. H. (1958). On protein synthesis. Symposia of the Society for Experimental Biology, 12, 138–163.PubMed
2.
Alexander, R. P., Fang, G., Rozowsky, J., Snyder, M., & Gerstein, M. B. (2010). Annotating non-coding regions of the genome. Nature Reviews. Genetics, 11(8), 559–571.PubMedCrossRef
3.
Taft, R. J., Pheasant, M., & Mattick, J. S. (2007). The relationship between non-protein-coding DNA and eukaryotic complexity. BioEssays, 29(3), 288–299.PubMedCrossRef
4.
ENCODE. (2012). Project Consortium, an integrated encyclopedia of DNA elements in the human genome. Nature, 489(7414), 57–74.CrossRef
5.
Djebali, S., Davis, C. A., Merkel, A., Dobin, A., Lassmann, T., Mortazavi, A., Tanzer, A., Lagarde, J., Lin, W., Schlesinger, F., Xue, C., Marinov, G. K., Khatun, J., Williams, B. A., Zaleski, C., Rozowsky, J., Roder, M., Kokocinski, F., Abdelhamid, R. F., Alioto, T., Antoshechkin, I., Baer, M. T., Bar, N. S., Batut, P., Bell, K., Bell, I., Chakrabortty, S., Chen, X., Chrast, J., Curado, J., Derrien, T., Drenkow, J., Dumais, E., Dumais, J., Duttagupta, R., Falconnet, E., Fastuca, M., Fejes-Toth, K., Ferreira, P., Foissac, S., Fullwood, M. J., Gao, H., Gonzalez, D., Gordon, A., Gunawardena, H., Howald, C., Jha, S., Johnson, R., Kapranov, P., King, B., Kingswood, C., Luo, O. J., Park, E., Persaud, K., Preall, J. B., Ribeca, P., Risk, B., Robyr, D., Sammeth, M., Schaffer, L., See, L. H., Shahab, A., Skancke, J., Suzuki, A. M., Takahashi, H., Tilgner, H., Trout, D., Walters, N., Wang, H., Wrobel, J., Yu, Y., Ruan, X., Hayashizaki, Y., Harrow, J., Gerstein, M., Hubbard, T., Reymond, A., Antonarakis, S. E., Hannon, G., Giddings, M. C., Ruan, Y., Wold, B., Carninci, P., Guigo, R., & Gingeras, T. R. (2012). Landscape of transcription in human cells. Nature, 489(7414), 101–108.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
6.
Dhanasekaran, K., Kumari, S., & Kanduri, C. (2013). Noncoding RNAs in chromatin organization and transcription regulation: an epigenetic view. Sub-Cellular Biochemistry, 61, 343–372.PubMedCrossRef
7.
Tay, Y., Kats, L., Salmena, L., Weiss, D., Tan, S. M., Ala, U., Karreth, F., Poliseno, L., Provero, P., Di Cunto, F., Lieberman, J., Rigoutsos, I., & Pandolfi, P. P. (2011). Coding-independent regulation of the tumor suppressor PTEN by competing endogenous mRNAs. Cell, 147(2), 344–357.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
8.
Kapranov, P., Cheng, J., Dike, S., Nix, D. A., Duttagupta, R., Willingham, A. T., Stadler, P. F., Hertel, J., Hackermuller, J., Hofacker, I. L., Bell, I., Cheung, E., Drenkow, J., Dumais, E., Patel, S., Helt, G., Ganesh, M., Ghosh, S., Piccolboni, A., Sementchenko, V., Tammana, H., & Gingeras, T. R. (2007). RNA maps reveal new RNA classes and a possible function for pervasive transcription. Science, 316(5830), 1484–1488.PubMedCrossRef
9.
Walsh, C. P., Chaillet, J. R., & Bestor, T. H. (1998). Transcription of IAP endogenous retroviruses is constrained by cytosine methylation. Nature Genetics, 20(2), 116–117.PubMedCrossRef
10.
Liang, G., Chan, M. F., Tomigahara, Y., Tsai, Y. C., Gonzales, F. A., Li, E., Laird, P. W., & Jones, P. A. (2002). Cooperativity between DNA methyltransferases in the maintenance methylation of repetitive elements. Molecular and Cellular Biology, 22(2), 480–491.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
11.
Slotkin, R. K., & Martienssen, R. (2007). Transposable elements and the epigenetic regulation of the genome. Nature Reviews. Genetics, 8(4), 272–285.PubMedCrossRef
12.
Xie, M., Hong, C., Zhang, B., Lowdon, R. F., Xing, X., Li, D., Zhou, X., Lee, H. J., Maire, C. L., Ligon, K. L., Gascard, P., Sigaroudinia, M., Tlsty, T. D., Kadlecek, T., Weiss, A., O'Geen, H., Farnham, P. J., Madden, P. A., Mungall, A. J., Tam, A., Kamoh, B., Cho, S., Moore, R., Hirst, M., Marra, M. A., Costello, J. F., & Wang, T. (2013). DNA hypomethylation within specific transposable element families associates with tissue-specific enhancer landscape. Nature Genetics, 45(7), 836–841.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
13.
Reik, W., & Lewis, A. (2005). Co-evolution of X-chromosome inactivation and imprinting in mammals. Nature Reviews. Genetics, 6(5), 403–410.PubMedCrossRef
14.
Paulsen, M., & Ferguson-Smith, A. C. (2001). DNA methylation in genomic imprinting, development, and disease. The Journal of Pathology, 195(1), 97–110.PubMedCrossRef
15.
Li, E., Beard, C., & Jaenisch, R. (1993). Role for DNA methylation in genomic imprinting. Nature, 366(6453), 362–365.PubMedCrossRef
16.
Du, M., Zhou, W., Beatty, L. G., Weksberg, R., & Sadowski, P. D. (2004). The KCNQ1OT1 promoter, a key regulator of genomic imprinting in human chromosome 11p15.5. Genomics, 84(2), 288–300.PubMedCrossRef
17.
Peschansky, V. J., & Wahlestedt, C. (2014). Non-coding RNAs as direct and indirect modulators of epigenetic regulation. Epigenetics, 9(1), 3–12.PubMedCrossRef
18.
19.
Morris, K. V., Chan, S. W., Jacobsen, S. E., & Looney, D. J. (2004). Small interfering RNA-induced transcriptional gene silencing in human cells. Science, 305(5688), 1289–1292.PubMedCrossRef
20.
Mendell, J. T. (2005). MicroRNAs: critical regulators of development, cellular physiology and malignancy. Cell Cycle, 4(9), 1179–1184.PubMedCrossRef
21.
Esteller, M. (2011). Non-coding RNAs in human disease. Nature Reviews. Genetics, 12(12), 861–874.PubMedCrossRef
22.
Liz, J., & Esteller, M. (2016). lncRNAs and microRNAs with a role in cancer development. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 1859(1), 169–176.PubMedCrossRef
23.
Askarian-Amiri, M. E., Crawford, J., French, J. D., Smart, C. E., Smith, M. A., Clark, M. B., Ru, K., Mercer, T. R., Thompson, E. R., Lakhani, S. R., Vargas, A. C., Campbell, I. G., Brown, M. A., Dinger, M. E., & Mattick, J. S. (2011). SNORD-host RNA Zfas1 is a regulator of mammary development and a potential marker for breast cancer. RNA, 17(5), 878–891.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
24.
Ronnau, C. G., Verhaegh, G. W., Luna-Velez, M. V., & Schalken, J. A. (2014). Noncoding RNAs as novel biomarkers in prostate cancer. BioMed Research International, 2014, 591703.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
25.
Fatima, R., Akhade, V. S., Pal, D., & Rao, S. M. (2015). Long noncoding RNAs in development and cancer: potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Mol Cell Ther, 3, 5.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
26.
Hayes, J., Peruzzi, P. P., & Lawler, S. (2014). MicroRNAs in cancer: biomarkers, functions and therapy. Trends in Molecular Medicine, 20(8), 460–469.PubMedCrossRef
27.
Lee, R. C., Feinbaum, R. L., & Ambros, V. (1993). The C. elegans heterochronic gene lin-4 encodes small RNAs with antisense complementarity to lin-14. Cell, 75(5), 843–854.PubMedCrossRef
28.
Friedman, R. C., Farh, K. K., Burge, C. B., & Bartel, D. P. (2009). Most mammalian mRNAs are conserved targets of microRNAs. Genome Research, 19(1), 92–105.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
29.
Llave, C., Xie, Z., Kasschau, K. D., & Carrington, J. C. (2002). Cleavage of scarecrow-like mRNA targets directed by a class of Arabidopsis miRNA. Science, 297(5589), 2053–2056.PubMedCrossRef
30.
Valencia-Sanchez, M. A., Liu, J., Hannon, G. J., & Parker, R. (2006). Control of translation and mRNA degradation by miRNAs and siRNAs. Genes & Development, 20(5), 515–524.CrossRef
31.
Zeng, Y., Yi, R., & Cullen, B. R. (2003). MicroRNAs and small interfering RNAs can inhibit mRNA expression by similar mechanisms. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 100(17), 9779–9784.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
32.
Vagin, V. V., Sigova, A., Li, C., Seitz, H., Gvozdev, V., & Zamore, P. D. (2006). A distinct small RNA pathway silences selfish genetic elements in the germline. Science, 313(5785), 320–324.PubMedCrossRef
