Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Annals of Hematology 7/2006

01-07-2006 | Original Article

Management of sepsis in neutropenia: guidelines of the infectious diseases working party (AGIHO) of the German Society of Hematology and Oncology (DGHO)

Authors: Olaf Penack, Thomas Beinert, Dieter Buchheidt, Hermann Einsele, Holger Hebart, Michael G. Kiehl, Gero Massenkeil, Xaver Schiel, Jan Schleicher, Philipp B. Staber, Stefan Wilhelm, Hans Wolf, Helmut Ostermann

Published in: Annals of Hematology | Issue 7/2006

Login to get access

Abstract

These guidelines from the infectious diseases working party (AGIHO) of the German Society of Hematology and Oncology (DGHO) give recommendations for the management of adults with neutropenia and the diagnosis of sepsis. The guidelines are written for clinicians and focus on pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of sepsis. The manuscript contains evidence-based recommendations for the assessment of the quality and strength of the data.
Literature
1.
go back to reference EORTC International Antimicrobial Therapy Project Group (1984) Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in the prevention of infection in neutropenic patients. J Infect Dis 150:372–379 EORTC International Antimicrobial Therapy Project Group (1984) Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in the prevention of infection in neutropenic patients. J Infect Dis 150:372–379
2.
go back to reference Cochrane Injuries Group Albumin Reviewers (1998) Human albumin administration in critically ill patients: systematic review of randomised controlled trials. BMJ 317:235–240 Cochrane Injuries Group Albumin Reviewers (1998) Human albumin administration in critically ill patients: systematic review of randomised controlled trials. BMJ 317:235–240
3.
go back to reference Alejandria MM, Lansang MA, Dans LF, Mantaring JB (2005) Intravenous immunoglobulin for treating sepsis and septic shock. Cochrane Database Syst Rev Oxford (update software) Alejandria MM, Lansang MA, Dans LF, Mantaring JB (2005) Intravenous immunoglobulin for treating sepsis and septic shock. Cochrane Database Syst Rev Oxford (update software)
4.
go back to reference Alouf JE, H Muller-Alouf (2003) Staphylococcal and streptococcal superantigens: molecular, biological and clinical aspects. 292:429–440 Alouf JE, H Muller-Alouf (2003) Staphylococcal and streptococcal superantigens: molecular, biological and clinical aspects. 292:429–440
5.
go back to reference Annane D, Sebille V, Charpentier C, Bollaert PE, Francois B, Korach JM, Capellier G, Cohen Y, Azoulay E, Troche G, Chaumet-Riffaut P, Bellissant E (2002) Effect of treatment with low doses of hydrocortisone and fludrocortisone on mortality in patients with septic shock. JAMA 288:862–871PubMed Annane D, Sebille V, Charpentier C, Bollaert PE, Francois B, Korach JM, Capellier G, Cohen Y, Azoulay E, Troche G, Chaumet-Riffaut P, Bellissant E (2002) Effect of treatment with low doses of hydrocortisone and fludrocortisone on mortality in patients with septic shock. JAMA 288:862–871PubMed
6.
go back to reference Astiz ME, Rackow EC (1999) Crystalloid–colloid controversy revisited. Crit Care Med 27:34–35PubMed Astiz ME, Rackow EC (1999) Crystalloid–colloid controversy revisited. Crit Care Med 27:34–35PubMed
7.
go back to reference Azoulay E, Darmon M, Delclaux C, Fieux F, Bornstain C, Moreau D, Attalah H, Le Gall JR, Schlemmer B (2002) Deterioration of previous acute lung injury during neutropenia recovery. Crit Care Med 30:781–786PubMed Azoulay E, Darmon M, Delclaux C, Fieux F, Bornstain C, Moreau D, Attalah H, Le Gall JR, Schlemmer B (2002) Deterioration of previous acute lung injury during neutropenia recovery. Crit Care Med 30:781–786PubMed
8.
go back to reference Bellomo R, Chapman M, Finfer S, Hickling K, Myburgh J (2000) Low-dose dopamine in patients with early renal dysfunction: a placebo-controlled randomised trial. Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Society (ANZICS) Clinical Trials Group. Lancet 356:2139–2143PubMed Bellomo R, Chapman M, Finfer S, Hickling K, Myburgh J (2000) Low-dose dopamine in patients with early renal dysfunction: a placebo-controlled randomised trial. Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Society (ANZICS) Clinical Trials Group. Lancet 356:2139–2143PubMed
9.
go back to reference Bellomo R, Ronco C, Kellum JA, Mehta RL, Palevsky P (2004) Acute renal failure—definition, outcome measures, animal models, fluid therapy and information technology needs: the Second International Consensus Conference of the Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative (ADQI) Group. Crit Care 8:R204–R212PubMed Bellomo R, Ronco C, Kellum JA, Mehta RL, Palevsky P (2004) Acute renal failure—definition, outcome measures, animal models, fluid therapy and information technology needs: the Second International Consensus Conference of the Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative (ADQI) Group. Crit Care 8:R204–R212PubMed
10.
go back to reference Benoit DD, Vandewoude KH, Decruyenaere JM, Hoste EA, Colardyn FA (2003) Outcome and early prognostic indicators in patients with a hematologic malignancy admitted to the intensive care unit for a life-threatening complication. Crit Care Med 31:104–112PubMed Benoit DD, Vandewoude KH, Decruyenaere JM, Hoste EA, Colardyn FA (2003) Outcome and early prognostic indicators in patients with a hematologic malignancy admitted to the intensive care unit for a life-threatening complication. Crit Care Med 31:104–112PubMed
11.
go back to reference Bernard GR, Vincent JL, Laterre PF, LaRosa SP, Dhainaut JF, Lopez-Rodriguez A, Steingrub JS, Garber GE, Helterbrand JD, Ely EW, Fisher CJ Jr (2001) Efficacy and safety of recombinant human activated protein C for severe sepsis. N Engl J Med 344:699–709PubMed Bernard GR, Vincent JL, Laterre PF, LaRosa SP, Dhainaut JF, Lopez-Rodriguez A, Steingrub JS, Garber GE, Helterbrand JD, Ely EW, Fisher CJ Jr (2001) Efficacy and safety of recombinant human activated protein C for severe sepsis. N Engl J Med 344:699–709PubMed
12.
go back to reference Bodey GP, Buckley M, Sathe YS, Freireich EJ (1966) Quantitative relationships between circulating leukocytes and infection in patients with acute leukemia. Ann Intern Med 64:328–340PubMed Bodey GP, Buckley M, Sathe YS, Freireich EJ (1966) Quantitative relationships between circulating leukocytes and infection in patients with acute leukemia. Ann Intern Med 64:328–340PubMed
13.
go back to reference Boldt J, Muller M, Mentges D, Papsdorf M, Hempelmann G (1998) Volume therapy in the critically ill: is there a difference? Intensive Care Med 24:28–36PubMed Boldt J, Muller M, Mentges D, Papsdorf M, Hempelmann G (1998) Volume therapy in the critically ill: is there a difference? Intensive Care Med 24:28–36PubMed
14.
