Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Journal of Endocrinological Investigation 10/2016

01-10-2016 | Short Review

Management of hyperthyroidism due to Graves’ disease: frequently asked questions and answers (if any)

Authors: L. Bartalena, L. Chiovato, P. Vitti

Published in: Journal of Endocrinological Investigation | Issue 10/2016

Login to get access

Abstract

Graves’ disease is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism in iodine-replete areas. Although progress has been made in our understanding of the pathogenesis of the disease, no treatment targeting pathogenic mechanisms of the disease is presently available. Therapies for Graves’ hyperthyroidism are largely imperfect because they are bound to either a high rate of relapsing hyperthyroidism (antithyroid drugs) or lifelong hypothyroidism (radioiodine treatment or thyroidectomy). Aim of the present article is to offer a practical guidance to the reader by providing evidence-based answers to frequently asked questions in clinical practice.
Literature
2.
go back to reference Bartalena L (2013) Diagnosis and management of Graves disease: a global overview. Nat Rev Endocrinol 9:724–734PubMedCrossRef Bartalena L (2013) Diagnosis and management of Graves disease: a global overview. Nat Rev Endocrinol 9:724–734PubMedCrossRef
3.
go back to reference Bartalena L, Fatourechi V (2014) Extrathyroidal manifestations of Graves’ disease: a 2014 update. J Endocrinol Invest 37:691–700PubMedCrossRef Bartalena L, Fatourechi V (2014) Extrathyroidal manifestations of Graves’ disease: a 2014 update. J Endocrinol Invest 37:691–700PubMedCrossRef
4.
go back to reference Hammerstad SS, Tomer Y (2015) Epidemiology and genetic factors in Graves’ disease and Graves’ ophthalmopathy. In: Bahn RS (ed) Graves’ disease. A comprehensive guide for clinicians. Springer, New York, pp 21–37 Hammerstad SS, Tomer Y (2015) Epidemiology and genetic factors in Graves’ disease and Graves’ ophthalmopathy. In: Bahn RS (ed) Graves’ disease. A comprehensive guide for clinicians. Springer, New York, pp 21–37
5.
go back to reference Marinò M, Latrofa F, Menconi F, Chiovato L, Vitti P (2015) Role of genetic and non-genetic factors in the etiology of Graves’ disease. J Endocrinol Invest 38:283–294PubMedCrossRef Marinò M, Latrofa F, Menconi F, Chiovato L, Vitti P (2015) Role of genetic and non-genetic factors in the etiology of Graves’ disease. J Endocrinol Invest 38:283–294PubMedCrossRef
7.
go back to reference Marinò M, Latrofa F, Menconi F, Chiovato L, Vitti P (2015) An update on the medical treatment of Graves’ hyperthyroidism. J Endocrinol Invest 37:1041–1048CrossRef Marinò M, Latrofa F, Menconi F, Chiovato L, Vitti P (2015) An update on the medical treatment of Graves’ hyperthyroidism. J Endocrinol Invest 37:1041–1048CrossRef
10.
go back to reference Laurberg P, Wallin G, Tallstedt L, Abraham-Nordling M, Lundell G, Torring O (2008) TSH-receptor autoimmunity in Graves’ disease after therapy with anti-thyroid drugs, surgery, or radioiodine: a 5-year prospective randomized study. Eur J Endocrinol 158:69–75PubMedCrossRef Laurberg P, Wallin G, Tallstedt L, Abraham-Nordling M, Lundell G, Torring O (2008) TSH-receptor autoimmunity in Graves’ disease after therapy with anti-thyroid drugs, surgery, or radioiodine: a 5-year prospective randomized study. Eur J Endocrinol 158:69–75PubMedCrossRef
11.
go back to reference Menconi F, Leo M, Vitti P, Marcocci C, Marinò M (2015) Total thyroid ablation in Graves’ orbitopathy. J Endocrinol Invest 38:809–815PubMedCrossRef Menconi F, Leo M, Vitti P, Marcocci C, Marinò M (2015) Total thyroid ablation in Graves’ orbitopathy. J Endocrinol Invest 38:809–815PubMedCrossRef
12.
