Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Drugs & Aging 8/2015

Open Access 01-08-2015 | Review Article

Neuropathic Pain due to Small Fiber Neuropathy in Aging: Current Management and Future Prospects

Authors: Brigitte A. Brouwer, Bianca T. A. de Greef, Janneke G. J. Hoeijmakers, Margot Geerts, Maarten van Kleef, Ingemar S. J. Merkies, Catharina G. Faber

Published in: Drugs & Aging | Issue 8/2015

Login to get access

Abstract

Over the last 10 years, the diagnosis small fiber neuropathy (SFN) has gained recognition worldwide. Patients often suffer from severe neuropathic pain that may be difficult to treat. A substantial subset of patients with SFN is aged 65 years or older, and these patients often exhibit comorbidities and usage of multiple drugs, making neuropathic pain treatment more challenging. In this review, we highlight relevant pathophysiological aspects and discuss currently used therapeutic strategies for neuropathic pain. Possible pitfalls in neuropathic pain treatment in the elderly will be underlined.
Literature
1.
go back to reference England JD, Asbury AK. Peripheral neuropathy. Lancet. 2004;363(9427):2151–61.PubMed England JD, Asbury AK. Peripheral neuropathy. Lancet. 2004;363(9427):2151–61.PubMed
2.
go back to reference Lauria G, Merkies IS, Faber CG. Small fibre neuropathy. Curr Opin Neurol. 2012;25(5):542–9.PubMed Lauria G, Merkies IS, Faber CG. Small fibre neuropathy. Curr Opin Neurol. 2012;25(5):542–9.PubMed
3.
go back to reference Hoeijmakers JG, Faber CG, Lauria G, Merkies IS, Waxman SG. Small-fibre neuropathies—advances in diagnosis, pathophysiology and management. Nat Rev Neurol. 2012;8(7):369–79.PubMed Hoeijmakers JG, Faber CG, Lauria G, Merkies IS, Waxman SG. Small-fibre neuropathies—advances in diagnosis, pathophysiology and management. Nat Rev Neurol. 2012;8(7):369–79.PubMed
4.
go back to reference Tesfaye S, Boulton AJ, Dyck PJ, Freeman R, Horowitz M, Kempler P, et al. Diabetic neuropathies: update on definitions, diagnostic criteria, estimation of severity, and treatments. Diabetes Care. 2010;33(10):2285–93.PubMedCentralPubMed Tesfaye S, Boulton AJ, Dyck PJ, Freeman R, Horowitz M, Kempler P, et al. Diabetic neuropathies: update on definitions, diagnostic criteria, estimation of severity, and treatments. Diabetes Care. 2010;33(10):2285–93.PubMedCentralPubMed
5.
go back to reference Peters MJ, Bakkers M, Merkies IS, Hoeijmakers JG, van Raak EP, Faber CG. Incidence and prevalence of small-fiber neuropathy: a survey in the Netherlands. Neurology. 2013;81(15):1356–60.PubMed Peters MJ, Bakkers M, Merkies IS, Hoeijmakers JG, van Raak EP, Faber CG. Incidence and prevalence of small-fiber neuropathy: a survey in the Netherlands. Neurology. 2013;81(15):1356–60.PubMed
6.
go back to reference Hoeijmakers JG, Faber CG, Merkies IS, Waxman SG. Painful peripheral neuropathy and sodium channel mutations. Neurosci Lett. 2015;596:51–9.PubMed Hoeijmakers JG, Faber CG, Merkies IS, Waxman SG. Painful peripheral neuropathy and sodium channel mutations. Neurosci Lett. 2015;596:51–9.PubMed
7.
go back to reference Bakkers M, Faber CG, Hoeijmakers JG, Lauria G, Merkies IS. Small fibers, large impact: quality of life in small-fiber neuropathy. Muscle Nerve. 2014;49(3):329–36.PubMed Bakkers M, Faber CG, Hoeijmakers JG, Lauria G, Merkies IS. Small fibers, large impact: quality of life in small-fiber neuropathy. Muscle Nerve. 2014;49(3):329–36.PubMed
8.
go back to reference Poliakov I, Toth C. The impact of pain in patients with polyneuropathy. Eur J Pain. 2011;15(10):1015–22.PubMed Poliakov I, Toth C. The impact of pain in patients with polyneuropathy. Eur J Pain. 2011;15(10):1015–22.PubMed
9.
go back to reference Lindh J, Tondel M, Persson B, Vrethem M. Health-related quality of life in patients with cryptogenic polyneuropathy compared with the general population. Disabil Rehabil. 2011;33(7):617–23.PubMed Lindh J, Tondel M, Persson B, Vrethem M. Health-related quality of life in patients with cryptogenic polyneuropathy compared with the general population. Disabil Rehabil. 2011;33(7):617–23.PubMed
10.
go back to reference Schaefer C, Mann R, Sadosky A, Daniel S, Parsons B, Nalamachu S, et al. Health status, function, productivity, and costs among individuals with idiopathic painful peripheral neuropathy with small fiber involvement in the United States: results from a retrospective chart review and cross-sectional survey. J Med Econ. 2014;17(6):394–407.PubMed Schaefer C, Mann R, Sadosky A, Daniel S, Parsons B, Nalamachu S, et al. Health status, function, productivity, and costs among individuals with idiopathic painful peripheral neuropathy with small fiber involvement in the United States: results from a retrospective chart review and cross-sectional survey. J Med Econ. 2014;17(6):394–407.PubMed
11.
go back to reference Hovaguimian A, Gibbons CH. Diagnosis and treatment of pain in small-fiber neuropathy. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2011;15(3):193–200.PubMedCentralPubMed Hovaguimian A, Gibbons CH. Diagnosis and treatment of pain in small-fiber neuropathy. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2011;15(3):193–200.PubMedCentralPubMed
12.
go back to reference Attal N, Cruccu G, Baron R, Haanpaa M, Hansson P, Jensen TS, et al. EFNS guidelines on the pharmacological treatment of neuropathic pain: 2010 revision. Eur J Neurol. 2010;17(9):1113-e88.PubMed Attal N, Cruccu G, Baron R, Haanpaa M, Hansson P, Jensen TS, et al. EFNS guidelines on the pharmacological treatment of neuropathic pain: 2010 revision. Eur J Neurol. 2010;17(9):1113-e88.PubMed