33.
Huang, X. A., Yin, H., Sweeney, S., Raha, D., Snyder, M., & Lin, H. (2013). A major epigenetic programming mechanism guided by piRNAs. Developmental Cell, 24(5), 502–516.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
34.
Yin, H., & Lin, H. (2007). An epigenetic activation role of Piwi and a Piwi-associated piRNA in Drosophila melanogaster. Nature, 450(7167), 304–308.PubMedCrossRef
35.
Faulkner, G. J., Kimura, Y., Daub, C. O., Wani, S., Plessy, C., Irvine, K. M., Schroder, K., Cloonan, N., Steptoe, A. L., Lassmann, T., Waki, K., Hornig, N., Arakawa, T., Takahashi, H., Kawai, J., Forrest, A. R., Suzuki, H., Hayashizaki, Y., Hume, D. A., Orlando, V., Grimmond, S. M., & Carninci, P. (2009). The regulated retrotransposon transcriptome of mammalian cells. Nature Genetics, 41(5), 563–571.PubMedCrossRef
36.
Lim, A. K., Lorthongpanich, C., Chew, T. G., Tan, C. W., Shue, Y. T., Balu, S., Gounko, N., Kuramochi-Miyagawa, S., Matzuk, M. M., Chuma, S., Messerschmidt, D. M., Solter, D., & Knowles, B. B. (2013). The nuage mediates retrotransposon silencing in mouse primordial ovarian follicles. Development, 140(18), 3819–3825.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
37.
Martinez, V. D., Vucic, E. A., Thu, K. L., Hubaux, R., Enfield, K. S., Pikor, L. A., Becker-Santos, D. D., Brown, C. J., Lam, S., & Lam, W. L. (2015). Unique somatic and malignant expression patterns implicate PIWI-interacting RNAs in cancer-type specific biology. Scientific Reports, 5, 10423.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
38.
Kiss-Laszlo, Z., Henry, Y., Bachellerie, J. P., Caizergues-Ferrer, M., & Kiss, T. (1996). Site-specific ribose methylation of preribosomal RNA: a novel function for small nucleolar RNAs. Cell, 85(7), 1077–1088.PubMedCrossRef
39.
Cavaille, J., Nicoloso, M., & Bachellerie, J. P. (1996). Targeted ribose methylation of RNA in vivo directed by tailored antisense RNA guides. Nature, 383(6602), 732–735.PubMedCrossRef
40.
Ganot, P., Bortolin, M. L., & Kiss, T. (1997). Site-specific pseudouridine formation in preribosomal RNA is guided by small nucleolar RNAs. Cell, 89(5), 799–809.PubMedCrossRef
41.
Decatur, W. A., & Fournier, M. J. (2002). rRNA modifications and ribosome function. Trends in Biochemical Sciences, 27(7), 344–351.PubMedCrossRef
42.
Huang, C., Shi, J., Guo, Y., Huang, W., Huang, S., Ming, S., Wu, X., Zhang, R., Ding, J., Zhao, W., Jia, J., Huang, X., Xiang, A. P., Shi, Y., & Yao, C. (2017). A snoRNA modulates mRNA 3′ end processing and regulates the expression of a subset of mRNAs. Nucleic Acids Research, 45(15), 8647–8660.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
43.
44.
45.
Fatica, A., & Bozzoni, I. (2014). Long non-coding RNAs: new players in cell differentiation and development. Nature Reviews. Genetics, 15(1), 7–21.PubMedCrossRef
46.
Hu, W., Alvarez-Dominguez, J. R., & Lodish, H. F. (2012). Regulation of mammalian cell differentiation by long non-coding RNAs. EMBO Reports, 13(11), 971–983.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
47.
Derrien, T., Johnson, R., Bussotti, G., Tanzer, A., Djebali, S., Tilgner, H., Guernec, G., Martin, D., Merkel, A., Knowles, D. G., Lagarde, J., Veeravalli, L., Ruan, X., Ruan, Y., Lassmann, T., Carninci, P., Brown, J. B., Lipovich, L., Gonzalez, J. M., Thomas, M., Davis, C. A., Shiekhattar, R., Gingeras, T. R., Hubbard, T. J., Notredame, C., Harrow, J., & Guigo, R. (2012). The GENCODE v7 catalog of human long noncoding RNAs: analysis of their gene structure, evolution, and expression. Genome Research, 22(9), 1775–1789.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
48.
Kim, T. K., Hemberg, M., Gray, J. M., Costa, A. M., Bear, D. M., Wu, J., Harmin, D. A., Laptewicz, M., Barbara-Haley, K., Kuersten, S., Markenscoff-Papadimitriou, E., Kuhl, D., Bito, H., Worley, P. F., Kreiman, G., & Greenberg, M. E. (2010). Widespread transcription at neuronal activity-regulated enhancers. Nature, 465(7295), 182–187.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
49.
Andersson, R., Gebhard, C., Miguel-Escalada, I., Hoof, I., Bornholdt, J., Boyd, M., Chen, Y., Zhao, X., Schmidl, C., Suzuki, T., Ntini, E., Arner, E., Valen, E., Li, K., Schwarzfischer, L., Glatz, D., Raithel, J., Lilje, B., Rapin, N., Bagger, F. O., Jorgensen, M., Andersen, P. R., Bertin, N., Rackham, O., Burroughs, A. M., Baillie, J. K., Ishizu, Y., Shimizu, Y., Furuhata, E., Maeda, S., Negishi, Y., Mungall, C. J., Meehan, T. F., Lassmann, T., Itoh, M., Kawaji, H., Kondo, N., Kawai, J., Lennartsson, A., Daub, C. O., Heutink, P., Hume, D. A., Jensen, T. H., Suzuki, H., Hayashizaki, Y., Muller, F., Forrest, A. R. R., Carninci, P., Rehli, M., & Sandelin, A. (2014). An atlas of active enhancers across human cell types and tissues. Nature, 507(7493), 455–461.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
50.
Ashwal-Fluss, R., Meyer, M., Pamudurti, N. R., Ivanov, A., Bartok, O., Hanan, M., Evantal, N., Memczak, S., Rajewsky, N., & Kadener, S. (2014). circRNA biogenesis competes with pre-mRNA splicing. Molecular Cell, 56(1), 55–66.PubMedCrossRef
51.
Cocquerelle, C., Daubersies, P., Majerus, M. A., Kerckaert, J. P., & Bailleul, B. (1992). Splicing with inverted order of exons occurs proximal to large introns. The EMBO Journal, 11(3), 1095–1098.PubMedPubMedCentral
52.
Jeck, W. R., Sorrentino, J. A., Wang, K., Slevin, M. K., Burd, C. E., Liu, J., Marzluff, W. F., & Sharpless, N. E. (2013). Circular RNAs are abundant, conserved, and associated with ALU repeats. RNA, 19(2), 141–157.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
53.
Guo, J. U., Agarwal, V., Guo, H., & Bartel, D. P. (2014). Expanded identification and characterization of mammalian circular RNAs. Genome Biology, 15(7), 409.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
54.
Memczak, S., Jens, M., Elefsinioti, A., Torti, F., Krueger, J., Rybak, A., Maier, L., Mackowiak, S. D., Gregersen, L. H., Munschauer, M., Loewer, A., Ziebold, U., Landthaler, M., Kocks, C., le Noble, F., & Rajewsky, N. (2013). Circular RNAs are a large class of animal RNAs with regulatory potency. Nature, 495(7441), 333–338.PubMedCrossRef
55.
Salzman, J., Chen, R. E., Olsen, M. N., Wang, P. L., & Brown, P. O. (2013). Cell-type specific features of circular RNA expression. PLoS Genetics, 9(9), e1003777.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
56.
Hansen, T. B., Jensen, T. I., Clausen, B. H., Bramsen, J. B., Finsen, B., Damgaard, C. K., & Kjems, J. (2013). Natural RNA circles function as efficient microRNA sponges. Nature, 495(7441), 384–388.PubMedCrossRef
57.
Hansen, T. B., Wiklund, E. D., Bramsen, J. B., Villadsen, S. B., Statham, A. L., Clark, S. J., & Kjems, J. (2011). miRNA-dependent gene silencing involving Ago2-mediated cleavage of a circular antisense RNA. The EMBO Journal, 30(21), 4414–4422.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
58.
Li, Y., Zheng, Q., Bao, C., Li, S., Guo, W., Zhao, J., Chen, D., Gu, J., He, X., & Huang, S. (2015). Circular RNA is enriched and stable in exosomes: a promising biomarker for cancer diagnosis. Cell Research, 25(8), 981–984.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
59.
60.
Wang, K. C., Yang, Y. W., Liu, B., Sanyal, A., Corces-Zimmerman, R., Chen, Y., Lajoie, B. R., Protacio, A., Flynn, R. A., Gupta, R. A., Wysocka, J., Lei, M., Dekker, J., Helms, J. A., & Chang, H. Y. (2011). A long noncoding RNA maintains active chromatin to coordinate homeotic gene expression. Nature, 472(7341), 120–124.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
61.
Boros, J., Arnoult, N., Stroobant, V., Collet, J. F., & Decottignies, A. (2014). Polycomb repressive complex 2 and H3K27me3 cooperate with H3K9 methylation to maintain heterochromatin protein 1alpha at chromatin. Molecular and Cellular Biology, 34(19), 3662–3674.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