go back to reference Burch HB, Burman KD, Cooper DS (2012) A 2011 survey of clinical practice patterns in the management of Graves’ disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 97:4549–4558PubMedCrossRef Burch HB, Burman KD, Cooper DS (2012) A 2011 survey of clinical practice patterns in the management of Graves’ disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 97:4549–4558PubMedCrossRef
13.
go back to reference Bartalena L, Burch HB, Burman KD, Kahaly GJ (2016) A 2013 European survey of clinical practice patterns in the management of Graves’ disease. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 84:115–120CrossRef Bartalena L, Burch HB, Burman KD, Kahaly GJ (2016) A 2013 European survey of clinical practice patterns in the management of Graves’ disease. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 84:115–120CrossRef
14.
go back to reference Glinoer D, Hesch D, Lagasse R, Laurberg P (1987) The management of hyperthyroidism due to Graves’ disease in Europe in 1986. Results of an international survey. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 285(suppl):3–23 Glinoer D, Hesch D, Lagasse R, Laurberg P (1987) The management of hyperthyroidism due to Graves’ disease in Europe in 1986. Results of an international survey. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 285(suppl):3–23
15.
go back to reference Solomon B, Glinoer D, Lagasse R, Wartofsky L (1990) Current trends in the management of Graves’ disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 70:1518–1524PubMedCrossRef Solomon B, Glinoer D, Lagasse R, Wartofsky L (1990) Current trends in the management of Graves’ disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 70:1518–1524PubMedCrossRef
16.
go back to reference Wartofsky L, Glinoer D, Lagasse R, Solomon B (1991) Differences and similarities in the diagnosis and treatment of diffuse goiter in Europe, Japan and the United States. Thyroid 1:129–135PubMedCrossRef Wartofsky L, Glinoer D, Lagasse R, Solomon B (1991) Differences and similarities in the diagnosis and treatment of diffuse goiter in Europe, Japan and the United States. Thyroid 1:129–135PubMedCrossRef
17.
go back to reference Emiliano AB, Governale L, Parks M, Cooper DS (2010) Shifts in propylthiouracil and methimazole prescribing practices: antithyroid drug use in the United States from 1991 to 2008. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 95:2227–2233PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Emiliano AB, Governale L, Parks M, Cooper DS (2010) Shifts in propylthiouracil and methimazole prescribing practices: antithyroid drug use in the United States from 1991 to 2008. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 95:2227–2233PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
18.
go back to reference Sidibé EH (2007) Thyréopathies en Afrique subsaharienne (French). Cahiers Santé 17:33–39 Sidibé EH (2007) Thyréopathies en Afrique subsaharienne (French). Cahiers Santé 17:33–39
19.
go back to reference Ahmed ME, El Wasila AA, Sanhouri M, Yagi K (1993) Surgical management of toxic goiter in Khartoum. Trop Geogr Med 45:124–125PubMed Ahmed ME, El Wasila AA, Sanhouri M, Yagi K (1993) Surgical management of toxic goiter in Khartoum. Trop Geogr Med 45:124–125PubMed
20.
go back to reference Laurberg P, Cooper DS (2015) Antithyroid drug therapy in patients with Graves’ disease. In: Bahn RS (ed) Graves’ disease. A comprehensive guide for clinicians. Springer, New York, pp 65–82 Laurberg P, Cooper DS (2015) Antithyroid drug therapy in patients with Graves’ disease. In: Bahn RS (ed) Graves’ disease. A comprehensive guide for clinicians. Springer, New York, pp 65–82
21.
go back to reference Abraham P, Avenell A, Park CM, Watson WA, Bevan JS (2005) A systematic review of drug therapy for Graves’ hyperthyroidism. Eur J Endocrinol 153:489–498PubMedCrossRef Abraham P, Avenell A, Park CM, Watson WA, Bevan JS (2005) A systematic review of drug therapy for Graves’ hyperthyroidism. Eur J Endocrinol 153:489–498PubMedCrossRef