go back to reference Bourgoin A, Leone M, Delmas A, Garnier F, Albanese J, Martin C (2005) Increasing mean arterial pressure in patients with septic shock: effects on oxygen variables and renal function. Crit Care Med 33:780–786PubMed Bourgoin A, Leone M, Delmas A, Garnier F, Albanese J, Martin C (2005) Increasing mean arterial pressure in patients with septic shock: effects on oxygen variables and renal function. Crit Care Med 33:780–786PubMed
15.
go back to reference Briegel J, Forst H, Haller M, Schelling G, Kilger E, Kuprat G, Hemmer B, Hummel T, Lenhart A, Heyduck M, Stoll C, Peter K (1999) Stress doses of hydrocortisone reverse hyperdynamic septic shock: a prospective, randomized, double-blind, single-center study. Crit Care Med 27:723–732PubMed Briegel J, Forst H, Haller M, Schelling G, Kilger E, Kuprat G, Hemmer B, Hummel T, Lenhart A, Heyduck M, Stoll C, Peter K (1999) Stress doses of hydrocortisone reverse hyperdynamic septic shock: a prospective, randomized, double-blind, single-center study. Crit Care Med 27:723–732PubMed
16.
go back to reference Buchman AL (2001) Glutamine: commercially essential or conditionally essential? A critical appraisal of the human data. Am J Clin Nutr 74:25–32PubMed Buchman AL (2001) Glutamine: commercially essential or conditionally essential? A critical appraisal of the human data. Am J Clin Nutr 74:25–32PubMed
17.
go back to reference Choi PT, Yip G, Quinonez LG, Cook DJ (1999) Crystalloids vs colloids in fluid resuscitation: a systematic review. Crit Care Med 27:200–210PubMed Choi PT, Yip G, Quinonez LG, Cook DJ (1999) Crystalloids vs colloids in fluid resuscitation: a systematic review. Crit Care Med 27:200–210PubMed
18.
go back to reference Clark OA, Lyman GH, Castro AA, Clark LG, Djulbegovic B (2005) Colony-stimulating factors for chemotherapy-induced febrile neutropenia: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Clin Oncol 23:4198–4214PubMed Clark OA, Lyman GH, Castro AA, Clark LG, Djulbegovic B (2005) Colony-stimulating factors for chemotherapy-induced febrile neutropenia: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Clin Oncol 23:4198–4214PubMed
19.
go back to reference Cohen J (2002) The immunopathogenesis of sepsis. Nature 420:885–891PubMed Cohen J (2002) The immunopathogenesis of sepsis. Nature 420:885–891PubMed
20.
go back to reference Conti G, Marino P, Cogliati A, Dell’Utri D, Lappa A, Rosa G, Gasparetto A (1998) Noninvasive ventilation for the treatment of acute respiratory failure in patients with hematologic malignancies: a pilot study. Intensive Care Med 24:1283–1288PubMed Conti G, Marino P, Cogliati A, Dell’Utri D, Lappa A, Rosa G, Gasparetto A (1998) Noninvasive ventilation for the treatment of acute respiratory failure in patients with hematologic malignancies: a pilot study. Intensive Care Med 24:1283–1288PubMed
21.
go back to reference Cooper MS, Stewart PM (2003) Corticosteroid insufficiency in acutely ill patients. N Engl J Med 348:727–734PubMed Cooper MS, Stewart PM (2003) Corticosteroid insufficiency in acutely ill patients. N Engl J Med 348:727–734PubMed
22.
go back to reference Cronin L, Cook DJ, Carlet J, Heyland DK, King D, Lansang MA, Fisher CJ Jr (1995) Corticosteroid treatment for sepsis: a critical appraisal and meta-analysis of the literature. Crit Care Med 23:1430–1439PubMed Cronin L, Cook DJ, Carlet J, Heyland DK, King D, Lansang MA, Fisher CJ Jr (1995) Corticosteroid treatment for sepsis: a critical appraisal and meta-analysis of the literature. Crit Care Med 23:1430–1439PubMed
23.
go back to reference Cruciani M, Rampazzo R, Malena M, Lazzarini L, Todeschini G, Messori A, Concia E (1996) Prophylaxis with fluoroquinolones for bacterial infections in neutropenic patients: a meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis 23:795–805PubMed Cruciani M, Rampazzo R, Malena M, Lazzarini L, Todeschini G, Messori A, Concia E (1996) Prophylaxis with fluoroquinolones for bacterial infections in neutropenic patients: a meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis 23:795–805PubMed
24.
go back to reference Danner RL, Elin RJ, Hosseini JM, Wesley RA, Reilly JM, Parillo JE (1991) Endotoxemia in human septic shock. Chest 99:169–175PubMed Danner RL, Elin RJ, Hosseini JM, Wesley RA, Reilly JM, Parillo JE (1991) Endotoxemia in human septic shock. Chest 99:169–175PubMed
25.
go back to reference Darenberg J, Ihendyane N, Sjolin J, Aufwerber E, Haidl S, Follin P, Andersson J, Norrby-Teglund A (2003) Intravenous immunoglobulin G therapy in streptococcal toxic shock syndrome: a European randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Clin Infect Dis 37:333–340PubMed Darenberg J, Ihendyane N, Sjolin J, Aufwerber E, Haidl S, Follin P, Andersson J, Norrby-Teglund A (2003) Intravenous immunoglobulin G therapy in streptococcal toxic shock syndrome: a European randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Clin Infect Dis 37:333–340PubMed
26.
go back to reference Desjars P, Pinaud M, Bugnon D, Tasseau F (1989) Norepinephrine therapy has no deleterious renal effects in human septic shock. Crit Care Med 17:426–429PubMed Desjars P, Pinaud M, Bugnon D, Tasseau F (1989) Norepinephrine therapy has no deleterious renal effects in human septic shock. Crit Care Med 17:426–429PubMed
27.
go back to reference Elting LS, Rubenstein EB, Rolston KV, Bodey GP (1997) Outcomes of bacteremia in patients with cancer and neutropenia: observations from two decades of epidemiological and clinical trials. Clin Infect Dis 25:247–259PubMed Elting LS, Rubenstein EB, Rolston KV, Bodey GP (1997) Outcomes of bacteremia in patients with cancer and neutropenia: observations from two decades of epidemiological and clinical trials. Clin Infect Dis 25:247–259PubMed
28.
go back to reference Emerson TE Jr, Fournel MA, Leach WJ, Redens TB (1987) Protection against disseminated intravascular coagulation and death by antithrombin-III in the Escherichia coli endotoxemic rat. Circ Shock 21:1–13PubMed Emerson TE Jr, Fournel MA, Leach WJ, Redens TB (1987) Protection against disseminated intravascular coagulation and death by antithrombin-III in the Escherichia coli endotoxemic rat. Circ Shock 21:1–13PubMed
29.
go back to reference Emerson TE Jr, Fournel MA, Redens TB, Taylor FB Jr (1989) Efficacy of antithrombin III supplementation in animal models of fulminant Escherichia coli endotoxemia or bacteremia. Am J Med 87:27S–33SPubMed Emerson TE Jr, Fournel MA, Redens TB, Taylor FB Jr (1989) Efficacy of antithrombin III supplementation in animal models of fulminant Escherichia coli endotoxemia or bacteremia. Am J Med 87:27S–33SPubMed
30.
go back to reference Engel A, Kern P, Kern WV (1996) Levels of cytokines and cytokine inhibitors in the neutropenic patient with alpha-hemolytic streptococcus shock syndrome. Clin Infect Dis 23:785–789PubMed Engel A, Kern P, Kern WV (1996) Levels of cytokines and cytokine inhibitors in the neutropenic patient with alpha-hemolytic streptococcus shock syndrome. Clin Infect Dis 23:785–789PubMed