62.
Rinn, J. L., Kertesz, M., Wang, J. K., Squazzo, S. L., Xu, X., Brugmann, S. A., Goodnough, L. H., Helms, J. A., Farnham, P. J., Segal, E., & Chang, H. Y. (2007). Functional demarcation of active and silent chromatin domains in human HOX loci by noncoding RNAs. Cell, 129(7), 1311–1323.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
63.
Tsai, M. C., Manor, O., Wan, Y., Mosammaparast, N., Wang, J. K., Lan, F., Shi, Y., Segal, E., & Chang, H. Y. (2010). Long noncoding RNA as modular scaffold of histone modification complexes. Science, 329(5992), 689–693.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
64.
Brown, C. J., Ballabio, A., Rupert, J. L., Lafreniere, R. G., Grompe, M., Tonlorenzi, R., & Willard, H. F. (1991). A gene from the region of the human X inactivation centre is expressed exclusively from the inactive X chromosome. Nature, 349(6304), 38–44.PubMedCrossRef
65.
Csankovszki, G., Nagy, A., & Jaenisch, R. (2001). Synergism of Xist RNA, DNA methylation, and histone hypoacetylation in maintaining X chromosome inactivation. The Journal of Cell Biology, 153(4), 773–784.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
66.
Navarro, P., Page, D. R., Avner, P., & Rougeulle, C. (2006). Tsix-mediated epigenetic switch of a CTCF-flanked region of the Xist promoter determines the Xist transcription program. Genes & Development, 20(20), 2787–2792.CrossRef
67.
Chureau, C., Chantalat, S., Romito, A., Galvani, A., Duret, L., Avner, P., & Rougeulle, C. (2011). Ftx is a non-coding RNA which affects Xist expression and chromatin structure within the X-inactivation center region. Human Molecular Genetics, 20(4), 705–718.PubMedCrossRef
68.
Kandoth, C., McLellan, M. D., Vandin, F., Ye, K., Niu, B., Lu, C., Xie, M., Zhang, Q., McMichael, J. F., Wyczalkowski, M. A., Leiserson, M. D. M., Miller, C. A., Welch, J. S., Walter, M. J., Wendl, M. C., Ley, T. J., Wilson, R. K., Raphael, B. J., & Ding, L. (2013). Mutational landscape and significance across 12 major cancer types. Nature, 502(7471), 333–339.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
69.
Friend, S. H., Bernards, R., Rogelj, S., Weinberg, R. A., Rapaport, J. M., Albert, D. M., & Dryja, T. P. (1986). A human DNA segment with properties of the gene that predisposes to retinoblastoma and osteosarcoma. Nature, 323(6089), 643–646.PubMedCrossRef
70.
Collins, S., & Groudine, M. (1982). Amplification of endogenous myc-related DNA sequences in a human myeloid leukaemia cell line. Nature, 298(5875), 679–681.PubMedCrossRef
71.
Meyer, C., Schneider, B., Jakob, S., Strehl, S., Attarbaschi, A., Schnittger, S., Schoch, C., Jansen, M. W., van Dongen, J. J., den Boer, M. L., Pieters, R., Ennas, M. G., Angelucci, E., Koehl, U., Greil, J., Griesinger, F., Zur Stadt, U., Eckert, C., Szczepanski, T., Niggli, F. K., Schafer, B. W., Kempski, H., Brady, H. J., Zuna, J., Trka, J., Nigro, L. L., Biondi, A., Delabesse, E., Macintyre, E., Stanulla, M., Schrappe, M., Haas, O. A., Burmeister, T., Dingermann, T., Klingebiel, T., & Marschalek, R. (2006). The MLL recombinome of acute leukemias. Leukemia, 20(5), 777–784.PubMedCrossRef
72.
Calin, G. A., Dumitru, C. D., Shimizu, M., Bichi, R., Zupo, S., Noch, E., Aldler, H., Rattan, S., Keating, M., Rai, K., Rassenti, L., Kipps, T., Negrini, M., Bullrich, F., & Croce, C. M. (2002). Frequent deletions and down-regulation of micro- RNA genes miR15 and miR16 at 13q14 in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 99(24), 15524–15529.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
73.
Cimmino, A., Calin, G. A., Fabbri, M., Iorio, M. V., Ferracin, M., Shimizu, M., Wojcik, S. E., Aqeilan, R. I., Zupo, S., Dono, M., Rassenti, L., Alder, H., Volinia, S., Liu, C. G., Kipps, T. J., Negrini, M., & Croce, C. M. (2005). miR-15 and miR-16 induce apoptosis by targeting BCL2. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 102(39), 13944–13949.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
74.
Corney, D. C., Flesken-Nikitin, A., Godwin, A. K., Wang, W., & Nikitin, A. Y. (2007). MicroRNA-34b and MicroRNA-34c are targets of p53 and cooperate in control of cell proliferation and adhesion-independent growth. Cancer Research, 67(18), 8433–8438.PubMedCrossRef
75.
Ota, A., Tagawa, H., Karnan, S., Tsuzuki, S., Karpas, A., Kira, S., Yoshida, Y., & Seto, M. (2004). Identification and characterization of a novel gene, C13orf25, as a target for 13q31-q32 amplification in malignant lymphoma. Cancer Research, 64(9), 3087–3095.PubMedCrossRef
76.
Tagawa, H., Karube, K., Tsuzuki, S., Ohshima, K., & Seto, M. (2007). Synergistic action of the microRNA-17 polycistron and Myc in aggressive cancer development. Cancer Science, 98(9), 1482–1490.PubMedCrossRef
77.
Rao, E., Jiang, C., Ji, M., Huang, X., Iqbal, J., Lenz, G., Wright, G., Staudt, L. M., Zhao, Y., McKeithan, T. W., Chan, W. C., & Fu, K. (2012). The miRNA-17 approximately 92 cluster mediates chemoresistance and enhances tumor growth in mantle cell lymphoma via PI3K/AKT pathway activation. Leukemia, 26(5), 1064–1072.PubMedCrossRef
78.
Jiang, P., Rao, E. Y., Meng, N., Zhao, Y., & Wang, J. J. (2010). MicroRNA-17-92 significantly enhances radioresistance in human mantle cell lymphoma cells. Radiation Oncology, 5, 100.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
79.
Czubak, K., Lewandowska, M. A., Klonowska, K., Roszkowski, K., Kowalewski, J., Figlerowicz, M., & Kozlowski, P. (2015). High copy number variation of cancer-related microRNA genes and frequent amplification of DICER1 and DROSHA in lung cancer. Oncotarget, 6(27), 23399–23416.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
80.
Jazdzewski, K., Murray, E. L., Franssila, K., Jarzab, B., Schoenberg, D. R., & de la Chapelle, A. (2008). Common SNP in pre-miR-146a decreases mature miR expression and predisposes to papillary thyroid carcinoma. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 105(20), 7269–7274.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
81.
Paranjape, T., Heneghan, H., Lindner, R., Keane, F. K., Hoffman, A., Hollestelle, A., Dorairaj, J., Geyda, K., Pelletier, C., Nallur, S., Martens, J. W., Hooning, M. J., Kerin, M., Zelterman, D., Zhu, Y., Tuck, D., Harris, L., Miller, N., Slack, F., & Weidhaas, J. (2011). A 3′-untranslated region KRAS variant and triple-negative breast cancer: a case-control and genetic analysis. The Lancet Oncology, 12(4), 377–386.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
82.
Kim, M., Chen, X., Chin, L. J., Paranjape, T., Speed, W. C., Kidd, K. K., Zhao, H., Weidhaas, J. B., & Slack, F. J. (2014). Extensive sequence variation in the 3′ untranslated region of the KRAS gene in lung and ovarian cancer cases. Cell Cycle, 13(6), 1030–1040.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
83.
Siprashvili, Z., Webster, D. E., Johnston, D., Shenoy, R. M., Ungewickell, A. J., Bhaduri, A., Flockhart, R., Zarnegar, B. J., Che, Y., Meschi, F., Puglisi, J. D., & Khavari, P. A. (2016). The noncoding RNAs SNORD50A and SNORD50B bind K-Ras and are recurrently deleted in human cancer. Nature Genetics, 48(1), 53–58.PubMedCrossRef
84.
Dong, X. Y., Guo, P., Boyd, J., Sun, X., Li, Q., Zhou, W., & Dong, J. T. (2009). Implication of snoRNA U50 in human breast cancer. Journal of Genetics and Genomics, 36(8), 447–454.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
85.
Dong, X. Y., Rodriguez, C., Guo, P., Sun, X., Talbot, J. T., Zhou, W., Petros, J., Li, Q., Vessella, R. L., Kibel, A. S., Stevens, V. L., Calle, E. E., & Dong, J. T. (2008). SnoRNA U50 is a candidate tumor-suppressor gene at 6q14.3 with a mutation associated with clinically significant prostate cancer. Human Molecular Genetics, 17(7), 1031–1042.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
86.