13.
go back to reference Haanpaa M, Attal N, Backonja M, Baron R, Bennett M, Bouhassira D, et al. NeuPSIG guidelines on neuropathic pain assessment. Pain. 2011;152(1):14–27.PubMed Haanpaa M, Attal N, Backonja M, Baron R, Bennett M, Bouhassira D, et al. NeuPSIG guidelines on neuropathic pain assessment. Pain. 2011;152(1):14–27.PubMed
14.
go back to reference Finnerup NB, Attal N, Haroutounian S, McNicol E, Baron R, Dworkin RH, et al. Pharmacotherapy for neuropathic pain in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Neurol. 2015;14(2):162–73.PubMed Finnerup NB, Attal N, Haroutounian S, McNicol E, Baron R, Dworkin RH, et al. Pharmacotherapy for neuropathic pain in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Neurol. 2015;14(2):162–73.PubMed
15.
go back to reference Dworkin RH, O’Connor AB, Backonja M, Farrar JT, Finnerup NB, Jensen TS, et al. Pharmacologic management of neuropathic pain: evidence-based recommendations. Pain. 2007;132(3):237–51.PubMed Dworkin RH, O’Connor AB, Backonja M, Farrar JT, Finnerup NB, Jensen TS, et al. Pharmacologic management of neuropathic pain: evidence-based recommendations. Pain. 2007;132(3):237–51.PubMed
16.
go back to reference Saarto T, Wiffen PJ. Antidepressants for neuropathic pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007(4):CD005454. Saarto T, Wiffen PJ. Antidepressants for neuropathic pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007(4):CD005454.
17.
go back to reference Goodyear-Smith F, Halliwell J. Anticonvulsants for neuropathic pain: gaps in the evidence. Clin J Pain. 2009;25(6):528–36.PubMed Goodyear-Smith F, Halliwell J. Anticonvulsants for neuropathic pain: gaps in the evidence. Clin J Pain. 2009;25(6):528–36.PubMed
18.
go back to reference Eisenberg E, McNicol E, Carr DB. Opioids for neuropathic pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006(3):CD006146. Eisenberg E, McNicol E, Carr DB. Opioids for neuropathic pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006(3):CD006146.
19.
go back to reference Treede RD, Jensen TS, Campbell JN, Cruccu G, Dostrovsky JO, Griffin JW, et al. Neuropathic pain: redefinition and a grading system for clinical and research purposes. Neurology. 2008;70(18):1630–5.PubMed Treede RD, Jensen TS, Campbell JN, Cruccu G, Dostrovsky JO, Griffin JW, et al. Neuropathic pain: redefinition and a grading system for clinical and research purposes. Neurology. 2008;70(18):1630–5.PubMed
20.
go back to reference Farrar JT, Young JP Jr, LaMoreaux L, Werth JL, Poole RM. Clinical importance of changes in chronic pain intensity measured on an 11-point numerical pain rating scale. Pain. 2001;94(2):149–58.PubMed Farrar JT, Young JP Jr, LaMoreaux L, Werth JL, Poole RM. Clinical importance of changes in chronic pain intensity measured on an 11-point numerical pain rating scale. Pain. 2001;94(2):149–58.PubMed
21.
go back to reference Dworkin RH, Turk DC, Wyrwich KW, Beaton D, Cleeland CS, Farrar JT, et al. Interpreting the clinical importance of treatment outcomes in chronic pain clinical trials: IMMPACT recommendations. J Pain. 2008;9(2):105–21.PubMed Dworkin RH, Turk DC, Wyrwich KW, Beaton D, Cleeland CS, Farrar JT, et al. Interpreting the clinical importance of treatment outcomes in chronic pain clinical trials: IMMPACT recommendations. J Pain. 2008;9(2):105–21.PubMed
22.
go back to reference Forouzanfar T, Weber WE, Kemler M, van Kleef M. What is a meaningful pain reduction in patients with complex regional pain syndrome type 1? Clin J Pain. 2003;19(5):281–5.PubMed Forouzanfar T, Weber WE, Kemler M, van Kleef M. What is a meaningful pain reduction in patients with complex regional pain syndrome type 1? Clin J Pain. 2003;19(5):281–5.PubMed
23.
go back to reference Galer BS, Jensen MP. Development and preliminary validation of a pain measure specific to neuropathic pain: the Neuropathic Pain Scale. Neurology. 1997;48(2):332–8.PubMed Galer BS, Jensen MP. Development and preliminary validation of a pain measure specific to neuropathic pain: the Neuropathic Pain Scale. Neurology. 1997;48(2):332–8.PubMed
24.
25.
go back to reference Lauria G, Merkies ISJ, Waxman SG, Faber CG. Epidermal nerve fibers. In: Aminoff MJ, Daroff RB, editors. Encyclopedia of the Neurological Sciences. 2nd ed. Oxford: Academic Press; 2014. p. 76–9. Lauria G, Merkies ISJ, Waxman SG, Faber CG. Epidermal nerve fibers. In: Aminoff MJ, Daroff RB, editors. Encyclopedia of the Neurological Sciences. 2nd ed. Oxford: Academic Press; 2014. p. 76–9.
26.
go back to reference Woolf CJ, Ma Q. Nociceptors—noxious stimulus detectors. Neuron. 2007;55(3):353–64.PubMed Woolf CJ, Ma Q. Nociceptors—noxious stimulus detectors. Neuron. 2007;55(3):353–64.PubMed
27.
go back to reference Holzer P, Maggi CA. Dissociation of dorsal root ganglion neurons into afferent and efferent-like neurons. Neuroscience. 1998;86(2):389–98.PubMed Holzer P, Maggi CA. Dissociation of dorsal root ganglion neurons into afferent and efferent-like neurons. Neuroscience. 1998;86(2):389–98.PubMed
28.
go back to reference Lee Y, Lee CH, Oh U. Painful channels in sensory neurons. Mol Cells. 2005;20(3):315–24.PubMed Lee Y, Lee CH, Oh U. Painful channels in sensory neurons. Mol Cells. 2005;20(3):315–24.PubMed
29.