31.
go back to reference Feinstein DI (1982) Diagnosis and management of disseminated intravascular coagulation: the role of heparin therapy. Blood 60:284–287PubMed Feinstein DI (1982) Diagnosis and management of disseminated intravascular coagulation: the role of heparin therapy. Blood 60:284–287PubMed
32.
go back to reference Finney SJ, Zekveld C, Elia A, Evans TW (2003) Glucose control and mortality in critically ill patients. JAMA 290:2041–2047PubMed Finney SJ, Zekveld C, Elia A, Evans TW (2003) Glucose control and mortality in critically ill patients. JAMA 290:2041–2047PubMed
33.
go back to reference Fisher CJ Jr, Agosti JM, Opal SM, Lowry SF, Balk RA, Sadoff JC, Abraham E, Schein RM, Benjamin E (1996) Treatment of septic shock with the tumor necrosis factor receptor: Fc fusion protein. The Soluble TNF Receptor Sepsis Study Group. N Engl J Med 334:1697–1702PubMed Fisher CJ Jr, Agosti JM, Opal SM, Lowry SF, Balk RA, Sadoff JC, Abraham E, Schein RM, Benjamin E (1996) Treatment of septic shock with the tumor necrosis factor receptor: Fc fusion protein. The Soluble TNF Receptor Sepsis Study Group. N Engl J Med 334:1697–1702PubMed
34.
go back to reference Fisher CJ Jr, Dhainaut JF, Opal SM, Pribble JP, Balk RA, Slotman GJ, Iberti TJ, Rackow EC, Shapiro MJ, Greenman RL (1994) Recombinant human interleukin 1 receptor antagonist in the treatment of patients with sepsis syndrome. Results from a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Phase III rhIL-1ra Sepsis Syndrome Study Group. JAMA 271:1836–1843PubMed Fisher CJ Jr, Dhainaut JF, Opal SM, Pribble JP, Balk RA, Slotman GJ, Iberti TJ, Rackow EC, Shapiro MJ, Greenman RL (1994) Recombinant human interleukin 1 receptor antagonist in the treatment of patients with sepsis syndrome. Results from a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Phase III rhIL-1ra Sepsis Syndrome Study Group. JAMA 271:1836–1843PubMed
35.
go back to reference Fisher CJ Jr, Slotman GJ, Opal SM, Pribble JP, Bone RC, Emmanuel G, Ng D, Bloedow DC, Catalano MA (1994) Initial evaluation of human recombinant interleukin-1 receptor antagonist in the treatment of sepsis syndrome: a randomized, open-label, placebo-controlled multicenter trial. Crit Care Med 22:12–21PubMed Fisher CJ Jr, Slotman GJ, Opal SM, Pribble JP, Bone RC, Emmanuel G, Ng D, Bloedow DC, Catalano MA (1994) Initial evaluation of human recombinant interleukin-1 receptor antagonist in the treatment of sepsis syndrome: a randomized, open-label, placebo-controlled multicenter trial. Crit Care Med 22:12–21PubMed
36.
go back to reference Fourrier F, Chopin C, Goudemand J, Hendrycx S, Caron C, Rime A, Marey A, Lestavel P (1992) Septic shock, multiple organ failure, and disseminated intravascular coagulation. Compared patterns of antithrombin III, protein C, and protein S deficiencies. Chest 101:816–823PubMed Fourrier F, Chopin C, Goudemand J, Hendrycx S, Caron C, Rime A, Marey A, Lestavel P (1992) Septic shock, multiple organ failure, and disseminated intravascular coagulation. Compared patterns of antithrombin III, protein C, and protein S deficiencies. Chest 101:816–823PubMed
37.
go back to reference Fourrier F, Chopin C, Huart JJ, Runge I, Caron C, Goudemand J (1993) Double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of antithrombin III concentrates in septic shock with disseminated intravascular coagulation. Chest 104:882–888PubMed Fourrier F, Chopin C, Huart JJ, Runge I, Caron C, Goudemand J (1993) Double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of antithrombin III concentrates in septic shock with disseminated intravascular coagulation. Chest 104:882–888PubMed
38.
go back to reference Freeman BD, Buchman TG (2000) Gene in a haystack: tumor necrosis factor polymorphisms and outcome in sepsis. Crit Care Med 28:3090–3091PubMed Freeman BD, Buchman TG (2000) Gene in a haystack: tumor necrosis factor polymorphisms and outcome in sepsis. Crit Care Med 28:3090–3091PubMed
39.
go back to reference Fukuoka T, Nishimura M, Imanaka H, Taenaka N, Yoshiya I, Takezawa J (1989) Effects of norepinephrine on renal function in septic patients with normal and elevated serum lactate levels. Crit Care Med 17:1104–1107PubMed Fukuoka T, Nishimura M, Imanaka H, Taenaka N, Yoshiya I, Takezawa J (1989) Effects of norepinephrine on renal function in septic patients with normal and elevated serum lactate levels. Crit Care Med 17:1104–1107PubMed
40.
go back to reference Girbes AR, Patten MT, McCloskey BV, Groeneveld AB, Hoogenberg K (2000) The renal and neurohumoral effects of the addition of low-dose dopamine in septic critically ill patients. Intensive Care Med 26:1685–1689PubMed Girbes AR, Patten MT, McCloskey BV, Groeneveld AB, Hoogenberg K (2000) The renal and neurohumoral effects of the addition of low-dose dopamine in septic critically ill patients. Intensive Care Med 26:1685–1689PubMed
41.
go back to reference Goodman S, Sprung CL, Ziegler D, Weiss YG (2005) Cortisol changes among patients with septic shock and the relationship to ICU and hospital stay. Intensive Care Med Goodman S, Sprung CL, Ziegler D, Weiss YG (2005) Cortisol changes among patients with septic shock and the relationship to ICU and hospital stay. Intensive Care Med
42.
go back to reference Grimminger F, Mayer K, Seeger W (1997) Is there a reliable immunotherapy in infection? Internist (Berl) 38:541–552 Grimminger F, Mayer K, Seeger W (1997) Is there a reliable immunotherapy in infection? Internist (Berl) 38:541–552
43.
go back to reference Hartmann P, Lammertink J, Mansmann G, Hubel K, Salzberger B, Stutzer H, Engert A, Fatkenheuer G (2005) A randomized, placebo-controlled study of the use of filgrastim in non-neutropenic patients with nosocomial pneumonia. Eur J Med Res 10:29–35PubMed Hartmann P, Lammertink J, Mansmann G, Hubel K, Salzberger B, Stutzer H, Engert A, Fatkenheuer G (2005) A randomized, placebo-controlled study of the use of filgrastim in non-neutropenic patients with nosocomial pneumonia. Eur J Med Res 10:29–35PubMed
44.
go back to reference Hauptman JG, Hassouna HI, Bell TG, Penner JA, Emerson TE (1988) Efficacy of antithrombin III in endotoxin-induced disseminated intravascular coagulation. Circ Shock 25:111–122PubMed Hauptman JG, Hassouna HI, Bell TG, Penner JA, Emerson TE (1988) Efficacy of antithrombin III in endotoxin-induced disseminated intravascular coagulation. Circ Shock 25:111–122PubMed
45.
go back to reference Hesselvik JF, Blomback M, Brodin B, Maller R (1989) Coagulation, fibrinolysis, and kallikrein systems in sepsis: relation to outcome. Crit Care Med 17:724–733PubMed Hesselvik JF, Blomback M, Brodin B, Maller R (1989) Coagulation, fibrinolysis, and kallikrein systems in sepsis: relation to outcome. Crit Care Med 17:724–733PubMed
46.
