Top

Published in:

Open Access 27-03-2023

Measuring Resilience in Long-term Sick-listed Individuals: Validation of the Resilience Scale for Adults

Authors: Martin Inge Standal, Odin Hjemdal, Vegard Stolsmo Foldal, Lene Aasdahl, Roger Hagen, Egil A. Fors, Frederick Anyan

Published in: Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation | Issue 4/2023

Abstract

Return to work from long-term sick leave is influenced by personal and social factors, which can be measured by resilience, a construct that describe healthy adaptation against adversity. This study aimed to validate the validity and psychometric properties of the resilience scale for adults in a sample of long-term sick-listed individuals, and to investigate measurement invariance when compared with a university student sample. Confirmatory factor analysis was used on a sick-listed sample (n = 687) to identify the scale?s factor structure, and comparison with a university student sample (n = 241) was utilized to determine measurement invariance. Results show that a slightly modified factor structure, in accordance with previous research, achieved acceptable fit in the sick-listed sample, while comparisons with the student sample supported measurement invariance. This means that the study to a large degree support the factor structure of the resilience scale for adults in long-term sick-listed. Furthermore, the results indicate that the scale is similarly understood among long-term sick-listed as in a previously validated student sample. Thus, the resilience scale for adults can be a valid and reliable measure of protective factors in the long-term sickness absence and return to work context, and the subscale and total score can be interpreted similarly in long-term sick-listed as in other populations.

Available only for authorised users

Waddell G, Burton AK. Is work good for your health and wellbeing? London, UK: The Stationery Office; 2006.

Mykletun A, Eriksen HR, Røed K, Schmidt G, Fosse A, Damberg G, Christiansen EC, Guldvog B. Tiltak for reduksjon i sykefravær: Aktiviserings-og nærværsreform. Ekspertgrupperapport til arbeidsdepartementet. [Measures for reduction in sick leave: activity- and presence-reform. Expert group report to the Ministry of Labour]. Oslo, Norway: Ministry of Labour; 2010.

Halonen JI, Solovieva S, Virta LJ, Laaksonen M, Martimo KP, Hiljanen I, Lallukka T, Autti-Rämö I, Viikari-Juntura E. Sustained return to work and work participation after a new legislation obligating employers to notify prolonged sickness absence. Scand J Public Health. 2018;46:65–73. https://doi.org/10.1177/1403494817732445CrossRefPubMed

Waddell G, Burton AK. Concepts of rehabilitation for the management of common health problems. London, UK: The Stationery Office; 2004.

Black O, Keegel T, Sim MR, Collie A, Smith P. The effect of self-efficacy on return-to-work outcomes for workers with psychological or upper-body musculoskeletal injuries: a review of the literature. J Occup Rehabil. 2018;28(1):16–27. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10926-017-9697-yCrossRefPubMed

Cancelliere C, Donovan J, Stochkendahl MJ, Biscardi M, Ammendolia C, Myburgh C, Cassidy JD. Factors affecting return to work after injury or illness: best evidence synthesis of systematic reviews. Chiropr Man Ther. 2016;24(1):1–23. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12998-016-0113-zCrossRef

Gragnano A, Negrini A, Miglioretti M, Corbière M. Common psychosocial factors predicting return to work after common mental disorders, cardiovascular diseases, and cancers: a review of reviews supporting a cross-disease approach. J Occup Rehabil. 2018;28(2):215–31. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10926-017-9714-1CrossRefPubMed

Etuknwa A, Daniels K, Eib C. Sustainable return to work: a systematic review focusing on personal and social factors.J Occup Rehabil. 2019:1–22. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10926-019-09832-7

Knauf MT, Schultz IZ. Current conceptual models of return to work. In: Schultz I, Gatchel R, editors. Handbook of return to work. Boston, MA: Springer; 2016. pp. 27–51. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-7627-7_2CrossRef

10.

Schultz IZ, Stowell AW, Feuerstein M, Gatchel RJ. Models of return to work for musculoskeletal disorders. J Occup Rehabil. 2007;17(2):327–52. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10926-007-9071-6CrossRefPubMed

11.

Reivich K, Gillham JE, Chaplin TM, Seligman MEP. From helplessness to optimism: the role of resilience in treating and preventing depression in youth. In: Goldstein S, Brooks R, editors. Handbook of Resilience in Children. Boston, MA: Springer; 2013. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-3661-4_12CrossRef

12.

Egeland B, Carlson E, Sroufe LA. Resilience as process. Development and psychopathology. Volume 5. Cambridge University Press; 1993. pp. 517–28. 4.

13.