Tanaka, R., Satoh, H., Moriyama, M., Satoh, K., Morishita, Y., Yoshida, S., Watanabe, T., Nakamura, Y., & Mori, S. (2000). Intronic U50 small-nucleolar-RNA (snoRNA) host gene of no protein-coding potential is mapped at the chromosome breakpoint t(3;6)(q27;q15) of human B-cell lymphoma. Genes to Cells, 5(4), 277–287.PubMedCrossRef
87.
Mei, Y. P., Liao, J. P., Shen, J., Yu, L., Liu, B. L., Liu, L., Li, R. Y., Ji, L., Dorsey, S. G., Jiang, Z. R., Katz, R. L., Wang, J. Y., & Jiang, F. (2012). Small nucleolar RNA 42 acts as an oncogene in lung tumorigenesis. Oncogene, 31(22), 2794–2804.PubMedCrossRef
88.
89.
90.
Shiue, C. N., Berkson, R. G., & Wright, A. P. (2009). c-Myc induces changes in higher order rDNA structure on stimulation of quiescent cells. Oncogene, 28(16), 1833–1842.PubMedCrossRef
91.
Jiang, Z., Zhou, Y., Devarajan, K., Slater, C. M., Daly, M. B., & Chen, X. (2012). Identifying putative breast cancer-associated long intergenic non-coding RNA loci by high density SNP array analysis. Frontiers in Genetics, 3, 299.PubMedPubMedCentral
92.
Yan, X., Hu, Z., Feng, Y., Hu, X., Yuan, J., Zhao, S. D., Zhang, Y., Yang, L., Shan, W., He, Q., Fan, L., Kandalaft, L. E., Tanyi, J. L., Li, C., Yuan, C. X., Zhang, D., Yuan, H., Hua, K., Lu, Y., Katsaros, D., Huang, Q., Montone, K., Fan, Y., Coukos, G., Boyd, J., Sood, A. K., Rebbeck, T., Mills, G. B., Dang, C. V., & Zhang, L. (2015). Comprehensive genomic characterization of long non-coding RNAs across human cancers. Cancer Cell, 28(4), 529–540.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
93.
Hu, X., Feng, Y., Zhang, D., Zhao, S. D., Hu, Z., Greshock, J., Zhang, Y., Yang, L., Zhong, X., Wang, L. P., Jean, S., Li, C., Huang, Q., Katsaros, D., Montone, K. T., Tanyi, J. L., Lu, Y., Boyd, J., Nathanson, K. L., Li, H., Mills, G. B., & Zhang, L. (2014). A functional genomic approach identifies FAL1 as an oncogenic long noncoding RNA that associates with BMI1 and represses p21 expression in cancer. Cancer Cell, 26(3), 344–357.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
94.
Du, Z., Fei, T., Verhaak, R. G., Su, Z., Zhang, Y., Brown, M., Chen, Y., & Liu, X. S. (2013). Integrative genomic analyses reveal clinically relevant long noncoding RNAs in human cancer. Nature Structural & Molecular Biology, 20(7), 908–913.CrossRef
95.
Pandey, G. K., Mitra, S., Subhash, S., Hertwig, F., Kanduri, M., Mishra, K., Fransson, S., Ganeshram, A., Mondal, T., Bandaru, S., Ostensson, M., Akyurek, L. M., Abrahamsson, J., Pfeifer, S., Larsson, E., Shi, L., Peng, Z., Fischer, M., Martinsson, T., Hedborg, F., Kogner, P., & Kanduri, C. (2014). The risk-associated long noncoding RNA NBAT-1 controls neuroblastoma progression by regulating cell proliferation and neuronal differentiation. Cancer Cell, 26(5), 722–737.PubMedCrossRef
96.
Oey, H., & Whitelaw, E. (2014). On the meaning of the word ‘epimutation’. Trends in Genetics, 30(12), 519–520.PubMedCrossRef
97.
Hanada, M., Delia, D., Aiello, A., Stadtmauer, E., & Reed, J. C. (1993). bcl-2 gene hypomethylation and high-level expression in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood, 82(6), 1820–1828.PubMed
98.
Esteller, M., Silva, J. M., Dominguez, G., Bonilla, F., Matias-Guiu, X., Lerma, E., Bussaglia, E., Prat, J., Harkes, I. C., Repasky, E. A., Gabrielson, E., Schutte, M., Baylin, S. B., & Herman, J. G. (2000). Promoter hypermethylation and BRCA1 inactivation in sporadic breast and ovarian tumors. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 92(7), 564–569.PubMedCrossRef
99.
Heyn, H., Vidal, E., Ferreira, H. J., Vizoso, M., Sayols, S., Gomez, A., Moran, S., Boque-Sastre, R., Guil, S., Martinez-Cardus, A., Lin, C. Y., Royo, R., Sanchez-Mut, J. V., Martinez, R., Gut, M., Torrents, D., Orozco, M., Gut, I., Young, R. A., & Esteller, M. (2016). Epigenomic analysis detects aberrant super-enhancer DNA methylation in human cancer. Genome Biology, 17, 11.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
100.
Datta, J., Kutay, H., Nasser, M. W., Nuovo, G. J., Wang, B., Majumder, S., Liu, C. G., Volinia, S., Croce, C. M., Schmittgen, T. D., Ghoshal, K., & Jacob, S. T. (2008). Methylation mediated silencing of MicroRNA-1 gene and its role in hepatocellular carcinogenesis. Cancer Research, 68(13), 5049–5058.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
101.
Suzuki, H., Takatsuka, S., Akashi, H., Yamamoto, E., Nojima, M., Maruyama, R., Kai, M., Yamano, H. O., Sasaki, Y., Tokino, T., Shinomura, Y., Imai, K., & Toyota, M. (2011). Genome-wide profiling of chromatin signatures reveals epigenetic regulation of microRNA genes in colorectal cancer. Cancer Research, 71(17), 5646–5658.PubMedCrossRef
102.
Chen, W. S., Leung, C. M., Pan, H. W., Hu, L. Y., Li, S. C., Ho, M. R., & Tsai, K. W. (2012). Silencing of miR-1-1 and miR-133a-2 cluster expression by DNA hypermethylation in colorectal cancer. Oncology Reports, 28(3), 1069–1076.PubMedCrossRef
103.
He, X. X., Kuang, S. Z., Liao, J. Z., Xu, C. R., Chang, Y., Wu, Y. L., Gong, J., Tian, D. A., Guo, A. Y., & Lin, J. S. (2015). The regulation of microRNA expression by DNA methylation in hepatocellular carcinoma. Molecular BioSystems, 11(2), 532–539.PubMedCrossRef
104.
Dudziec, E., Miah, S., Choudhry, H. M., Owen, H. C., Blizard, S., Glover, M., Hamdy, F. C., & Catto, J. W. (2011). Hypermethylation of CpG islands and shores around specific microRNAs and mirtrons is associated with the phenotype and presence of bladder cancer. Clinical Cancer Research, 17(6), 1287–1296.PubMedCrossRef
105.
Lujambio, A., Ropero, S., Ballestar, E., Fraga, M. F., Cerrato, C., Setien, F., Casado, S., Suarez-Gauthier, A., Sanchez-Cespedes, M., Git, A., Spiteri, I., Das, P. P., Caldas, C., Miska, E., & Esteller, M. (2007). Genetic unmasking of an epigenetically silenced microRNA in human cancer cells. Cancer Research, 67(4), 1424–1429.PubMedCrossRef
106.
Furuta, M., Kozaki, K. I., Tanaka, S., Arii, S., Imoto, I., & Inazawa, J. (2010). miR-124 and miR-203 are epigenetically silenced tumor-suppressive microRNAs in hepatocellular carcinoma. Carcinogenesis, 31(5), 766–776.PubMedCrossRef
107.
Wilting, S. M., van Boerdonk, R. A., Henken, F. E., Meijer, C. J., Diosdado, B., Meijer, G. A., le Sage, C., Agami, R., Snijders, P. J., & Steenbergen, R. D. (2010). Methylation-mediated silencing and tumour suppressive function of hsa-miR-124 in cervical cancer. Molecular Cancer, 9, 167.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
108.
Lv, X. B., Jiao, Y., Qing, Y., Hu, H., Cui, X., Lin, T., Song, E., & Yu, F. (2011). miR-124 suppresses multiple steps of breast cancer metastasis by targeting a cohort of pro-metastatic genes in vitro. Chinese Journal of Cancer, 30(12), 821–830.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
109.
Wang, P., Chen, L., Zhang, J., Chen, H., Fan, J., Wang, K., Luo, J., Chen, Z., Meng, Z., & Liu, L. (2014). Methylation-mediated silencing of the miR-124 genes facilitates pancreatic cancer progression and metastasis by targeting Rac1. Oncogene, 33(4), 514–524.PubMedCrossRef
110.
Chen, X., He, D., Dong, X. D., Dong, F., Wang, J., Wang, L., Tang, J., Hu, D. N., Yan, D., & Tu, L. (2013). MicroRNA-124a is epigenetically regulated and acts as a tumor suppressor by controlling multiple targets in uveal melanoma. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 54(3), 2248–2256.CrossRef
111.
Tivnan, A., Zhao, J., Johns, T. G., Day, B. W., Stringer, B. W., Boyd, A. W., Tiwari, S., Giles, K. M., Teo, C., & McDonald, K. L. (2014). The tumor suppressor microRNA, miR-124a, is regulated by epigenetic silencing and by the transcriptional factor, REST in glioblastoma. Tumour Biology, 35(2), 1459–1465.PubMedCrossRef
112.
Formosa, A., Lena, A. M., Markert, E. K., Cortelli, S., Miano, R., Mauriello, A., Croce, N., Vandesompele, J., Mestdagh, P., Finazzi-Agro, E., Levine, A. J., Melino, G., Bernardini, S., & Candi, E. (2013). DNA methylation silences miR-132 in prostate cancer. Oncogene, 32(1), 127–134.PubMedCrossRef