go back to reference Heyland DK, Novak F, Drover JW, Jain M, Su X, Suchner U (2001) Should immunonutrition become routine in critically ill patients? A systematic review of the evidence. JAMA 286:944–953PubMed Heyland DK, Novak F, Drover JW, Jain M, Su X, Suchner U (2001) Should immunonutrition become routine in critically ill patients? A systematic review of the evidence. JAMA 286:944–953PubMed
47.
go back to reference Hilbert G, Gruson D, Vargas F, Valentino R, Chene G, Boiron JM, Pigneux A, Reiffers J, Gbikpi-Benissan G, Cardinaud JP (2000) Noninvasive continuous positive airway pressure in neutropenic patients with acute respiratory failure requiring intensive care unit admission. Crit Care Med 28:3185–3190PubMed Hilbert G, Gruson D, Vargas F, Valentino R, Chene G, Boiron JM, Pigneux A, Reiffers J, Gbikpi-Benissan G, Cardinaud JP (2000) Noninvasive continuous positive airway pressure in neutropenic patients with acute respiratory failure requiring intensive care unit admission. Crit Care Med 28:3185–3190PubMed
48.
go back to reference Hilbert G, Gruson D, Vargas F, Valentino R, Gbikpi-Benissan G, Dupon M, Reiffers J, Cardinaud JP (2001) Noninvasive ventilation in immunosuppressed patients with pulmonary infiltrates, fever, and acute respiratory failure. N Engl J Med 344:481–487PubMed Hilbert G, Gruson D, Vargas F, Valentino R, Gbikpi-Benissan G, Dupon M, Reiffers J, Cardinaud JP (2001) Noninvasive ventilation in immunosuppressed patients with pulmonary infiltrates, fever, and acute respiratory failure. N Engl J Med 344:481–487PubMed
49.
go back to reference Horn DL, Morrison DC, Opal SM, Silverstein R, Visvanathan K, Zabriskie JB (2000) What are the microbial components implicated in the pathogenesis of sepsis? Report on a symposium. Clin Infect Dis 31:851–858PubMed Horn DL, Morrison DC, Opal SM, Silverstein R, Visvanathan K, Zabriskie JB (2000) What are the microbial components implicated in the pathogenesis of sepsis? Report on a symposium. Clin Infect Dis 31:851–858PubMed
50.
go back to reference Hotchkiss RS, Karl IE (2003) The pathophysiology and treatment of sepsis. N Engl J Med 348:138–150PubMed Hotchkiss RS, Karl IE (2003) The pathophysiology and treatment of sepsis. N Engl J Med 348:138–150PubMed
51.
go back to reference Kaminski MV Jr, Blumeyer TJ (1993) Metabolic and nutritional support of the intensive care patient. Ascending the learning curve. Crit Care Clin 9:363–376PubMed Kaminski MV Jr, Blumeyer TJ (1993) Metabolic and nutritional support of the intensive care patient. Ascending the learning curve. Crit Care Clin 9:363–376PubMed
52.
go back to reference Karlin L, Darmon M, Thiery G, Ciroldi M, de Miranda S, Lefebvre A, Schlemmer B, Azoulay E (2005) Respiratory status deterioration during G-CSF-induced neutropenia recovery. Bone Marrow Transplant 36:245–250PubMed Karlin L, Darmon M, Thiery G, Ciroldi M, de Miranda S, Lefebvre A, Schlemmer B, Azoulay E (2005) Respiratory status deterioration during G-CSF-induced neutropenia recovery. Bone Marrow Transplant 36:245–250PubMed
53.
go back to reference Keane J, Gershon S, Wise RP, Mirabile-Levens E, Kasznica J, Schwieterman WD, Siegel JN, Braun MM (2001) Tuberculosis associated with infliximab, a tumor necrosis factor alpha-neutralizing agent. N Engl J Med 345:1098–1104PubMed Keane J, Gershon S, Wise RP, Mirabile-Levens E, Kasznica J, Schwieterman WD, Siegel JN, Braun MM (2001) Tuberculosis associated with infliximab, a tumor necrosis factor alpha-neutralizing agent. N Engl J Med 345:1098–1104PubMed
54.
go back to reference Kellum JA, Angus DC, Johnson JP, Leblanc M, Griffin M, Ramakrishnan N, Linde-Zwirble WT (2002) Continuous versus intermittent renal replacement therapy: a meta-analysis. Intensive Care Med 28:29–37PubMed Kellum JA, Angus DC, Johnson JP, Leblanc M, Griffin M, Ramakrishnan N, Linde-Zwirble WT (2002) Continuous versus intermittent renal replacement therapy: a meta-analysis. Intensive Care Med 28:29–37PubMed
55.
go back to reference Kish MA (2001) Guide to development of practice guidelines. Clin Infect Dis 32:851–854PubMed Kish MA (2001) Guide to development of practice guidelines. Clin Infect Dis 32:851–854PubMed
56.
go back to reference Levy MM, Fink MP, Marshall JC, Abraham E, Angus D, Cook D, Cohen J, Opal SM, Vincent JL, Ramsay G (2003) 2001 SCCM/ESICM/ACCP/ATS/SIS International Sepsis Definitions Conference. Crit Care Med 31:1250–1256PubMed Levy MM, Fink MP, Marshall JC, Abraham E, Angus D, Cook D, Cohen J, Opal SM, Vincent JL, Ramsay G (2003) 2001 SCCM/ESICM/ACCP/ATS/SIS International Sepsis Definitions Conference. Crit Care Med 31:1250–1256PubMed
57.
go back to reference Link H, Maschmeyer G, Meyer P, Hiddemann W, Stille W, Helmerking M, Adam D (1994) Interventional antimicrobial therapy in febrile neutropenic patients. Study Group of the Paul Ehrlich Society for Chemotherapy. Ann Hematol 69:231–243PubMed Link H, Maschmeyer G, Meyer P, Hiddemann W, Stille W, Helmerking M, Adam D (1994) Interventional antimicrobial therapy in febrile neutropenic patients. Study Group of the Paul Ehrlich Society for Chemotherapy. Ann Hematol 69:231–243PubMed
58.
go back to reference Lorente JA, Landin L, De Pablo R, Renes E, Liste D (1993) l-arginine pathway in the sepsis syndrome. Crit Care Med 21:1287–1295PubMedCrossRef Lorente JA, Landin L, De Pablo R, Renes E, Liste D (1993) l-arginine pathway in the sepsis syndrome. Crit Care Med 21:1287–1295PubMedCrossRef
59.
go back to reference Lorenz E, Mira JP, Cornish KL, Arbour NC, Schwartz DA (2000) A novel polymorphism in the toll-like receptor 2 gene and its potential association with staphylococcal infection. Infect Immun 68:6398–6401PubMed Lorenz E, Mira JP, Cornish KL, Arbour NC, Schwartz DA (2000) A novel polymorphism in the toll-like receptor 2 gene and its potential association with staphylococcal infection. Infect Immun 68:6398–6401PubMed
60.
go back to reference Lorenz E, Mira JP, Frees KL, Schwartz DA (2002) Relevance of mutations in the TLR4 receptor in patients with gram-negative septic shock. Arch Intern Med 162:1028–1032PubMed Lorenz E, Mira JP, Frees KL, Schwartz DA (2002) Relevance of mutations in the TLR4 receptor in patients with gram-negative septic shock. Arch Intern Med 162:1028–1032PubMed
61.
go back to reference Malay MB, Ashton RC Jr, Landry DW, Townsend RN (1999) Low-dose vasopressin in the treatment of vasodilatory septic shock. J Trauma 47:699–703PubMed Malay MB, Ashton RC Jr, Landry DW, Townsend RN (1999) Low-dose vasopressin in the treatment of vasodilatory septic shock. J Trauma 47:699–703PubMed
62.
go back to reference Martin C, Papazian L, Perrin G, Saux P, Gouin F (1993) Norepinephrine or dopamine for the treatment of hyperdynamic septic shock? Chest 103:1826–1831PubMed Martin C, Papazian L, Perrin G, Saux P, Gouin F (1993) Norepinephrine or dopamine for the treatment of hyperdynamic septic shock? Chest 103:1826–1831PubMed
63.
go back to reference Martin C, Viviand X, Leone M, Thirion X (2000) Effect of norepinephrine on the outcome of septic shock. Crit Care Med 28:2758–2765PubMed Martin C, Viviand X, Leone M, Thirion X (2000) Effect of norepinephrine on the outcome of septic shock. Crit Care Med 28:2758–2765PubMed