Rutter M. Resilience in the face of adversity. Protective factors and resistance to psychiatric disorder. Br J Psychiatry. 1985;147:598–611. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.147.6.598CrossRefPubMed

14.

Bonfiglio NS, Renati R, Hjemdal O, Friborg O. The resilience scale for adults in Italy: a validation study comparing clinical substance abusers with a nonclinical sample. Psychol Addict Behav. 2016;30(4):509–15. https://doi.org/10.1037/adb0000176CrossRefPubMed

15.

Wainwright E, Wainwright D, Coghill N, Walsh J, Perry R. Resilience and return-to-work pain interventions: systematic review. Occup Med. 2019;69(3):163–76.CrossRef

16.

Angarita-Osorio N, Pérez-Aranda A, Feliu-Soler A, Andrés-Rodríguez L, Borràs X, Suso-Ribera C, Slim M, Herrera-Mercadal P, Fernández-Vergel R, Blanco ME, Luciano JV. Patients with fibromyalgia reporting severe pain but low impact of the syndrome: clinical and rain-related cognitive features. Pain Pract. 2020;20(3):255–61. https://doi.org/10.1111/papr.12847CrossRefPubMed

17.

Goubert L, Trompetter H. Towards a science and practice of resilience in the face of pain. Eur J Pain. 2017;21(8):1301–15. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejp.1062CrossRefPubMed

18.

Silverman AM, Molton IR, Alschuler KN, Ehde DM, Jensen MP. Resilience predicts functional outcomes in people aging with disability: a longitudinal investigation. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2015;96(7):1262–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2015.02.023CrossRefPubMed

19.

Windle G, Bennett KM, Noyes J. A methodological review of resilience measurement scales. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2011;9:8. https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7525-9-8CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

20.

Friborg O, Hjemdal O, Rosenvinge JH, Martinussen M. A new rating scale for adult resilience: what are the central protective resources behind healthy adjustment? Int J Methods Psychiatr Res. 2003;12(2):65–76. https://doi.org/10.1002/mpr.143CrossRefPubMed

21.

Hjemdal O, Friborg O, Martinussen M, Rosenvinge JH. Preliminary results from the development and validation of a Norwegian scale for measuring adult resilience. J Nor Psychol Assoc. 2001;38(4):310–7.

22.

Ahern NR, Kiehl EM, Sole ML, Byers J. A review of instruments measuring resilience. Issues Compr Pediatr Nurs. 2006;29(2):103–25. https://doi.org/10.1080/01460860600677643CrossRefPubMed

23.

Hjemdal O, Roazzi A, Dias Mda G, Friborg O. The cross-cultural validity of the resilience scale for adults: a comparison between Norway and Brazil. BMC Psychol. 2015;3(1):18. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-015-0076-1CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

24.

Hilbig J, Viliūnienė R, Friborg O, Pakalniškienė V, Danilevičiūtė V. Resilience in a reborn nation: validation of the lithuanian resilience scale for adults (RSA). Compr Psychiat. 2015;60:126–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2015.02.003CrossRefPubMed

25.

Anyan F, Hjemdal O, Bizumic B, Friborg O. Measuring resilience across Australia and Norway: validation and psychometric properties of the English version of the resilience scale for adults. Eur J Psychol Assess. 2020;36(2):280.CrossRef

26.

Morote R, Hjemdal O, Martinez Uribe P, Corveleyn J. Psychometric properties of the resilience scale for adults (RSA) and its relationship with life-stress, anxiety and depression in a hispanic Latin-American community sample. PLoS ONE. 2017;12(11):e0187954. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0187954CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

27.

Jakobsen IS, Madsen LMR, Mau M, Hjemdal O, Friborg O. The relationship between resilience and loneliness elucidated by a Danish version of the resilience scale for adults. BMC Psychol. 2020;8:131. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-020-00493-3CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

28.

Capanna C, Stratta P, Hjemdal O, Collazzoni A, Rossi A. The Italian validation study of the resilience scale for adults (RSA). BPA-Appl Psychol Bull (Bollettino di Psicologia Applicata). 2015;63(272).

29.

Hjemdal O, Friborg O, Braun S, Kempenaers C, Linkowski P, Fossion P. The resilience scale for adults: construct validity and measurement in a Belgian sample. Int J Test. 2011;11(1):53–70.CrossRef

30.

Jowkar B, Friborg O, Hjemdal O. Cross-cultural validation of the resilience scale for adults (RSA) in Iran. Scand J Psychol. 2010;51(5):418–25. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9450.2009.00794.xCrossRefPubMed

31.

Havnen A, Anyan F, Hjemdal O, Solem S, Gurigard Riksfjord M, Hagen K. Resilience moderates negative outcome from stress during the COVID-19 pandemic: a moderated-mediation approach. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(18):6461. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186461CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

32.