go back to reference Aurilio C, Pota V, Pace MC, Passavanti MB, Barbarisi M. Ionic channels and neuropathic pain: physiopathology and applications. J Cell Physiol. 2008;215(1):8–14.PubMed Aurilio C, Pota V, Pace MC, Passavanti MB, Barbarisi M. Ionic channels and neuropathic pain: physiopathology and applications. J Cell Physiol. 2008;215(1):8–14.PubMed
30.
go back to reference Waxman SG, Zamponi GW. Regulating excitability of peripheral afferents: emerging ion channel targets. Nat Neurosci. 2014;17(2):153–63.PubMed Waxman SG, Zamponi GW. Regulating excitability of peripheral afferents: emerging ion channel targets. Nat Neurosci. 2014;17(2):153–63.PubMed
31.
go back to reference Faber CG, Hoeijmakers JG, Ahn HS, Cheng X, Han C, Choi JS, et al. Gain of function NaV1.7 mutations in idiopathic small fiber neuropathy. Ann Neurol. 2012;71(1):26–39.PubMed Faber CG, Hoeijmakers JG, Ahn HS, Cheng X, Han C, Choi JS, et al. Gain of function NaV1.7 mutations in idiopathic small fiber neuropathy. Ann Neurol. 2012;71(1):26–39.PubMed
32.
go back to reference Faber CG, Lauria G, Merkies IS, Cheng X, Han C, Ahn HS, et al. Gain-of-function Nav1.8 mutations in painful neuropathy. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2012;109(47):19444–9.PubMedCentralPubMed Faber CG, Lauria G, Merkies IS, Cheng X, Han C, Ahn HS, et al. Gain-of-function Nav1.8 mutations in painful neuropathy. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2012;109(47):19444–9.PubMedCentralPubMed
33.
go back to reference Huang J, Han C, Estacion M, Vasylyev D, Hoeijmakers JG, Gerrits MM, et al. Gain-of-function mutations in sodium channel Na(v)1.9 in painful neuropathy. Brain. 2014;137(Pt 6):1627–42.PubMed Huang J, Han C, Estacion M, Vasylyev D, Hoeijmakers JG, Gerrits MM, et al. Gain-of-function mutations in sodium channel Na(v)1.9 in painful neuropathy. Brain. 2014;137(Pt 6):1627–42.PubMed
34.
go back to reference Brouwer BA, Merkies IS, Gerrits MM, Waxman SG, Hoeijmakers JG, Faber CG. Painful neuropathies: the emerging role of sodium channelopathies. J Peripher Nerv Syst. 2014;19(2):53–65.PubMed Brouwer BA, Merkies IS, Gerrits MM, Waxman SG, Hoeijmakers JG, Faber CG. Painful neuropathies: the emerging role of sodium channelopathies. J Peripher Nerv Syst. 2014;19(2):53–65.PubMed
35.
go back to reference Baron R. Peripheral neuropathic pain: from mechanisms to symptoms. Clin J Pain. 2000;16(2 Suppl):S12–20.PubMed Baron R. Peripheral neuropathic pain: from mechanisms to symptoms. Clin J Pain. 2000;16(2 Suppl):S12–20.PubMed
36.
go back to reference Gilron I, Watson CP, Cahill CM, Moulin DE. Neuropathic pain: a practical guide for the clinician. CMAJ. 2006;175(3):265–75.PubMedCentralPubMed Gilron I, Watson CP, Cahill CM, Moulin DE. Neuropathic pain: a practical guide for the clinician. CMAJ. 2006;175(3):265–75.PubMedCentralPubMed
37.
go back to reference Porreca F, Ossipov MH, Gebhart GF. Chronic pain and medullary descending facilitation. Trends Neurosci. 2002;25(6):319–25.PubMed Porreca F, Ossipov MH, Gebhart GF. Chronic pain and medullary descending facilitation. Trends Neurosci. 2002;25(6):319–25.PubMed
38.
go back to reference Suzuki R, Rygh LJ, Dickenson AH. Bad news from the brain: descending 5-HT pathways that control spinal pain processing. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2004;25(12):613–7.PubMed Suzuki R, Rygh LJ, Dickenson AH. Bad news from the brain: descending 5-HT pathways that control spinal pain processing. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2004;25(12):613–7.PubMed
39.
go back to reference Vanegas H, Schaible HG. Descending control of persistent pain: inhibitory or facilitatory? Brain Res Brain Res Rev. 2004;46(3):295–309.PubMed Vanegas H, Schaible HG. Descending control of persistent pain: inhibitory or facilitatory? Brain Res Brain Res Rev. 2004;46(3):295–309.PubMed
41.
go back to reference Abdulla A, Adams N, Bone M, Elliott AM, Gaffin J, Jones D, et al. Guidance on the management of pain in older people. Age Ageing. 2013;42(Suppl 1):i1–57.PubMed Abdulla A, Adams N, Bone M, Elliott AM, Gaffin J, Jones D, et al. Guidance on the management of pain in older people. Age Ageing. 2013;42(Suppl 1):i1–57.PubMed
42.
go back to reference Fine PG. Treatment guidelines for the pharmacological management of pain in older persons. Pain Med. 2012;13(Suppl 2):S57–66.PubMed Fine PG. Treatment guidelines for the pharmacological management of pain in older persons. Pain Med. 2012;13(Suppl 2):S57–66.PubMed
43.
go back to reference Nnoaham KE, Kumbang J. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) for chronic pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008(3):CD003222. Nnoaham KE, Kumbang J. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) for chronic pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008(3):CD003222.
44.
go back to reference Webb HE, Lascelles RG. Treatment of facial and head pain associated with depression. Lancet. 1962;1(7225):355–6.PubMed Webb HE, Lascelles RG. Treatment of facial and head pain associated with depression. Lancet. 1962;1(7225):355–6.PubMed
45.
go back to reference Crisp AH, Hays P, Carter A. Three amine-oxidase inhibitor drugs in the treatment of depression; relative value and toxic effects. Lancet. 1961;1(7167):17–8.PubMed Crisp AH, Hays P, Carter A. Three amine-oxidase inhibitor drugs in the treatment of depression; relative value and toxic effects. Lancet. 1961;1(7167):17–8.PubMed
46.