64.
go back to reference Martin GS, Mannino DM, Eaton S, Moss M (2003) The epidemiology of sepsis in the United States from 1979 through 2000. N Engl J Med 348:1546–1554PubMed Martin GS, Mannino DM, Eaton S, Moss M (2003) The epidemiology of sepsis in the United States from 1979 through 2000. N Engl J Med 348:1546–1554PubMed
65.
go back to reference McIntyre L, Hebert PC, Wells G, Fergusson D, Marshall J, Yetisir E, Blajchman MJ (2004) Is a restrictive transfusion strategy safe for resuscitated and critically ill trauma patients? J Trauma 57:563–568PubMed McIntyre L, Hebert PC, Wells G, Fergusson D, Marshall J, Yetisir E, Blajchman MJ (2004) Is a restrictive transfusion strategy safe for resuscitated and critically ill trauma patients? J Trauma 57:563–568PubMed
66.
go back to reference Meier-Hellmann A (2003) Standards in the diagnosis and treatment of sepsis. Anasthesio Intensivmed Notf Med Schmertzther 38:107–133 Meier-Hellmann A (2003) Standards in the diagnosis and treatment of sepsis. Anasthesio Intensivmed Notf Med Schmertzther 38:107–133
67.
go back to reference Mesters RM, Florke N, Ostermann H, Kienast J (1996) Increase of plasminogen activator inhibitor levels predicts outcome of leukocytopenic patients with sepsis. Thromb Haemost 75:902–907PubMed Mesters RM, Florke N, Ostermann H, Kienast J (1996) Increase of plasminogen activator inhibitor levels predicts outcome of leukocytopenic patients with sepsis. Thromb Haemost 75:902–907PubMed
68.
go back to reference Mesters RM, Mannucci PM, Coppola R, Keller T, Ostermann H, Kienast J (1996) Factor VIIa and antithrombin III activity during severe sepsis and septic shock in neutropenic patients. Blood 88:881–886PubMed Mesters RM, Mannucci PM, Coppola R, Keller T, Ostermann H, Kienast J (1996) Factor VIIa and antithrombin III activity during severe sepsis and septic shock in neutropenic patients. Blood 88:881–886PubMed
69.
go back to reference Minnema MC, Chang AC, Jansen PM, Lubbers YT, Pratt BM, Whittaker BG, Taylor FB, Hack CE, Friedman B (2000) Recombinant human antithrombin III improves survival and attenuates inflammatory responses in baboons lethally challenged with Escherichia coli. Blood 95:1117–1123PubMed Minnema MC, Chang AC, Jansen PM, Lubbers YT, Pratt BM, Whittaker BG, Taylor FB, Hack CE, Friedman B (2000) Recombinant human antithrombin III improves survival and attenuates inflammatory responses in baboons lethally challenged with Escherichia coli. Blood 95:1117–1123PubMed
70.
go back to reference Napolitano LM (2004) Current status of blood component therapy in surgical critical care. Curr Opin Crit Care 10:311–317PubMed Napolitano LM (2004) Current status of blood component therapy in surgical critical care. Curr Opin Crit Care 10:311–317PubMed
71.
go back to reference Oberholzer A, Oberholzer C, Moldawer LL (2001) Sepsis syndromes: understanding the role of innate and acquired immunity. Shock 16:83–96PubMed Oberholzer A, Oberholzer C, Moldawer LL (2001) Sepsis syndromes: understanding the role of innate and acquired immunity. Shock 16:83–96PubMed
72.
go back to reference Obritsch MD, Jung R, Fish DN, MacLaren R (2004) Effects of continuous vasopressin infusion in patients with septic shock. Ann Pharmacother 38:1117–1122PubMed Obritsch MD, Jung R, Fish DN, MacLaren R (2004) Effects of continuous vasopressin infusion in patients with septic shock. Ann Pharmacother 38:1117–1122PubMed
73.
go back to reference Opal SM, Fisher CJ Jr, Dhainaut JF, Vincent JL, Brase R, Lowry SF, Sadoff JC, Slotman GJ, Levy H, Balk RA, Shelly MP, Pribble JP, LaBrecque JF, Lookabaugh J, Donovan H, Dubin H, Baughman R, Norman J, DeMaria E, Matzel K, Abraham E, Seneff M (1997) Confirmatory interleukin-1 receptor antagonist trial in severe sepsis: a phase III, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial. The Interleukin-1 Receptor Antagonist Sepsis Investigator Group. Crit Care Med 25:1115–1124PubMed Opal SM, Fisher CJ Jr, Dhainaut JF, Vincent JL, Brase R, Lowry SF, Sadoff JC, Slotman GJ, Levy H, Balk RA, Shelly MP, Pribble JP, LaBrecque JF, Lookabaugh J, Donovan H, Dubin H, Baughman R, Norman J, DeMaria E, Matzel K, Abraham E, Seneff M (1997) Confirmatory interleukin-1 receptor antagonist trial in severe sepsis: a phase III, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial. The Interleukin-1 Receptor Antagonist Sepsis Investigator Group. Crit Care Med 25:1115–1124PubMed
74.
go back to reference Ostermann H, Kratz-Albers K, Mesters RM, Kiehl M, Kienast J (1997) Reciprocal changes in circulating interleukin-6 and its soluble receptor during evolving sepsis in leukocytopenic patients. J Infect Dis 176:825–828PubMed Ostermann H, Kratz-Albers K, Mesters RM, Kiehl M, Kienast J (1997) Reciprocal changes in circulating interleukin-6 and its soluble receptor during evolving sepsis in leukocytopenic patients. J Infect Dis 176:825–828PubMed
75.
go back to reference Ostermann H, Rothenburger M, Mesters RM, van de LJ, Kienast J (1994) Cytokine response to infection in patients with acute myelogenous leukaemia following intensive chemotherapy. Br J Haematol 88:332–337PubMed Ostermann H, Rothenburger M, Mesters RM, van de LJ, Kienast J (1994) Cytokine response to infection in patients with acute myelogenous leukaemia following intensive chemotherapy. Br J Haematol 88:332–337PubMed
76.
go back to reference Patel BM, Chittock DR, Russell JA, Walley KR (2002) Beneficial effects of short-term vasopressin infusion during severe septic shock. Anesthesiology 96:576–582PubMed Patel BM, Chittock DR, Russell JA, Walley KR (2002) Beneficial effects of short-term vasopressin infusion during severe septic shock. Anesthesiology 96:576–582PubMed
77.
go back to reference Pralong G, Calandra T, Glauser MP, Schellekens J, Verhoef J, Bachmann F, Kruithof EK (1989) Plasminogen activator inhibitor 1: a new prognostic marker in septic shock. Thromb Haemost 61:459–462PubMed Pralong G, Calandra T, Glauser MP, Schellekens J, Verhoef J, Bachmann F, Kruithof EK (1989) Plasminogen activator inhibitor 1: a new prognostic marker in septic shock. Thromb Haemost 61:459–462PubMed
78.
go back to reference Regazzoni CJ, Khoury M, Irrazabal C, Myburg C, Galvalisi NR, O’Flaherty M, Sarquis SG, Poderoso JJ (2003) Neutropenia and the development of the systemic inflammatory response syndrome. Intensive Care Med 29:135–138PubMed Regazzoni CJ, Khoury M, Irrazabal C, Myburg C, Galvalisi NR, O’Flaherty M, Sarquis SG, Poderoso JJ (2003) Neutropenia and the development of the systemic inflammatory response syndrome. Intensive Care Med 29:135–138PubMed
79.
go back to reference Riedemann NC, Guo RF, Ward PA (2003) The enigma of sepsis. J Clin Invest 112:460–467PubMed Riedemann NC, Guo RF, Ward PA (2003) The enigma of sepsis. J Clin Invest 112:460–467PubMed
80.