113.
Qin, J., Ke, J., Xu, J., Wang, F., Zhou, Y., Jiang, Y., & Wang, Z. (2015). Downregulation of microRNA-132 by DNA hypermethylation is associated with cell invasion in colorectal cancer. Onco Targets Ther, 8, 3639–3648.PubMedPubMedCentral
114.
Zhang, S., Hao, J., Xie, F., Hu, X., Liu, C., Tong, J., Zhou, J., Wu, J., & Shao, C. (2011). Downregulation of miR-132 by promoter methylation contributes to pancreatic cancer development. Carcinogenesis, 32(8), 1183–1189.PubMedCrossRef
115.
Lin L, Wang Z, Jin H, Shi H, Lu Z, Qi Z (2016) MiR-212/132 is epigenetically downregulated by SOX4/EZH2-H3K27me3 feedback loop in ovarian cancer cells. Tumour Biol. 37(12), 15719–15727.CrossRef
116.
Rani, S. B., Rathod, S. S., Karthik, S., Kaur, N., Muzumdar, D., & Shiras, A. S. (2013). MiR-145 functions as a tumor-suppressive RNA by targeting Sox9 and adducin 3 in human glioma cells. Neuro-Oncology, 15(10), 1302–1316.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
117.
He, Y., Cui, Y., Wang, W., Gu, J., Guo, S., Ma, K., & Luo, X. (2011). Hypomethylation of the hsa-miR-191 locus causes high expression of hsa-mir-191 and promotes the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in hepatocellular carcinoma. Neoplasia, 13(9), 841–853.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
118.
Davalos, V., Moutinho, C., Villanueva, A., Boque, R., Silva, P., Carneiro, F., & Esteller, M. (2012). Dynamic epigenetic regulation of the microRNA-200 family mediates epithelial and mesenchymal transitions in human tumorigenesis. Oncogene, 31(16), 2062–2074.PubMedCrossRef
119.
Toyota, M., Suzuki, H., Sasaki, Y., Maruyama, R., Imai, K., Shinomura, Y., & Tokino, T. (2008). Epigenetic silencing of microRNA-34b/c and B-cell translocation gene 4 is associated with CpG island methylation in colorectal cancer. Cancer Research, 68(11), 4123–4132.PubMedCrossRef
120.
Xie, K., Liu, J., Chen, J., Dong, J., Ma, H., Liu, Y., & Hu, Z. (2014). Methylation-associated silencing of microRNA-34b in hepatocellular carcinoma cancer. Gene, 543(1), 101–107.PubMedCrossRef
121.
Daugaard, I., Knudsen, A., Kjeldsen, T. E., Hager, H., & Hansen, L. L. (2017). The association between miR-34 dysregulation and distant metastases formation in lung adenocarcinoma. Experimental and Molecular Pathology, 102(3), 484–491.PubMedCrossRef
122.
Zhang, X., Gejman, R., Mahta, A., Zhong, Y., Rice, K. A., Zhou, Y., Cheunsuchon, P., Louis, D. N., & Klibanski, A. (2010). Maternally expressed gene 3, an imprinted noncoding RNA gene, is associated with meningioma pathogenesis and progression. Cancer Research, 70(6), 2350–2358.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
123.
Wu, Y., Lyu, H., Liu, H., Shi, X., Song, Y., & Liu, B. (2016). Downregulation of the long noncoding RNA GAS5-AS1 contributes to tumor metastasis in non-small cell lung cancer. Scientific Reports, 6, 31093.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
124.
Diaz-Lagares, A., Crujeiras, A. B., Lopez-Serra, P., Soler, M., Setien, F., Goyal, A., Sandoval, J., Hashimoto, Y., Martinez-Cardus, A., Gomez, A., Heyn, H., Moutinho, C., Espada, J., Vidal, A., Paules, M., Galan, M., Sala, N., Akiyama, Y., Martinez-Iniesta, M., Farre, L., Villanueva, A., Gross, M., Diederichs, S., Guil, S., & Esteller, M. (2016). Epigenetic inactivation of the p53-induced long noncoding RNA TP53 target 1 in human cancer. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 113(47), E7535–E7544.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
125.
Boque-Sastre, R., Soler, M., Oliveira-Mateos, C., Portela, A., Moutinho, C., Sayols, S., Villanueva, A., Esteller, M., & Guil, S. (2015). Head-to-head antisense transcription and R-loop formation promotes transcriptional activation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 112(18), 5785–5790.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
126.
Ferreira, H. J., Heyn, H., Moutinho, C., & Esteller, M. (2012). CpG island hypermethylation-associated silencing of small nucleolar RNAs in human cancer. RNA Biology, 9(6), 881–890.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
127.
Lujambio, A., Portela, A., Liz, J., Melo, S. A., Rossi, S., Spizzo, R., Croce, C. M., Calin, G. A., & Esteller, M. (2010). CpG island hypermethylation-associated silencing of non-coding RNAs transcribed from ultraconserved regions in human cancer. Oncogene, 29(48), 6390–6401.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
128.
129.
130.
Lopez-Serra, P., & Esteller, M. (2012). DNA methylation-associated silencing of tumor-suppressor microRNAs in cancer. Oncogene, 31(13), 1609–1622.PubMedCrossRef
131.
132.
Urdinguio, R. G., Fernandez, A. F., Lopez-Nieva, P., Rossi, S., Huertas, D., Kulis, M., Liu, C. G., Croce, C. M., Calin, G. A., & Esteller, M. (2010). Disrupted microRNA expression caused by Mecp2 loss in a mouse model of Rett syndrome. Epigenetics, 5(7), 656–663.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
133.
Qu, W., Ding, S. M., Cao, G., Wang, S. J., Zheng, X. H., & Li, G. H. (2016). miR-132 mediates a metabolic shift in prostate cancer cells by targeting Glut1. FEBS Open Bio, 6(7), 735–741.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
134.
Whyte, W. A., Orlando, D. A., Hnisz, D., Abraham, B. J., Lin, C. Y., Kagey, M. H., Rahl, P. B., Lee, T. I., & Young, R. A. (2013). Master transcription factors and mediator establish super-enhancers at key cell identity genes. Cell, 153(2), 307–319.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
135.
Hnisz, D., Abraham, B. J., Lee, T. I., Lau, A., Saint-Andre, V., Sigova, A. A., Hoke, H. A., & Young, R. A. (2013). Super-enhancers in the control of cell identity and disease. Cell, 155(4), 934–947.PubMedCrossRef
136.
Loven, J., Hoke, H. A., Lin, C. Y., Lau, A., Orlando, D. A., Vakoc, C. R., Bradner, J. E., Lee, T. I., & Young, R. A. (2013). Selective inhibition of tumor oncogenes by disruption of super-enhancers. Cell, 153(2), 320–334.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
137.
Hanahan, D., & Weinberg, R. A. (2011). Hallmarks of cancer: the next generation. Cell, 144(5), 646–674.PubMedCrossRef
138.
139.
Wu, Q., Ma, Q., Shehadeh, L. A., Wilson, A., Xia, L., Yu, H., & Webster, K. A. (2010). Expression of the Argonaute protein PiwiL2 and piRNAs in adult mouse mesenchymal stem cells. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 396(4), 915–920.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
140.
Iliev, R., Stanik, M., Fedorko, M., Poprach, A., Vychytilova-Faltejskova, P., Slaba, K., Svoboda, M., Fabian, P., Pacik, D., Dolezel, J., & Slaby, O. (2016). Decreased expression levels of PIWIL1, PIWIL2, and PIWIL4 are associated with worse survival in renal cell carcinoma patients. Onco Targets Ther, 9, 217–222.PubMedPubMedCentral
141.
Greither, T., Koser, F., Kappler, M., Bache, M., Lautenschlager, C., Gobel, S., Holzhausen, H. J., Wach, S., Wurl, P., & Taubert, H. (2012). Expression of human Piwi-like genes is associated with prognosis for soft tissue sarcoma patients. BMC Cancer, 12, 272.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
142.
Navarro, A., Tejero, R., Vinolas, N., Cordeiro, A., Marrades, R. M., Fuster, D., Caritg, O., Moises, J., Munoz, C., Molins, L., Ramirez, J., & Monzo, M. (2015). The significance of PIWI family expression in human lung embryogenesis and non-small cell lung cancer. Oncotarget, 6(31), 31544–31556.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
143.
Bamezai, S., Rawat, V. P., & Buske, C. (2012). Concise review: The Piwi-piRNA axis: pivotal beyond transposon silencing. Stem Cells, 30(12), 2603–2611.PubMedCrossRef
144.
Ferreira, H. J., Heyn, H., Garcia del Muro, X., Vidal, A., Larriba, S., Munoz, C., Villanueva, A., & Esteller, M. (2014). Epigenetic loss of the PIWI/piRNA machinery in human testicular tumorigenesis. Epigenetics, 9(1), 113–118.PubMedCrossRef