go back to reference Straker M. Imipramine (tofranil): a safe, effective antidepressant drug in private practice. Can Med Assoc J. 1959;80(7):546–9.PubMedCentralPubMed Straker M. Imipramine (tofranil): a safe, effective antidepressant drug in private practice. Can Med Assoc J. 1959;80(7):546–9.PubMedCentralPubMed
47.
go back to reference Pancrazio JJ, Kamatchi GL, Roscoe AK, Lynch C 3rd. Inhibition of neuronal Na+ channels by antidepressant drugs. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1998;284(1):208–14.PubMed Pancrazio JJ, Kamatchi GL, Roscoe AK, Lynch C 3rd. Inhibition of neuronal Na+ channels by antidepressant drugs. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1998;284(1):208–14.PubMed
48.
go back to reference Wang GK, Russell C, Wang SY. State-dependent block of voltage-gated Na+ channels by amitriptyline via the local anesthetic receptor and its implication for neuropathic pain. Pain. 2004;110(1–2):166–74.PubMed Wang GK, Russell C, Wang SY. State-dependent block of voltage-gated Na+ channels by amitriptyline via the local anesthetic receptor and its implication for neuropathic pain. Pain. 2004;110(1–2):166–74.PubMed
49.
go back to reference Nyback HV, Walters JR, Aghajanian GK, Roth RH. Tricyclic antidepressants: effects on the firing rate of brain noradrenergic neurons. Eur J Pharmacol. 1975;32(02):302–12.PubMed Nyback HV, Walters JR, Aghajanian GK, Roth RH. Tricyclic antidepressants: effects on the firing rate of brain noradrenergic neurons. Eur J Pharmacol. 1975;32(02):302–12.PubMed
50.
go back to reference Taylor JE, Richelson E. High affinity binding of tricyclic antidepressants to histamine H1-receptors: fact and artifact. Eur J Pharmacol. 1980;67(1):41–6.PubMed Taylor JE, Richelson E. High affinity binding of tricyclic antidepressants to histamine H1-receptors: fact and artifact. Eur J Pharmacol. 1980;67(1):41–6.PubMed
51.
go back to reference Richelson E. Tricyclic antidepressants and histamine H1 receptors. Mayo Clin Proc. 1979;54(10):669–74.PubMed Richelson E. Tricyclic antidepressants and histamine H1 receptors. Mayo Clin Proc. 1979;54(10):669–74.PubMed
52.
go back to reference Weinstock M, Cohen D. Tricyclic antidepressant drugs as antagonists of muscarinic receptors in sympathetic ganglia. Eur J Pharmacol. 1976;40(2):321–8.PubMed Weinstock M, Cohen D. Tricyclic antidepressant drugs as antagonists of muscarinic receptors in sympathetic ganglia. Eur J Pharmacol. 1976;40(2):321–8.PubMed
53.
go back to reference Bohman B, Halaris A, Karbowski M. Effects of tricyclic antidepressants on muscarinic cholinergic receptor binding in mouse brain. Life Sci. 1981;29(8):833–41.PubMed Bohman B, Halaris A, Karbowski M. Effects of tricyclic antidepressants on muscarinic cholinergic receptor binding in mouse brain. Life Sci. 1981;29(8):833–41.PubMed
54.
go back to reference Gurgel JA, Lima-Junior RC, Rabelo CO, Pessoa BB, Brito GA, Ribeiro RA. Amitriptyline, clomipramine, and maprotiline attenuate the inflammatory response by inhibiting neutrophil migration and mast cell degranulation. Rev Bras Psiquiatr. 2013;35(4):387–92.PubMed Gurgel JA, Lima-Junior RC, Rabelo CO, Pessoa BB, Brito GA, Ribeiro RA. Amitriptyline, clomipramine, and maprotiline attenuate the inflammatory response by inhibiting neutrophil migration and mast cell degranulation. Rev Bras Psiquiatr. 2013;35(4):387–92.PubMed
55.
go back to reference Munzer A, Sack U, Mergl R, Schonherr J, Petersein C, Bartsch S, et al. Impact of antidepressants on cytokine production of depressed patients in vitro. Toxins (Basel). 2013;5(11):2227–40. Munzer A, Sack U, Mergl R, Schonherr J, Petersein C, Bartsch S, et al. Impact of antidepressants on cytokine production of depressed patients in vitro. Toxins (Basel). 2013;5(11):2227–40.
56.
go back to reference Bohn LM, Xu F, Gainetdinov RR, Caron MG. Potentiated opioid analgesia in norepinephrine transporter knock-out mice. J Neurosci. 2000;20(24):9040–5.PubMed Bohn LM, Xu F, Gainetdinov RR, Caron MG. Potentiated opioid analgesia in norepinephrine transporter knock-out mice. J Neurosci. 2000;20(24):9040–5.PubMed
57.
go back to reference Watson CP, Vernich L, Chipman M, Reed K. Nortriptyline versus amitriptyline in postherpetic neuralgia: a randomized trial. Neurology. 1998;51(4):1166–71.PubMed Watson CP, Vernich L, Chipman M, Reed K. Nortriptyline versus amitriptyline in postherpetic neuralgia: a randomized trial. Neurology. 1998;51(4):1166–71.PubMed
58.
go back to reference Kishore-Kumar R, Max MB, Schafer SC, Gaughan AM, Smoller B, Gracely RH, et al. Desipramine relieves postherpetic neuralgia. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1990;47(3):305–12.PubMed Kishore-Kumar R, Max MB, Schafer SC, Gaughan AM, Smoller B, Gracely RH, et al. Desipramine relieves postherpetic neuralgia. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1990;47(3):305–12.PubMed
59.
go back to reference Blier P, Briley M. The noradrenergic symptom cluster: clinical expression and neuropharmacology. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2011;7(Suppl 1):15–20.PubMedCentralPubMed Blier P, Briley M. The noradrenergic symptom cluster: clinical expression and neuropharmacology. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2011;7(Suppl 1):15–20.PubMedCentralPubMed
60.