go back to reference Rinaldo JE, Borovetz H (1985) Deterioration of oxygenation and abnormal lung microvascular permeability during resolution of leukopenia in patients with diffuse lung injury. Am Rev Respir Dis 131:579–583PubMed Rinaldo JE, Borovetz H (1985) Deterioration of oxygenation and abnormal lung microvascular permeability during resolution of leukopenia in patients with diffuse lung injury. Am Rev Respir Dis 131:579–583PubMed
81.
go back to reference Rivers E, Nguyen B, Havstad S, Ressler J, Muzzin A, Knoblich B, Peterson E, Tomlanovich M (2001) Early goal-directed therapy in the treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock. N Engl J Med 345:1368–1377PubMed Rivers E, Nguyen B, Havstad S, Ressler J, Muzzin A, Knoblich B, Peterson E, Tomlanovich M (2001) Early goal-directed therapy in the treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock. N Engl J Med 345:1368–1377PubMed
82.
go back to reference Roberts I, Alderson P, Bunn F, Chinnock P, Ker K, Schierhout G (2004) Colloids versus crystalloids for fluid resuscitation in critically ill patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev CD000567 Roberts I, Alderson P, Bunn F, Chinnock P, Ker K, Schierhout G (2004) Colloids versus crystalloids for fluid resuscitation in critically ill patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev CD000567
83.
go back to reference Root RK, Lodato RF, Patrick W, Cade JF, Fotheringham N, Milwee S, Vincent JL, Torres A, Rello J, Nelson S (2003) Multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the use of filgrastim in patients hospitalized with pneumonia and severe sepsis. Crit Care Med 31:367–373PubMed Root RK, Lodato RF, Patrick W, Cade JF, Fotheringham N, Milwee S, Vincent JL, Torres A, Rello J, Nelson S (2003) Multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the use of filgrastim in patients hospitalized with pneumonia and severe sepsis. Crit Care Med 31:367–373PubMed
84.
go back to reference Salvo I, de Cian W, Musicco M, Langer M, Piadena R, Wolfler A, Montani C, Magni E (1995) The Italian SEPSIS study: preliminary results on the incidence and evolution of SIRS, sepsis, severe sepsis and septic shock. Intensive Care Med 21(Suppl 2):S244–S249PubMed Salvo I, de Cian W, Musicco M, Langer M, Piadena R, Wolfler A, Montani C, Magni E (1995) The Italian SEPSIS study: preliminary results on the incidence and evolution of SIRS, sepsis, severe sepsis and septic shock. Intensive Care Med 21(Suppl 2):S244–S249PubMed
85.
go back to reference Schiffer CA, Anderson KC, Bennett CL, Bernstein S, Elting LS, Goldsmith M, Goldstein M, Hume H, McCullough JJ, McIntyre RE, Powell BL, Rainey JM, Rowley SD, Rebulla P, Troner MB, Wagnon AH (2001) Platelet transfusion for patients with cancer: clinical practice guidelines of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. J Clin Oncol 19:1519–1538PubMed Schiffer CA, Anderson KC, Bennett CL, Bernstein S, Elting LS, Goldsmith M, Goldstein M, Hume H, McCullough JJ, McIntyre RE, Powell BL, Rainey JM, Rowley SD, Rebulla P, Troner MB, Wagnon AH (2001) Platelet transfusion for patients with cancer: clinical practice guidelines of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. J Clin Oncol 19:1519–1538PubMed
86.
go back to reference Schonbohn H, Schuler M, Kolbe K, Peschel C, Huber C, Bemb W, Aulitzky WE (1995) Plasma levels of IL-1, TNF alpha, IL-6, IL-8, G-CSF, and IL1-RA during febrile neutropenia: results of a prospective study in patients undergoing chemotherapy for acute myelogenous leukemia. Ann Hematol 71:161–168PubMed Schonbohn H, Schuler M, Kolbe K, Peschel C, Huber C, Bemb W, Aulitzky WE (1995) Plasma levels of IL-1, TNF alpha, IL-6, IL-8, G-CSF, and IL1-RA during febrile neutropenia: results of a prospective study in patients undergoing chemotherapy for acute myelogenous leukemia. Ann Hematol 71:161–168PubMed
87.
go back to reference Schortgen F, Lacherade JC, Bruneel F, Cattaneo I, Hemery F, Lemaire F, Brochard L (2001) Effects of hydroxyethylstarch and gelatin on renal function in severe sepsis: a multicentre randomised study. Lancet 357:911–916PubMed Schortgen F, Lacherade JC, Bruneel F, Cattaneo I, Hemery F, Lemaire F, Brochard L (2001) Effects of hydroxyethylstarch and gelatin on renal function in severe sepsis: a multicentre randomised study. Lancet 357:911–916PubMed
88.
go back to reference Schrier RW, Wang W (2004) Acute renal failure and sepsis. N Engl J Med 351:159–169PubMed Schrier RW, Wang W (2004) Acute renal failure and sepsis. N Engl J Med 351:159–169PubMed
89.
go back to reference Sculier JP, Paesmans M, Markiewicz E, Berghmans T (2000) Scoring systems in cancer patients admitted for an acute complication in a medical intensive care unit. Crit Care Med 28:2786–2792PubMed Sculier JP, Paesmans M, Markiewicz E, Berghmans T (2000) Scoring systems in cancer patients admitted for an acute complication in a medical intensive care unit. Crit Care Med 28:2786–2792PubMed
90.
go back to reference Sevransky JE, Levy MM, Marini JJ (2004) Mechanical ventilation in sepsis-induced acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome: an evidence-based review. Crit Care Med 32:S548–S553PubMed Sevransky JE, Levy MM, Marini JJ (2004) Mechanical ventilation in sepsis-induced acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome: an evidence-based review. Crit Care Med 32:S548–S553PubMed
91.
go back to reference SharmaVK, Dellinger RP (2003) The International Sepsis Forum’s controversies in sepsis: my initial vasopressor agent in septic shock is norepinephrine rather than dopamine. Crit Care 7:3–5PubMed SharmaVK, Dellinger RP (2003) The International Sepsis Forum’s controversies in sepsis: my initial vasopressor agent in septic shock is norepinephrine rather than dopamine. Crit Care 7:3–5PubMed
92.
93.
go back to reference Spahn DR, Marcucci C (2004) Blood management in intensive care medicine: CRIT and ABC—what can we learn? Crit Care 8:89–90PubMed Spahn DR, Marcucci C (2004) Blood management in intensive care medicine: CRIT and ABC—what can we learn? Crit Care 8:89–90PubMed
94.
go back to reference Stuber F (2001) Effects of genomic polymorphisms on the course of sepsis: is there a concept for gene therapy? J Am Soc Nephrol 12(Suppl 17):S60–S64PubMed Stuber F (2001) Effects of genomic polymorphisms on the course of sepsis: is there a concept for gene therapy? J Am Soc Nephrol 12(Suppl 17):S60–S64PubMed
95.
go back to reference Tanaka H, Nishino M, Nakamori Y, Ogura H, Ishikawa K, Shimazu T, Sugimoto H (2001) Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) stiffens leukocytes but attenuates inflammatory response without lung injury in septic patients. J Trauma 51:1110–1116PubMedCrossRef Tanaka H, Nishino M, Nakamori Y, Ogura H, Ishikawa K, Shimazu T, Sugimoto H (2001) Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) stiffens leukocytes but attenuates inflammatory response without lung injury in septic patients. J Trauma 51:1110–1116PubMedCrossRef