Putnick DL, Bornstein MH. Measurement invariance conventions and reporting: the state of the art and future directions for psychological research. Dev Rev. 2016;41:71–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2016.06.004CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

33.

Vandenberg RJ, Lance CE. A review and synthesis of the measurement invariance literature: suggestions, practices, and recommendations for organizational research. Organ Res Methods. 2000;3(1):4–70.CrossRef

34.

Chen FF. Sensitivity of goodness of fit indexes to lack of measurement invariance. Struct Equ Model. 2007;14(3):464–504.CrossRef

35.

Millsap RE, Yun-Tein J. Assessing factorial invariance in ordered-categorical measures. Multivar Behav Res. 2004;39(3):479–515.CrossRef

36.

Aasdahl L, Foldal VS, Standal MI, Hagen R, Johnsen R, Solbjør M, Fimland MS, Fossen H, Jensen C, Bagøien G, Halsteinli V, Fors EA. Motivational interviewing in long-term sickness absence: study protocol of a randomized controlled trial followed by qualitative and economic studies. BMC Public Health. 2018;18(1):756. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-018-5686-0CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

37.

World Organization of Family Doctors. ICPC-2. International classification of primary care. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press; 1998.

38.

Spitzer RL, Kroenke K, Williams JB, Löwe B. A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: the GAD-7. Arch Intern Med. 2006;166(10):1092–7. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.166.10.1092CrossRefPubMed

39.

Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB. The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure. J Gen Intern Med. 2001;16(9):606–13. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.xCrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

40.

Wang YA, Eastwick PW. Solutions to the problems of incremental validity testing in relationship science. Pers Relatsh. 2020;27(1):156–75. https://doi.org/10.1111/pere.12309CrossRef

41.

Lännerström L, Wallman T, Holmström IK. Losing independence–the lived experience of being long-term sick-listed. BMC Public Health. 2013;13(1):745. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-13-745CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

42.

Hjemdal O. Measuring protective factors: the development of two resilience scales in Norway. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am. 2007;16(2):303 – 21, viii. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chc.2006.12.003

43.

Friborg O, Hjemdal O, Martinussen M, Rosenvinge JH. Emipirical support for resilience as more than the counterpart and absence of vulnerability and symptoms of mental disorder. J Individ Differ. 2009;30(3):138–51.CrossRef

44.

Dekkers-Sánchez PM, Wind H, Sluiter JK, Frings-Dresen MHW. What promotes sustained return to work of employees on long-term sick leave? perspectives of vocational rehabilitation professionals. Scand J Work Environ Health. 2011;37(6):481–93. https://doi.org/10.5271/sjweh.3173CrossRefPubMed

45.

Kristman VL, Boot CR, Sanderson K, Sinden KE, Williams-Whitt K. Implementing best practice models of return to work. In: Bültmann U, Siegrist J, editors. Handbook of disability, work and health. Handbook Series in Occupational Health Sciences. Volume 1. Cham, CH: Springer; 2020. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-24334-0_3CrossRef

Title: Measuring Resilience in Long-term Sick-listed Individuals: Validation of the Resilience Scale for Adults
Authors: Martin Inge Standal
Odin Hjemdal
Vegard Stolsmo Foldal
Lene Aasdahl
Roger Hagen
Egil A. Fors
Frederick Anyan
Publication date: 27-03-2023
Publisher: Springer US
Published in: Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation / Issue 4/2023
Print ISSN: 1053-0487
Electronic ISSN: 1573-3688
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10926-023-10100-y

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Springer Medicine

Measuring Resilience in Long-term Sick-listed Individuals: Validation of the Resilience Scale for Adults

Abstract

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Springer Medicine

Abstract

Please log in to get access to this content

Other articles of this Issue 4/2023

Improving Rehabilitation Research to Optimize Care and Outcomes for People with Chronic Primary Low Back Pain: Methodological and Reporting Recommendations from a WHO Systematic Review Series

Returning to Work After Breast Cancer Surgery: A Randomised Controlled Trial on the Effect of Pain Neuroscience Education

Preventing a Scarring Start into the Labor Market: Integration Strategies for Young Persons with Disabilities

Systematic Review to Inform a World Health Organization (WHO) Clinical Practice Guideline: Benefits and Harms of Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) for Chronic Primary Low Back Pain in Adults

Establishing General Working Population Norms for the Cognitive Symptom Checklist-Work

Systematic Review to Inform a World Health Organization (WHO) Clinical Practice Guideline: Benefits and Harms of Structured Exercise Programs for Chronic Primary Low Back Pain in Adults