go back to reference Dang YH, Xing B, Zhao Y, Zhao XJ, Huo FQ, Tang JS, et al. The role of dopamine receptors in ventrolateral orbital cortex-evoked antinociception in a rat formalin test model. Eur J Pharmacol. 2011;657(1–3):97–103.PubMed Dang YH, Xing B, Zhao Y, Zhao XJ, Huo FQ, Tang JS, et al. The role of dopamine receptors in ventrolateral orbital cortex-evoked antinociception in a rat formalin test model. Eur J Pharmacol. 2011;657(1–3):97–103.PubMed
61.
go back to reference Stahl SM, Grady MM, Moret C, Briley M. SNRIs: their pharmacology, clinical efficacy, and tolerability in comparison with other classes of antidepressants. CNS Spectr. 2005;10(9):732–47.PubMed Stahl SM, Grady MM, Moret C, Briley M. SNRIs: their pharmacology, clinical efficacy, and tolerability in comparison with other classes of antidepressants. CNS Spectr. 2005;10(9):732–47.PubMed
62.
go back to reference American Geriatrics Society Panel on the Pharmacological Management of Persistent Pain in Older Persons. Pharmacological management of persistent pain in older persons. Pain Med. 2009;10(6):1062–83. American Geriatrics Society Panel on the Pharmacological Management of Persistent Pain in Older Persons. Pharmacological management of persistent pain in older persons. Pain Med. 2009;10(6):1062–83.
63.
go back to reference Bryans JS, Wustrow DJ. 3-substituted GABA analogs with central nervous system activity: a review. Med Res Rev. 1999;19(2):149–77.PubMed Bryans JS, Wustrow DJ. 3-substituted GABA analogs with central nervous system activity: a review. Med Res Rev. 1999;19(2):149–77.PubMed
64.
go back to reference Taylor CP, Garrido R. Immunostaining of rat brain, spinal cord, sensory neurons and skeletal muscle for calcium channel alpha2-delta (alpha2-delta) type 1 protein. Neuroscience. 2008;155(2):510–21.PubMed Taylor CP, Garrido R. Immunostaining of rat brain, spinal cord, sensory neurons and skeletal muscle for calcium channel alpha2-delta (alpha2-delta) type 1 protein. Neuroscience. 2008;155(2):510–21.PubMed
65.
go back to reference Micheva KD, Taylor CP, Smith SJ. Pregabalin reduces the release of synaptic vesicles from cultured hippocampal neurons. Mol Pharmacol. 2006;70(2):467–76.PubMed Micheva KD, Taylor CP, Smith SJ. Pregabalin reduces the release of synaptic vesicles from cultured hippocampal neurons. Mol Pharmacol. 2006;70(2):467–76.PubMed
66.
go back to reference Joshi I, Taylor CP. Pregabalin action at a model synapse: binding to presynaptic calcium channel alpha2-delta subunit reduces neurotransmission in mice. Eur J Pharmacol. 2006;553(1–3):82–8.PubMed Joshi I, Taylor CP. Pregabalin action at a model synapse: binding to presynaptic calcium channel alpha2-delta subunit reduces neurotransmission in mice. Eur J Pharmacol. 2006;553(1–3):82–8.PubMed
67.
go back to reference Fehrenbacher JC, Taylor CP, Vasko MR. Pregabalin and gabapentin reduce release of substance P and CGRP from rat spinal tissues only after inflammation or activation of protein kinase C. Pain. 2003;105(1–2):133–41.PubMed Fehrenbacher JC, Taylor CP, Vasko MR. Pregabalin and gabapentin reduce release of substance P and CGRP from rat spinal tissues only after inflammation or activation of protein kinase C. Pain. 2003;105(1–2):133–41.PubMed
68.
go back to reference Taylor CP, Angelotti T, Fauman E. Pharmacology and mechanism of action of pregabalin: the calcium channel alpha2-delta (alpha2-delta) subunit as a target for antiepileptic drug discovery. Epilepsy Res. 2007;73(2):137–50.PubMed Taylor CP, Angelotti T, Fauman E. Pharmacology and mechanism of action of pregabalin: the calcium channel alpha2-delta (alpha2-delta) subunit as a target for antiepileptic drug discovery. Epilepsy Res. 2007;73(2):137–50.PubMed
69.
go back to reference Roth T, van Seventer R, Murphy TK. The effect of pregabalin on pain-related sleep interference in diabetic peripheral neuropathy or postherpetic neuralgia: a review of nine clinical trials. Curr Med Res Opin. 2010;26(10):2411–9.PubMed Roth T, van Seventer R, Murphy TK. The effect of pregabalin on pain-related sleep interference in diabetic peripheral neuropathy or postherpetic neuralgia: a review of nine clinical trials. Curr Med Res Opin. 2010;26(10):2411–9.PubMed
70.
go back to reference Hanlon JT, Aspinall SL, Semla TP, Weisbord SD, Fried LF, Good CB, et al. Consensus guidelines for oral dosing of primarily renally cleared medications in older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2009;57(2):335–40.PubMedCentralPubMed Hanlon JT, Aspinall SL, Semla TP, Weisbord SD, Fried LF, Good CB, et al. Consensus guidelines for oral dosing of primarily renally cleared medications in older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2009;57(2):335–40.PubMedCentralPubMed
71.
go back to reference Pickering G. Antiepileptics for post-herpetic neuralgia in the elderly: current and future prospects. Drugs Aging. 2014;31(9):653–60.PubMed Pickering G. Antiepileptics for post-herpetic neuralgia in the elderly: current and future prospects. Drugs Aging. 2014;31(9):653–60.PubMed
72.
go back to reference Labianca R, Sarzi-Puttini P, Zuccaro SM, Cherubino P, Vellucci R, Fornasari D. Adverse effects associated with non-opioid and opioid treatment in patients with chronic pain. Clin Drug Investig. 2012;32(Suppl 1):53–63. Labianca R, Sarzi-Puttini P, Zuccaro SM, Cherubino P, Vellucci R, Fornasari D. Adverse effects associated with non-opioid and opioid treatment in patients with chronic pain. Clin Drug Investig. 2012;32(Suppl 1):53–63.
73.