96.
go back to reference Taylor RW, Manganaro L, O’Brien J, Trottier SJ, Parkar N, Veremakis C (2002) Impact of allogenic packed red blood cell transfusion on nosocomial infection rates in the critically ill patient. Crit Care Med 30:2249–2254PubMed Taylor RW, Manganaro L, O’Brien J, Trottier SJ, Parkar N, Veremakis C (2002) Impact of allogenic packed red blood cell transfusion on nosocomial infection rates in the critically ill patient. Crit Care Med 30:2249–2254PubMed
97.
go back to reference Thijs A, Thijs LG (1998) Pathogenesis of renal failure in sepsis. Kidney Int Suppl 66:S34–S37 Thijs A, Thijs LG (1998) Pathogenesis of renal failure in sepsis. Kidney Int Suppl 66:S34–S37
98.
go back to reference Triantaphyllopoulos DC (1984) Effects of human antithrombin III on mortality and blood coagulation induced in rabbits by endotoxin. Thromb Haemost 51:232–235PubMed Triantaphyllopoulos DC (1984) Effects of human antithrombin III on mortality and blood coagulation induced in rabbits by endotoxin. Thromb Haemost 51:232–235PubMed
99.
go back to reference Van den BG, Wouters P, Weekers F, Verwaest C, Bruyninckx F, Schetz M, Vlasselaers D, Ferdinande P, Lauwers P, Bouillon R (2001) Intensive insulin therapy in the critically ill patients. N Engl J Med 345:1359–1367 Van den BG, Wouters P, Weekers F, Verwaest C, Bruyninckx F, Schetz M, Vlasselaers D, Ferdinande P, Lauwers P, Bouillon R (2001) Intensive insulin therapy in the critically ill patients. N Engl J Med 345:1359–1367
100.
go back to reference Van der Pol WL, Huizinga TW, Vidarsson G, van der Linden MW, Jansen MD, Keijsers V, de Straat FG, Westerdaal NA, de Winkel JG, Westendorp RG (2001) Relevance of Fcgamma receptor and interleukin-10 polymorphisms for meningococcal disease. J Infect Dis 184:1548–1555PubMed Van der Pol WL, Huizinga TW, Vidarsson G, van der Linden MW, Jansen MD, Keijsers V, de Straat FG, Westerdaal NA, de Winkel JG, Westendorp RG (2001) Relevance of Fcgamma receptor and interleukin-10 polymorphisms for meningococcal disease. J Infect Dis 184:1548–1555PubMed
101.
go back to reference Vincent JL (2001) Hemodynamic support in septic shock. Intensive Care Med 27(Suppl 1):S80–S92PubMed Vincent JL (2001) Hemodynamic support in septic shock. Intensive Care Med 27(Suppl 1):S80–S92PubMed
102.
go back to reference Vincent JL, Abraham E, Annane D, Bernard G, Rivers E, Van den BG (2002) Reducing mortality in sepsis: new directions. Crit Care 6(Suppl 3):S1–S18PubMed Vincent JL, Abraham E, Annane D, Bernard G, Rivers E, Van den BG (2002) Reducing mortality in sepsis: new directions. Crit Care 6(Suppl 3):S1–S18PubMed
103.
go back to reference Vincent JL, Van der LP, Domb M, Blecic S, Azimi G, Bernard A (1987) Dopamine compared with dobutamine in experimental septic shock: relevance to fluid administration. Anesth Analg 66:565–571PubMed Vincent JL, Van der LP, Domb M, Blecic S, Azimi G, Bernard A (1987) Dopamine compared with dobutamine in experimental septic shock: relevance to fluid administration. Anesth Analg 66:565–571PubMed
104.
go back to reference Warren BL, Eid A, Singer P, Pillay SS, Carl P, Novak I, Chalupa P, Atherstone A, Penzes I, Kubler A, Knaub S, Keinecke HO, Heinrichs H, Schindel F, Juers M, Bone RC, Opal SM (2001) Caring for the critically ill patient. High-dose antithrombin III in severe sepsis: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 286:1869–1878PubMed Warren BL, Eid A, Singer P, Pillay SS, Carl P, Novak I, Chalupa P, Atherstone A, Penzes I, Kubler A, Knaub S, Keinecke HO, Heinrichs H, Schindel F, Juers M, Bone RC, Opal SM (2001) Caring for the critically ill patient. High-dose antithrombin III in severe sepsis: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 286:1869–1878PubMed
105.
go back to reference Weigand MA, Bardenheuer HJ, Bottiger BW (2003) Clinical management of patients with sepsis. Anaesthesist 52:3–22PubMed Weigand MA, Bardenheuer HJ, Bottiger BW (2003) Clinical management of patients with sepsis. Anaesthesist 52:3–22PubMed
106.
go back to reference Wilkes MM, Navickis RJ (2001) Patient survival after human albumin administration. A meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials. Ann Intern Med 135:149–164PubMed Wilkes MM, Navickis RJ (2001) Patient survival after human albumin administration. A meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials. Ann Intern Med 135:149–164PubMed
107.
go back to reference Wisplinghoff H, Seifert H, Wenzel RP, Edmond MB (2003) Current trends in the epidemiology of nosocomial bloodstream infections in patients with hematological malignancies and solid neoplasms in hospitals in the United States. Clin Infect Dis 36:1103–1110PubMed Wisplinghoff H, Seifert H, Wenzel RP, Edmond MB (2003) Current trends in the epidemiology of nosocomial bloodstream infections in patients with hematological malignancies and solid neoplasms in hospitals in the United States. Clin Infect Dis 36:1103–1110PubMed
108.
go back to reference Wolff SN, Fay JW, Herzig RH, Greer JP, Dummer S, Brown RA, Collins RH, Stevens DA, Herzig GP (1993) High-dose weekly intravenous immunoglobulin to prevent infections in patients undergoing autologous bone marrow transplantation or severe myelosuppressive therapy. A study of the American Bone Marrow Transplant Group. Ann Intern Med 118:937–942PubMed Wolff SN, Fay JW, Herzig RH, Greer JP, Dummer S, Brown RA, Collins RH, Stevens DA, Herzig GP (1993) High-dose weekly intravenous immunoglobulin to prevent infections in patients undergoing autologous bone marrow transplantation or severe myelosuppressive therapy. A study of the American Bone Marrow Transplant Group. Ann Intern Med 118:937–942PubMed
109.
go back to reference Wunderink R, Leeper K Jr, Schein R, Nelson S, DeBoisblanc B, Fotheringham N, Logan E (2001) Filgrastim in patients with pneumonia and severe sepsis or septic shock. Chest 119:523–529PubMed Wunderink R, Leeper K Jr, Schein R, Nelson S, DeBoisblanc B, Fotheringham N, Logan E (2001) Filgrastim in patients with pneumonia and severe sepsis or septic shock. Chest 119:523–529PubMed
110.
go back to reference Zimmerman JL (2004) Use of blood products in sepsis: an evidence-based review1. Crit Care Med 32:S542–S547PubMed Zimmerman JL (2004) Use of blood products in sepsis: an evidence-based review1. Crit Care Med 32:S542–S547PubMed
Metadata
Title
Management of sepsis in neutropenia: guidelines of the infectious diseases working party (AGIHO) of the German Society of Hematology and Oncology (DGHO)
Authors
Olaf Penack
Thomas Beinert
Dieter Buchheidt
Hermann Einsele
Holger Hebart
Michael G. Kiehl
Gero Massenkeil
Xaver Schiel
Jan Schleicher
Philipp B. Staber
Stefan Wilhelm
Hans Wolf
Helmut Ostermann
Publication date
01-07-2006
Publisher
Springer-Verlag
Published in
Annals of Hematology / Issue 7/2006
Print ISSN: 0939-5555
Electronic ISSN: 1432-0584
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00277-006-0096-2