145.
Rounge, T. B., Furu, K., Skotheim, R. I., Haugen, T. B., Grotmol, T., & Enerly, E. (2015). Profiling of the small RNA populations in human testicular germ cell tumors shows global loss of piRNAs. Molecular Cancer, 14, 153.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
146.
Ushida, H., Kawakami, T., Minami, K., Chano, T., Okabe, H., Okada, Y., & Okamoto, K. (2012). Methylation profile of DNA repetitive elements in human testicular germ cell tumor. Molecular Carcinogenesis, 51(9), 711–722.PubMedCrossRef
147.
Heyn, H., Ferreira, H. J., Bassas, L., Bonache, S., Sayols, S., Sandoval, J., Esteller, M., & Larriba, S. (2012). Epigenetic disruption of the PIWI pathway in human spermatogenic disorders. PLoS One, 7(10), e47892.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
148.
Hotaling, J. M., & Walsh, T. J. (2009). Male infertility: a risk factor for testicular cancer. Nature Reviews. Urology, 6(10), 550–556.PubMedCrossRef
149.
Peng, X., Zeng, X., Peng, S., Deng, D., & Zhang, J. (2009). The association risk of male subfertility and testicular cancer: a systematic review. PLoS One, 4(5), e5591.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
150.
Liz, J., Portela, A., Soler, M., Gomez, A., Ling, H., Michlewski, G., Calin, G. A., Guil, S., & Esteller, M. (2014). Regulation of pri-miRNA processing by a long noncoding RNA transcribed from an ultraconserved region. Molecular Cell, 55(1), 138–147.PubMedCrossRef
151.
Ronchetti, D., Mosca, L., Cutrona, G., Tuana, G., Gentile, M., Fabris, S., Agnelli, L., Ciceri, G., Matis, S., Massucco, C., Colombo, M., Reverberi, D., Recchia, A. G., Bossio, S., Negrini, M., Tassone, P., Morabito, F., Ferrarini, M., & Neri, A. (2013). Small nucleolar RNAs as new biomarkers in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. BMC Medical Genomics, 6, 27.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
152.
Bellodi, C., McMahon, M., Contreras, A., Juliano, D., Kopmar, N., Nakamura, T., Maltby, D., Burlingame, A., Savage, S. A., Shimamura, A., & Ruggero, D. (2013). H/ACA small RNA dysfunctions in disease reveal key roles for noncoding RNA modifications in hematopoietic stem cell differentiation. Cell Reports, 3(5), 1493–1502.PubMedCrossRef
153.
McMahon, M., Ayllon, V., Panov, K. I., & O'Connor, R. (2010). Ribosomal 18 S RNA processing by the IGF-I-responsive WDR3 protein is integrated with p53 function in cancer cell proliferation. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 285(24), 18309–18318.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
154.
Peng, Q., Wu, J., Zhang, Y., Liu, Y., Kong, R., Hu, L., Du, X., & Ke, Y. (2010). 1A6/DRIM, a novel t-UTP, activates RNA polymerase I transcription and promotes cell proliferation. PLoS One, 5(12), e14244.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
155.
Uemura, M., Zheng, Q., Koh, C. M., Nelson, W. G., Yegnasubramanian, S., & De Marzo, A. M. (2012). Overexpression of ribosomal RNA in prostate cancer is common but not linked to rDNA promoter hypomethylation. Oncogene, 31(10), 1254–1263.PubMedCrossRef
156.
Valleron, W., Laprevotte, E., Gautier, E. F., Quelen, C., Demur, C., Delabesse, E., Agirre, X., Prosper, F., Kiss, T., & Brousset, P. (2012). Specific small nucleolar RNA expression profiles in acute leukemia. Leukemia, 26(9), 2052–2060.PubMedCrossRef
157.
Ono, M., Yamada, K., Avolio, F., Scott, M. S., van Koningsbruggen, S., Barton, G. J., & Lamond, A. I. (2010). Analysis of human small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNA) and the development of snoRNA modulator of gene expression vectors. Molecular Biology of the Cell, 21(9), 1569–1584.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
158.
Ono, M., Scott, M. S., Yamada, K., Avolio, F., Barton, G. J., & Lamond, A. I. (2011). Identification of human miRNA precursors that resemble box C/D snoRNAs. Nucleic Acids Research, 39(9), 3879–3891.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
159.
Mourtada-Maarabouni, M., Pickard, M. R., Hedge, V. L., Farzaneh, F., & Williams, G. T. (2009). GAS5, a non-protein-coding RNA, controls apoptosis and is downregulated in breast cancer. Oncogene, 28(2), 195–208.PubMedCrossRef
160.
Pickard, M. R., Mourtada-Maarabouni, M., & Williams, G. T. (2013). Long non-coding RNA GAS5 regulates apoptosis in prostate cancer cell lines. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 1832(10), 1613–1623.PubMedCrossRef
161.
Qiao, H. P., Gao, W. S., Huo, J. X., & Yang, Z. S. (2013). Long non-coding RNA GAS5 functions as a tumor suppressor in renal cell carcinoma. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention, 14(2), 1077–1082.PubMedCrossRef
162.
Lu, X., Fang, Y., Wang, Z., Xie, J., Zhan, Q., Deng, X., Chen, H., Jin, J., Peng, C., Li, H., & Shen, B. (2013). Downregulation of gas5 increases pancreatic cancer cell proliferation by regulating CDK6. Cell and Tissue Research, 354(3), 891–896.PubMedCrossRef
163.
Liu, Z., Wang, W., Jiang, J., Bao, E., Xu, D., Zeng, Y., Tao, L., & Qiu, J. (2013). Downregulation of GAS5 promotes bladder cancer cell proliferation, partly by regulating CDK6. PLoS One, 8(9), e73991.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
164.
Shi, X., Sun, M., Liu, H., Yao, Y., Kong, R., Chen, F., & Song, Y. (2015). A critical role for the long non-coding RNA GAS5 in proliferation and apoptosis in non-small-cell lung cancer. Molecular Carcinogenesis, 54(Suppl 1), E1–E12.PubMedCrossRef
165.
Sun, M., Jin, F. Y., Xia, R., Kong, R., Li, J. H., Xu, T. P., Liu, Y. W., Zhang, E. B., Liu, X. H., & De, W. (2014). Decreased expression of long noncoding RNA GAS5 indicates a poor prognosis and promotes cell proliferation in gastric cancer. BMC Cancer, 14, 319.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
166.
Yin, D., He, X., Zhang, E., Kong, R., De, W., & Zhang, Z. (2014). Long noncoding RNA GAS5 affects cell proliferation and predicts a poor prognosis in patients with colorectal cancer. Medical Oncology, 31(11), 253.PubMedCrossRef
167.
Cao, S., Liu, W., Li, F., Zhao, W., & Qin, C. (2014). Decreased expression of lncRNA GAS5 predicts a poor prognosis in cervical cancer. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Pathology, 7(10), 6776–6783.PubMedPubMedCentral
168.
Yu, F., Zheng, J., Mao, Y., Dong, P., Lu, Z., Li, G., Guo, C., Liu, Z., & Fan, X. (2015). Long non-coding RNA growth arrest-specific transcript 5 (GAS5) inhibits liver fibrogenesis through a mechanism of competing endogenous RNA. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 290(47), 28286–28298.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
169.
Luo, G., Liu, D., Huang, C., Wang, M., Xiao, X., Zeng, F., Wang, L., & Jiang, G. (2017). LncRNA GAS5 inhibits cellular proliferation by targeting P27Kip1. Molecular Cancer Research, 15(7), 789–799.PubMedCrossRef
170.
Zhang, Z., Zhu, Z., Watabe, K., Zhang, X., Bai, C., Xu, M., Wu, F., & Mo, Y. Y. (2013). Negative regulation of lncRNA GAS5 by miR-21. Cell Death and Differentiation, 20(11), 1558–1568.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
171.
Jelinic, P., & Shaw, P. (2007). Loss of imprinting and cancer. The Journal of Pathology, 211(3), 261–268.PubMedCrossRef
172.
da Rocha, S. T., Edwards, C. A., Ito, M., Ogata, T., & Ferguson-Smith, A. C. (2008). Genomic imprinting at the mammalian Dlk1-Dio3 domain. Trends in Genetics, 24(6), 306–316.PubMedCrossRef
173.
Molina-Pinelo S SA, Moreno-Mata N, Ferrer I, Suarez R, Andres-Leon E, Rodriguez-Paredes M, Gutekunst J, Jantus-Lewintre E, Camps C, Carnero A, Paz-Ares L (2016) Impact of DLK1–DIO3 imprinted cluster hypomethylation in smoker patients with lung cancer. Oncotarget https://​doi.​org/​10.​18632/​oncotarget.​10611.
174.