go back to reference Moore RA, McQuay HJ. Prevalence of opioid adverse events in chronic non-malignant pain: systematic review of randomised trials of oral opioids. Arthritis Res Ther. 2005;7(5):R1046–51.PubMedCentralPubMed Moore RA, McQuay HJ. Prevalence of opioid adverse events in chronic non-malignant pain: systematic review of randomised trials of oral opioids. Arthritis Res Ther. 2005;7(5):R1046–51.PubMedCentralPubMed
74.
go back to reference Noble M, Treadwell JR, Tregear SJ, Coates VH, Wiffen PJ, Akafomo C et al. Long-term opioid management for chronic noncancer pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010(1):CD006605. Noble M, Treadwell JR, Tregear SJ, Coates VH, Wiffen PJ, Akafomo C et al. Long-term opioid management for chronic noncancer pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010(1):CD006605.
75.
go back to reference Zochodne DW, Max MB. An old acquaintance: opioids in neuropathic pain. Neurology. 2003;60(6):894–5.PubMed Zochodne DW, Max MB. An old acquaintance: opioids in neuropathic pain. Neurology. 2003;60(6):894–5.PubMed
76.
go back to reference Dietis N, Rowbotham DJ, Lambert DG. Opioid receptor subtypes: fact or artifact? Br J Anaesth. 2011;107(1):8–18.PubMed Dietis N, Rowbotham DJ, Lambert DG. Opioid receptor subtypes: fact or artifact? Br J Anaesth. 2011;107(1):8–18.PubMed
77.
go back to reference Satoh M, Minami M. Molecular pharmacology of the opioid receptors. Pharmacol Ther. 1995;68(3):343–64.PubMed Satoh M, Minami M. Molecular pharmacology of the opioid receptors. Pharmacol Ther. 1995;68(3):343–64.PubMed
78.
go back to reference Brady AE, Limbird LE. G protein-coupled receptor interacting proteins: emerging roles in localization and signal transduction. Cell Signal. 2002;14(4):297–309.PubMed Brady AE, Limbird LE. G protein-coupled receptor interacting proteins: emerging roles in localization and signal transduction. Cell Signal. 2002;14(4):297–309.PubMed
79.
go back to reference Jordan BA, Devi LA. G-protein-coupled receptor heterodimerization modulates receptor function. Nature. 1999;399(6737):697–700.PubMedCentralPubMed Jordan BA, Devi LA. G-protein-coupled receptor heterodimerization modulates receptor function. Nature. 1999;399(6737):697–700.PubMedCentralPubMed
80.
go back to reference Trescot AM, Datta S, Lee M, Hansen H. Opioid pharmacology. Pain Physician. 2008;11(2 Suppl):S133–53.PubMed Trescot AM, Datta S, Lee M, Hansen H. Opioid pharmacology. Pain Physician. 2008;11(2 Suppl):S133–53.PubMed
81.
go back to reference Christie MJ. Cellular neuroadaptations to chronic opioids: tolerance, withdrawal and addiction. Br J Pharmacol. 2008;154(2):384–96.PubMedCentralPubMed Christie MJ. Cellular neuroadaptations to chronic opioids: tolerance, withdrawal and addiction. Br J Pharmacol. 2008;154(2):384–96.PubMedCentralPubMed
82.
go back to reference Bailey CP, Connor M. Opioids: cellular mechanisms of tolerance and physical dependence. Curr Opin Pharmacol. 2005;5(1):60–8.PubMed Bailey CP, Connor M. Opioids: cellular mechanisms of tolerance and physical dependence. Curr Opin Pharmacol. 2005;5(1):60–8.PubMed
83.
go back to reference Smith MT. Differences between and combinations of opioids re-visited. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2008;21(5):596–601.PubMed Smith MT. Differences between and combinations of opioids re-visited. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2008;21(5):596–601.PubMed
84.
go back to reference Kuo A, Wyse BD, Meutermans W, Smith MT. In vivo profiling of seven common opioids for antinociception, constipation and respiratory depression: no two opioids have the same profile. Br J Pharmacol. 2015;172(2):532–48.PubMed Kuo A, Wyse BD, Meutermans W, Smith MT. In vivo profiling of seven common opioids for antinociception, constipation and respiratory depression: no two opioids have the same profile. Br J Pharmacol. 2015;172(2):532–48.PubMed
85.
go back to reference Volkow ND, Frieden TR, Hyde PS, Cha SS. Medication-assisted therapies—tackling the opioid-overdose epidemic. N Engl J Med. 2014;370(22):2063–6.PubMed Volkow ND, Frieden TR, Hyde PS, Cha SS. Medication-assisted therapies—tackling the opioid-overdose epidemic. N Engl J Med. 2014;370(22):2063–6.PubMed
86.
go back to reference Chou R, Turner JA, Devine EB, Hansen RN, Sullivan SD, Blazina I, et al. The effectiveness and risks of long-term opioid therapy for chronic pain: a systematic review for a National Institutes of Health Pathways to Prevention Workshop. Ann Intern Med. 2015;162(4):276–86.PubMed Chou R, Turner JA, Devine EB, Hansen RN, Sullivan SD, Blazina I, et al. The effectiveness and risks of long-term opioid therapy for chronic pain: a systematic review for a National Institutes of Health Pathways to Prevention Workshop. Ann Intern Med. 2015;162(4):276–86.PubMed
87.
go back to reference Pergolizzi J, Boger RH, Budd K, Dahan A, Erdine S, Hans G, et al. Opioids and the management of chronic severe pain in the elderly: consensus statement of an International Expert Panel with focus on the six clinically most often used World Health Organization Step III opioids (buprenorphine, fentanyl, hydromorphone, methadone, morphine, oxycodone). Pain Pract. 2008;8(4):287–313.PubMed Pergolizzi J, Boger RH, Budd K, Dahan A, Erdine S, Hans G, et al. Opioids and the management of chronic severe pain in the elderly: consensus statement of an International Expert Panel with focus on the six clinically most often used World Health Organization Step III opioids (buprenorphine, fentanyl, hydromorphone, methadone, morphine, oxycodone). Pain Pract. 2008;8(4):287–313.PubMed