Other articles of this Issue 7/2006

Annals of Hematology 7/2006 Go to the issue
Live Webinar | 27-06-2024 | 18:00 (CEST)

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Live: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)

WHO estimates that half of all patients worldwide are non-adherent to their prescribed medication. The consequences of poor adherence can be catastrophic, on both the individual and population level.

Join our expert panel to discover why you need to understand the drivers of non-adherence in your patients, and how you can optimize medication adherence in your clinics to drastically improve patient outcomes.

Prof. Kevin Dolgin
Prof. Florian Limbourg
Prof. Anoop Chauhan
Developed by: Springer Medicine
Obesity Clinical Trial Summary

At a glance: The STEP trials

A round-up of the STEP phase 3 clinical trials evaluating semaglutide for weight loss in people with overweight or obesity.

Developed by: Springer Medicine

Highlights from the ACC 2024 Congress

Year in Review: Pediatric cardiology

Watch Dr. Anne Marie Valente present the last year's highlights in pediatric and congenital heart disease in the official ACC.24 Year in Review session.

Year in Review: Pulmonary vascular disease

The last year's highlights in pulmonary vascular disease are presented by Dr. Jane Leopold in this official video from ACC.24.

Year in Review: Valvular heart disease

Watch Prof. William Zoghbi present the last year's highlights in valvular heart disease from the official ACC.24 Year in Review session.

Year in Review: Heart failure and cardiomyopathies

Watch this official video from ACC.24. Dr. Biykem Bozkurt discusses last year's major advances in heart failure and cardiomyopathies.