Nadal, E., Zhong, J., Lin, J., Reddy, R. M., Ramnath, N., Orringer, M. B., Chang, A. C., Beer, D. G., & Chen, G. (2014). A microRNA cluster at 14q32 drives aggressive lung adenocarcinoma. Clinical Cancer Research, 20(12), 3107–3117.PubMedCrossRef
175.
Luk, J. M., Burchard, J., Zhang, C., Liu, A. M., Wong, K. F., Shek, F. H., Lee, N. P., Fan, S. T., Poon, R. T., Ivanovska, I., Philippar, U., Cleary, M. A., Buser, C. A., Shaw, P. M., Lee, C. N., Tenen, D. G., Dai, H., & Mao, M. (2011). DLK1-DIO3 genomic imprinted microRNA cluster at 14q32.2 defines a stemlike subtype of hepatocellular carcinoma associated with poor survival. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 286(35), 30706–30713.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
176.
Devor, E. J., JN, D. E. M., Ramachandran, S., Goodheart, M. J., & Leslie, K. K. (2012). Global dysregulation of the chromosome 14q32 imprinted region in uterine carcinosarcoma. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 3(4), 677–682.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
177.
El-Daly, S. M., Abba, M. L., Patil, N., & Allgayer, H. (2016). miRs-134 and -370 function as tumor suppressors in colorectal cancer by independently suppressing EGFR and PI3K signalling. Scientific Reports, 6, 24720.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
178.
Azarbarzin, S., Hosseinpour Feizi, M. A., Safaralizadeh, R., Ravanbakhsh, R., Kazemzadeh, M., Fateh, A., Karimi, N., & Moaddab, Y. (2016). The value of miR-299-5p in diagnosis and prognosis of intestinal-type gastric adenocarcinoma. Biochemical Genetics, 54(4), 413–420.PubMedCrossRef
179.
Lucon, D. R., Rocha Cde, S., Craveiro, R. B., Dilloo, D., Cardinalli, I. A., Cavalcanti, D. P., Aguiar Sdos, S., Maurer-Morelli, C., & Yunes, J. A. (2013). Downregulation of 14q32 microRNAs in primary human desmoplastic medulloblastoma. Frontiers in Oncology, 3, 254.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
180.
Geraldo, M. V., Nakaya, H. I., & Kimura, E. T. (2017). Down-regulation of 14q32-encoded miRNAs and tumor suppressor role for miR-654-3p in papillary thyroid cancer. Oncotarget, 8(6), 9597–9607.PubMedCrossRef
181.
Laddha, S. V., Nayak, S., Paul, D., Reddy, R., Sharma, C., Jha, P., Hariharan, M., Agrawal, A., Chowdhury, S., Sarkar, C., & Mukhopadhyay, A. (2013). Genome-wide analysis reveals downregulation of miR-379/miR-656 cluster in human cancers. Biology Direct, 8, 10.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
182.
Tsang, E. K., Abell, N. S., Li, X., Anaya, V., Karczewski, K. J., Knowles, D. A., Sierra, R. G., Smith, K. S., & Montgomery, S. B. (2017). Small RNA sequencing in cells and exosomes identifies eQTLs and 14q32 as a region of active export. G3 (Bethesda), 7(1), 31–39.CrossRef
183.
Enfield, K. S., Martinez, V. D., Marshall, E. A., Stewart, G. L., Kung, S. H., Enterina, J. R., & Lam, W. L. (2016). Deregulation of small non-coding RNAs at the DLK1-DIO3 imprinted locus predicts lung cancer patient outcome. Oncotarget, 7(49), 80957–80966.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
184.
Hajjari, M., & Salavaty, A. (2015). HOTAIR: an oncogenic long non-coding RNA in different cancers. Cancer Biol Med, 12(1), 1–9.PubMedPubMedCentral
185.
Amente, S., Bertoni, A., Morano, A., Lania, L., Avvedimento, E. V., & Majello, B. (2010). LSD1-mediated demethylation of histone H3 lysine 4 triggers Myc-induced transcription. Oncogene, 29(25), 3691–3702.PubMedCrossRef
186.
Li, Y., Wang, Z., Shi, H., Li, H., Li, L., Fang, R., Cai, X., Liu, B., Zhang, X., & Ye, L. (2016). HBXIP and LSD1 scaffolded by lncRNA hotair mediate transcriptional activation by c-Myc. Cancer Research, 76(2), 293–304.PubMedCrossRef
187.
Ge, X. S., Ma, H. J., Zheng, X. H., Ruan, H. L., Liao, X. Y., Xue, W. Q., Chen, Y. B., Zhang, Y., & Jia, W. H. (2013). HOTAIR, a prognostic factor in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, inhibits WIF-1 expression and activates Wnt pathway. Cancer Science, 104(12), 1675–1682.PubMedCrossRef
188.
Liu, X. H., Sun, M., Nie, F. Q., Ge, Y. B., Zhang, E. B., Yin, D. D., Kong, R., Xia, R., Lu, K. H., Li, J. H., De, W., Wang, K. M., & Wang, Z. X. (2014). Lnc RNA HOTAIR functions as a competing endogenous RNA to regulate HER2 expression by sponging miR-331-3p in gastric cancer. Molecular Cancer, 13, 92.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
189.
Bian, E. B., Ma, C. C., He, X. J., Wang, C., Zong, G., Wang, H. L., & Zhao, B. (2016). Epigenetic modification of miR-141 regulates SKA2 by an endogenous ‘sponge’ HOTAIR in glioma. Oncotarget, 7(21), 30610–30625.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
190.
Song, B., Guan, Z., Liu, F., Sun, D., Wang, K., & Qu, H. (2015). Long non-coding RNA HOTAIR promotes HLA-G expression via inhibiting miR-152 in gastric cancer cells. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 464(3), 807–813.PubMedCrossRef
191.
Xu, F., & Zhang, J. (2017). Long non-coding RNA HOTAIR functions as miRNA sponge to promote the epithelial to mesenchymal transition in esophageal cancer. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 90, 888–896.CrossRef
192.
Garzon, R., Liu, S., Fabbri, M., Liu, Z., Heaphy, C. E., Callegari, E., Schwind, S., Pang, J., Yu, J., Muthusamy, N., Havelange, V., Volinia, S., Blum, W., Rush, L. J., Perrotti, D., Andreeff, M., Bloomfield, C. D., Byrd, J. C., Chan, K., Wu, L. C., Croce, C. M., & Marcucci, G. (2009). MicroRNA-29b induces global DNA hypomethylation and tumor suppressor gene reexpression in acute myeloid leukemia by targeting directly DNMT3A and 3B and indirectly DNMT1. Blood, 113(25), 6411–6418.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
193.
Cheng, J., Guo, S., Chen, S., Mastriano, S. J., Liu, C., D'Alessio, A. C., Hysolli, E., Guo, Y., Yao, H., Megyola, C. M., Li, D., Liu, J., Pan, W., Roden, C. A., Zhou, X. L., Heydari, K., Chen, J., Park, I. H., Ding, Y., Zhang, Y., & Lu, J. (2013). An extensive network of TET2-targeting MicroRNAs regulates malignant hematopoiesis. Cell Reports, 5(2), 471–481.PubMedCrossRef
194.
Garzon, R., Volinia, S., Liu, C. G., Fernandez-Cymering, C., Palumbo, T., Pichiorri, F., Fabbri, M., Coombes, K., Alder, H., Nakamura, T., Flomenberg, N., Marcucci, G., Calin, G. A., Kornblau, S. M., Kantarjian, H., Bloomfield, C. D., Andreeff, M., & Croce, C. M. (2008). MicroRNA signatures associated with cytogenetics and prognosis in acute myeloid leukemia. Blood, 111(6), 3183–3189.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
195.
Gupta, R. A., Shah, N., Wang, K. C., Kim, J., Horlings, H. M., Wong, D. J., Tsai, M. C., Hung, T., Argani, P., Rinn, J. L., Wang, Y., Brzoska, P., Kong, B., Li, R., West, R. B., van de Vijver, M. J., Sukumar, S., & Chang, H. Y. (2010). Long non-coding RNA HOTAIR reprograms chromatin state to promote cancer metastasis. Nature, 464(7291), 1071–1076.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
196.
Kogo, R., Shimamura, T., Mimori, K., Kawahara, K., Imoto, S., Sudo, T., Tanaka, F., Shibata, K., Suzuki, A., Komune, S., Miyano, S., & Mori, M. (2011). Long noncoding RNA HOTAIR regulates polycomb-dependent chromatin modification and is associated with poor prognosis in colorectal cancers. Cancer Research, 71(20), 6320–6326.PubMedCrossRef
197.
Wu, Z. H., Wang, X. L., Tang, H. M., Jiang, T., Chen, J., Lu, S., Qiu, G. Q., Peng, Z. H., & Yan, D. W. (2014). Long non-coding RNA HOTAIR is a powerful predictor of metastasis and poor prognosis and is associated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition in colon cancer. Oncology Reports, 32(1), 395–402.PubMedCrossRef
198.
199.
Guil, S., Soler, M., Portela, A., Carrere, J., Fonalleras, E., Gomez, A., Villanueva, A., & Esteller, M. (2012). Intronic RNAs mediate EZH2 regulation of epigenetic targets. Nature Structural & Molecular Biology, 19(7), 664–670.CrossRef
200.