88.
go back to reference Chou R, Weimer MB, Dana T. Methadone overdose and cardiac arrhythmia potential: findings from a review of the evidence for an American Pain Society and College on Problems of Drug Dependence clinical practice guideline. J Pain. 2014;15(4):338–65.PubMed Chou R, Weimer MB, Dana T. Methadone overdose and cardiac arrhythmia potential: findings from a review of the evidence for an American Pain Society and College on Problems of Drug Dependence clinical practice guideline. J Pain. 2014;15(4):338–65.PubMed
89.
go back to reference Mercadante S, Ferrera P, Villari P, Casuccio A. Opioid escalation in patients with cancer pain: the effect of age. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2006;32(5):413–9.PubMed Mercadante S, Ferrera P, Villari P, Casuccio A. Opioid escalation in patients with cancer pain: the effect of age. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2006;32(5):413–9.PubMed
90.
go back to reference Papaleontiou M, Henderson CR Jr, Turner BJ, Moore AA, Olkhovskaya Y, Amanfo L, et al. Outcomes associated with opioid use in the treatment of chronic noncancer pain in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2010;58(7):1353–69.PubMedCentralPubMed Papaleontiou M, Henderson CR Jr, Turner BJ, Moore AA, Olkhovskaya Y, Amanfo L, et al. Outcomes associated with opioid use in the treatment of chronic noncancer pain in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2010;58(7):1353–69.PubMedCentralPubMed
91.
go back to reference Reid MC, Eccleston C, Pillemer K. Management of chronic pain in older adults. BMJ. 2015;350:h532.PubMed Reid MC, Eccleston C, Pillemer K. Management of chronic pain in older adults. BMJ. 2015;350:h532.PubMed
92.
go back to reference Vadivelu N, Hines RL. Management of chronic pain in the elderly: focus on transdermal buprenorphine. Clin Interv Aging. 2008;3(3):421–30.PubMedCentralPubMed Vadivelu N, Hines RL. Management of chronic pain in the elderly: focus on transdermal buprenorphine. Clin Interv Aging. 2008;3(3):421–30.PubMedCentralPubMed
93.
go back to reference Dahan A, Yassen A, Romberg R, Sarton E, Teppema L, Olofsen E, et al. Buprenorphine induces ceiling in respiratory depression but not in analgesia. Br J Anaesth. 2006;96(5):627–32.PubMed Dahan A, Yassen A, Romberg R, Sarton E, Teppema L, Olofsen E, et al. Buprenorphine induces ceiling in respiratory depression but not in analgesia. Br J Anaesth. 2006;96(5):627–32.PubMed
94.
go back to reference Solomon DH, Rassen JA, Glynn RJ, Lee J, Levin R, Schneeweiss S. The comparative safety of analgesics in older adults with arthritis. Arch Intern Med. 2010;170(22):1968–76.PubMed Solomon DH, Rassen JA, Glynn RJ, Lee J, Levin R, Schneeweiss S. The comparative safety of analgesics in older adults with arthritis. Arch Intern Med. 2010;170(22):1968–76.PubMed
95.
go back to reference Baron R, Mayoral V, Leijon G, Binder A, Steigerwald I, Serpell M. 5 % lidocaine medicated plaster versus pregabalin in post-herpetic neuralgia and diabetic polyneuropathy: an open-label, non-inferiority two-stage RCT study. Curr Med Res Opin. 2009;25(7):1663–76.PubMed Baron R, Mayoral V, Leijon G, Binder A, Steigerwald I, Serpell M. 5 % lidocaine medicated plaster versus pregabalin in post-herpetic neuralgia and diabetic polyneuropathy: an open-label, non-inferiority two-stage RCT study. Curr Med Res Opin. 2009;25(7):1663–76.PubMed
96.
go back to reference Davies PS, Galer BS. Review of lidocaine patch 5 % studies in the treatment of postherpetic neuralgia. Drugs. 2004;64(9):937–47.PubMed Davies PS, Galer BS. Review of lidocaine patch 5 % studies in the treatment of postherpetic neuralgia. Drugs. 2004;64(9):937–47.PubMed
97.
go back to reference Rowbotham MC, Davies PS, Verkempinck C, Galer BS. Lidocaine patch: double-blind controlled study of a new treatment method for post-herpetic neuralgia. Pain. 1996;65(1):39–44.PubMed Rowbotham MC, Davies PS, Verkempinck C, Galer BS. Lidocaine patch: double-blind controlled study of a new treatment method for post-herpetic neuralgia. Pain. 1996;65(1):39–44.PubMed
98.
go back to reference Wasner G, Kleinert A, Binder A, Schattschneider J, Baron R. Postherpetic neuralgia: topical lidocaine is effective in nociceptor-deprived skin. J Neurol. 2005;252(6):677–86.PubMed Wasner G, Kleinert A, Binder A, Schattschneider J, Baron R. Postherpetic neuralgia: topical lidocaine is effective in nociceptor-deprived skin. J Neurol. 2005;252(6):677–86.PubMed
99.
go back to reference Casale R, Mattia C. Building a diagnostic algorithm on localized neuropathic pain (LNP) and targeted topical treatment: focus on 5 % lidocaine-medicated plaster. Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2014;10:259–68.PubMedCentralPubMed Casale R, Mattia C. Building a diagnostic algorithm on localized neuropathic pain (LNP) and targeted topical treatment: focus on 5 % lidocaine-medicated plaster. Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2014;10:259–68.PubMedCentralPubMed
100.
go back to reference Mick G, Correa-Illanes G. Topical pain management with the 5 % lidocaine medicated plaster—a review. Curr Med Res Opin. 2012;28(6):937–51.PubMed Mick G, Correa-Illanes G. Topical pain management with the 5 % lidocaine medicated plaster—a review. Curr Med Res Opin. 2012;28(6):937–51.PubMed
101.