Zhang, Z., Weaver, D. L., Olsen, D., deKay, J., Peng, Z., Ashikaga, T., & Evans, M. F. (2016). Long non-coding RNA chromogenic in situ hybridisation signal pattern correlation with breast tumour pathology. Journal of Clinical Pathology, 69(1), 76–81.PubMedCrossRef
201.
Thorenoor, N., Faltejskova-Vychytilova, P., Hombach, S., Mlcochova, J., Kretz, M., Svoboda, M., & Slaby, O. (2016). Long non-coding RNA ZFAS1 interacts with CDK1 and is involved in p53-dependent cell cycle control and apoptosis in colorectal cancer. Oncotarget, 7(1), 622–637.PubMedCrossRef
202.
Li, T., Xie, J., Shen, C., Cheng, D., Shi, Y., Wu, Z., Deng, X., Chen, H., Shen, B., Peng, C., Li, H., Zhan, Q., & Zhu, Z. (2015). Amplification of long noncoding RNA ZFAS1 promotes metastasis in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Research, 75(15), 3181–3191.PubMedCrossRef
203.
Wang, T., Ma, S., Qi, X., Tang, X., Cui, D., Wang, Z., Chi, J., Li, P., & Zhai, B. (2016). Long noncoding RNA ZNFX1-AS1 suppresses growth of hepatocellular carcinoma cells by regulating the methylation of miR-9. Onco Targets Ther, 9, 5005–5014.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
204.
Cai, L., & Cai, X. (2014). Up-regulation of miR-9 expression predicate advanced clinicopathological features and poor prognosis in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Diagnostic Pathology, 9, 1000.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
205.
Ma, L., Young, J., Prabhala, H., Pan, E., Mestdagh, P., Muth, D., Teruya-Feldstein, J., Reinhardt, F., Onder, T. T., Valastyan, S., Westermann, F., Speleman, F., Vandesompele, J., & Weinberg, R. A. (2010). miR-9, a MYC/MYCN-activated microRNA, regulates E-cadherin and cancer metastasis. Nature Cell Biology, 12(3), 247–256.PubMedPubMedCentral
206.
Kishore, S., Gruber, A. R., Jedlinski, D. J., Syed, A. P., Jorjani, H., & Zavolan, M. (2013). Insights into snoRNA biogenesis and processing from PAR-CLIP of snoRNA core proteins and small RNA sequencing. Genome Biology, 14(5), R45.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
207.
Choi, M. S., Shim, Y. H., Hwa, J. Y., Lee, S. K., Ro, J. Y., Kim, J. S., & Yu, E. (2003). Expression of DNA methyltransferases in multistep hepatocarcinogenesis. Human Pathology, 34(1), 11–17.PubMedCrossRef
208.
Simo-Riudalbas, L., Perez-Salvia, M., Setien, F., Villanueva, A., Moutinho, C., Martinez-Cardus, A., Moran, S., Berdasco, M., Gomez, A., Vidal, E., Soler, M., Heyn, H., Vaquero, A., de la Torre, C., Barcelo-Batllori, S., Vidal, A., Roz, L., Pastorino, U., Szakszon, K., Borck, G., Moura, C. S., Carneiro, F., Zondervan, I., Savola, S., Iwakawa, R., Kohno, T., Yokota, J., & Esteller, M. (2015). KAT6B is a tumor suppressor histone H3 lysine 23 acetyltransferase undergoing genomic loss in small cell lung cancer. Cancer Research, 75(18), 3936–3945.PubMedCrossRef
209.
Di Ruscio, A., Ebralidze, A. K., Benoukraf, T., Amabile, G., Goff, L. A., Terragni, J., Figueroa, M. E., De Figueiredo Pontes, L. L., Alberich-Jorda, M., Zhang, P., Wu, M., D'Alo, F., Melnick, A., Leone, G., Ebralidze, K. K., Pradhan, S., Rinn, J. L., & Tenen, D. G. (2013). DNMT1-interacting RNAs block gene-specific DNA methylation. Nature, 503(7476), 371–376.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
210.
Wu, Y., Liu, H., Shi, X., Yao, Y., Yang, W., & Song, Y. (2015). The long non-coding RNA HNF1A-AS1 regulates proliferation and metastasis in lung adenocarcinoma. Oncotarget, 6(11), 9160–9172.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
211.
Zhan Y, Li Y, Guan B, Wang Z, Peng D, Chen Z, He A, He S, Gong Y, Li X, Zhou L (2017) Long non-coding RNA HNF1A-AS1 promotes proliferation and suppresses apoptosis of bladder cancer cells through upregulating Bcl-2. Oncotarget. 8(44), 76656–76665.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
212.
Liu, Z., Wei, X., Zhang, A., Li, C., Bai, J., & Dong, J. (2016). Long non-coding RNA HNF1A-AS1 functioned as an oncogene and autophagy promoter in hepatocellular carcinoma through sponging hsa-miR-30b-5p. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 473(4), 1268–1275.PubMedCrossRef
213.
Fang C, Qiu S, Sun F, Li W, Wang Z, Yue B, Wu X, Yan D (2017) Long non-coding RNA HNF1A-AS1 mediated repression of miR-34a/SIRT1/p53 feedback loop promotes the metastatic progression of colon cancer by functioning as a competing endogenous RNA. Cancer Lett, 410, 50–62.PubMedCrossRef
214.
Fu, A., Jacobs, D. I., & Zhu, Y. (2014). Epigenome-wide analysis of piRNAs in gene-specific DNA methylation. RNA Biology, 11(10), 1301–1312.PubMedCrossRef
215.
Rajasethupathy, P., Antonov, I., Sheridan, R., Frey, S., Sander, C., Tuschl, T., & Kandel, E. R. (2012). A role for neuronal piRNAs in the epigenetic control of memory-related synaptic plasticity. Cell, 149(3), 693–707.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
216.
Fu, A., Jacobs, D. I., Hoffman, A. E., Zheng, T., & Zhu, Y. (2015). PIWI-interacting RNA 021285 is involved in breast tumorigenesis possibly by remodeling the cancer epigenome. Carcinogenesis, 36(10), 1094–1102.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
217.
Ghoshal, K., & Bai, S. (2007). DNA methyltransferases as targets for cancer therapy. Drugs Today (Barc), 43(6), 395–422.CrossRef
218.
Liu, X. Q., Song, W. J., Sun, T. M., Zhang, P. Z., & Wang, J. (2011). Targeted delivery of antisense inhibitor of miRNA for antiangiogenesis therapy using cRGD-functionalized nanoparticles. Molecular Pharmaceutics, 8(1), 250–259.PubMedCrossRef
219.
Love, T. M., Moffett, H. F., & Novina, C. D. (2008). Not miR-ly small RNAs: big potential for microRNAs in therapy. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 121(2), 309–319.PubMedCrossRef
220.
Novina, C. D., & Chabner, B. A. (2008). RNA-directed therapy: the next step in the miRNA revolution. The Oncologist, 13(1), 1–3.PubMedCrossRef
221.
Lanford, R. E., Hildebrandt-Eriksen, E. S., Petri, A., Persson, R., Lindow, M., Munk, M. E., Kauppinen, S., & Orum, H. (2010). Therapeutic silencing of microRNA-122 in primates with chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Science, 327(5962), 198–201.PubMedCrossRef
222.
Burnett, J. C., & Rossi, J. J. (2012). RNA-based therapeutics: current progress and future prospects. Chemistry & Biology, 19(1), 60–71.CrossRef
223.
Adams, B. D., Parsons, C., & Slack, F. J. (2016). The tumor-suppressive and potential therapeutic functions of miR-34a in epithelial carcinomas. Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets, 20(6), 737–753.PubMedCrossRef
Metadata
Title
Non-coding RNAs, epigenetics, and cancer: tying it all together
Authors
Humberto J. Ferreira
Manel Esteller
Publication date
01-03-2018
Publisher
Springer US
Published in
Cancer and Metastasis Reviews / Issue 1/2018
Print ISSN: 0167-7659
Electronic ISSN: 1573-7233
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10555-017-9715-8

Other articles of this Issue 1/2018

Cancer and Metastasis Reviews 1/2018 Go to the issue

EditorialNotes

Preface

OriginalPaper

MicroRNAs and metastasis: small RNAs play big roles

Announcement

Biographies

NON-THEMATIC REVIEW

Innovative methods for biomarker discovery in the evaluation and development of cancer precision therapies

OriginalPaper

Diagnostic and therapeutic applications of miRNA-based strategies to cancer immunotherapy

OriginalPaper

Long non-coding RNAs in metastasis
Webinar | 19-02-2024 | 17:30 (CET)

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on antibody–drug conjugates in cancer

Watch now

Antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs) are novel agents that have shown promise across multiple tumor types. Explore the current landscape of ADCs in breast and lung cancer with our experts, and gain insights into the mechanism of action, key clinical trials data, existing challenges, and future directions.

Dr. Véronique Diéras
Prof. Fabrice Barlesi
Developed by: Springer Medicine
Image Credits