go back to reference Sluka KA, Walsh D. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation: basic science mechanisms and clinical effectiveness. J Pain. 2003;4(3):109–21.PubMed Sluka KA, Walsh D. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation: basic science mechanisms and clinical effectiveness. J Pain. 2003;4(3):109–21.PubMed
102.
go back to reference Weiner DK, Rudy TE, Glick RM, Boston JR, Lieber SJ, Morrow LA, et al. Efficacy of percutaneous electrical nerve stimulation for the treatment of chronic low back pain in older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2003;51(5):599–608.PubMed Weiner DK, Rudy TE, Glick RM, Boston JR, Lieber SJ, Morrow LA, et al. Efficacy of percutaneous electrical nerve stimulation for the treatment of chronic low back pain in older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2003;51(5):599–608.PubMed
103.
go back to reference Reisner L. Pharmacological management of persistent pain in older persons. J Pain. 2011;12(3 Suppl 1):S21–9.PubMed Reisner L. Pharmacological management of persistent pain in older persons. J Pain. 2011;12(3 Suppl 1):S21–9.PubMed
104.
go back to reference Cherny NI. The treatment of neuropathic pain: from hubris to humility. Pain. 2007;132(3):225–6.PubMed Cherny NI. The treatment of neuropathic pain: from hubris to humility. Pain. 2007;132(3):225–6.PubMed
105.
go back to reference Dib-Hajj SD, Waxman SG. Translational pain research: lessons from genetics and genomics. Sci Transl Med. 2014;6(249):249sr4.PubMed Dib-Hajj SD, Waxman SG. Translational pain research: lessons from genetics and genomics. Sci Transl Med. 2014;6(249):249sr4.PubMed
106.
go back to reference Waxman SG, Merkies IS, Gerrits MM, Dib-Hajj S, Lauria G, Cox JJ et al. Sodium channel genes in pain-related disorders: phenotype-genotype associations and recommendations for clinical use. Lancet Neurol. 2014;13(11):1152–60.PubMed Waxman SG, Merkies IS, Gerrits MM, Dib-Hajj S, Lauria G, Cox JJ et al. Sodium channel genes in pain-related disorders: phenotype-genotype associations and recommendations for clinical use. Lancet Neurol. 2014;13(11):1152–60.PubMed
107.
go back to reference Dib-Hajj SD, Binshtok AM, Cummins TR, Jarvis MF, Samad T, Zimmermann K. Voltage-gated sodium channels in pain states: role in pathophysiology and targets for treatment. Brain Res Rev. 2009;60(1):65–83.PubMed Dib-Hajj SD, Binshtok AM, Cummins TR, Jarvis MF, Samad T, Zimmermann K. Voltage-gated sodium channels in pain states: role in pathophysiology and targets for treatment. Brain Res Rev. 2009;60(1):65–83.PubMed
108.
go back to reference Kirchheiner J, Brosen K, Dahl ML, Gram LF, Kasper S, Roots I, et al. CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 genotype-based dose recommendations for antidepressants: a first step towards subpopulation-specific dosages. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2001;104(3):173–92.PubMed Kirchheiner J, Brosen K, Dahl ML, Gram LF, Kasper S, Roots I, et al. CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 genotype-based dose recommendations for antidepressants: a first step towards subpopulation-specific dosages. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2001;104(3):173–92.PubMed
109.
go back to reference Stamer UM, Zhang L, Book M, Lehmann LE, Stuber F, Musshoff F. CYP2D6 genotype dependent oxycodone metabolism in postoperative patients. PLoS One. 2013;8(3):e60239.PubMedCentralPubMed Stamer UM, Zhang L, Book M, Lehmann LE, Stuber F, Musshoff F. CYP2D6 genotype dependent oxycodone metabolism in postoperative patients. PLoS One. 2013;8(3):e60239.PubMedCentralPubMed
110.
go back to reference Gan SH, Ismail R, Wan Adnan WA, Zulmi W. Impact of CYP2D6 genetic polymorphism on tramadol pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Mol Diagn Ther. 2007;11(3):171–81.PubMed Gan SH, Ismail R, Wan Adnan WA, Zulmi W. Impact of CYP2D6 genetic polymorphism on tramadol pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Mol Diagn Ther. 2007;11(3):171–81.PubMed
Metadata
Title
Neuropathic Pain due to Small Fiber Neuropathy in Aging: Current Management and Future Prospects
Authors
Brigitte A. Brouwer
Bianca T. A. de Greef
Janneke G. J. Hoeijmakers
Margot Geerts
Maarten van Kleef
Ingemar S. J. Merkies
Catharina G. Faber
Publication date
01-08-2015
Publisher
Springer International Publishing
Published in
Drugs & Aging / Issue 8/2015
Print ISSN: 1170-229X
Electronic ISSN: 1179-1969
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40266-015-0283-8

Other articles of this Issue 8/2015

Drugs & Aging 8/2015 Go to the issue
Obesity Clinical Trial Summary

At a glance: The STEP trials

A round-up of the STEP phase 3 clinical trials evaluating semaglutide for weight loss in people with overweight or obesity.

Developed by: Springer Medicine

Highlights from the ACC 2024 Congress

Year in Review: Pediatric cardiology

Watch Dr. Anne Marie Valente present the last year's highlights in pediatric and congenital heart disease in the official ACC.24 Year in Review session.

Year in Review: Pulmonary vascular disease

The last year's highlights in pulmonary vascular disease are presented by Dr. Jane Leopold in this official video from ACC.24.

Year in Review: Valvular heart disease

Watch Prof. William Zoghbi present the last year's highlights in valvular heart disease from the official ACC.24 Year in Review session.

Year in Review: Heart failure and cardiomyopathies

Watch this official video from ACC.24. Dr. Biykem Bozkurt discusses last year's major advances in heart failure and cardiomyopathies.