22.
go back to reference Bahn RS, Burch HB, Cooper DS, Garber JR, Greenlee MC, Klein I, Laurberg P, McDougall IR, Montori VM, Rivkees SA, Ross DS, Sosa JA, Stan MN (2011) Hyperthyroidism and other causes of thyrotoxicosis: management guidelines of the American Thyroid Association and American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists. Thyroid 21:593–646CrossRef Bahn RS, Burch HB, Cooper DS, Garber JR, Greenlee MC, Klein I, Laurberg P, McDougall IR, Montori VM, Rivkees SA, Ross DS, Sosa JA, Stan MN (2011) Hyperthyroidism and other causes of thyrotoxicosis: management guidelines of the American Thyroid Association and American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists. Thyroid 21:593–646CrossRef
23.
go back to reference Weetman AP, Pickerill AP, Watson P, Chatterjee VK, Edwards OM (1994) Treatment of Graves’ disease with block-and-replace regimen of antithyroid drugs: the effect of treatment duration and immunogenetic susceptibility on relapse. Q J Med 87:337–341PubMed Weetman AP, Pickerill AP, Watson P, Chatterjee VK, Edwards OM (1994) Treatment of Graves’ disease with block-and-replace regimen of antithyroid drugs: the effect of treatment duration and immunogenetic susceptibility on relapse. Q J Med 87:337–341PubMed
24.
go back to reference Elbers L, Mourits M, Wiersinga W (2011) Outcome of very long-term treatment with antithyroid drugs in Graves’ hyperthyroidism associated with Graves’ orbitopathy. Thyroid 21:279–283PubMedCrossRef Elbers L, Mourits M, Wiersinga W (2011) Outcome of very long-term treatment with antithyroid drugs in Graves’ hyperthyroidism associated with Graves’ orbitopathy. Thyroid 21:279–283PubMedCrossRef
25.
go back to reference Azizi F, Ataie L, Hedayati M, Mehrabi Y, Shekholeslami F (2005) Effect of long-term continuous methimazole treatment of hyperthyroidism: comparison with radioiodine. Eur J Endocrinol 152:695–701PubMedCrossRef Azizi F, Ataie L, Hedayati M, Mehrabi Y, Shekholeslami F (2005) Effect of long-term continuous methimazole treatment of hyperthyroidism: comparison with radioiodine. Eur J Endocrinol 152:695–701PubMedCrossRef
26.
go back to reference Mazza E, Carlini M, Flecchia D, Blatto A, Zuccarini O, Gamba S, Beninati S, Messina M (2008) Long-term follow-up of patients with hyperthyroidism due to Graves’ disease treated with methimazole. Comparison of usual treatment schedule with drug discontinuation vs continuous treatment with low methimazole doses: a retrospective study. J Endocrinol Invest 31:866–872PubMedCrossRef Mazza E, Carlini M, Flecchia D, Blatto A, Zuccarini O, Gamba S, Beninati S, Messina M (2008) Long-term follow-up of patients with hyperthyroidism due to Graves’ disease treated with methimazole. Comparison of usual treatment schedule with drug discontinuation vs continuous treatment with low methimazole doses: a retrospective study. J Endocrinol Invest 31:866–872PubMedCrossRef
27.
go back to reference Laurberg P, Berman BC, Andersen S, Bulow Pedersen I (2011) Sustained control of Graves’ hyperthyroidism during long-term low-dose antithyroid drug therapy of patients with severe Graves’ orbitopathy. Thyroid 21:951–956PubMedCrossRef Laurberg P, Berman BC, Andersen S, Bulow Pedersen I (2011) Sustained control of Graves’ hyperthyroidism during long-term low-dose antithyroid drug therapy of patients with severe Graves’ orbitopathy. Thyroid 21:951–956PubMedCrossRef
29.
go back to reference Vitti P, Rago T, Chiovato L, Pallini S, Santini F, Fiore E, Rocchi R, Martino E, Pinchera A (1997) Clinical features of patients with Graves’ disease undergoing remission after antithyroid drug treatment. Thyroid 7:369–375PubMedCrossRef Vitti P, Rago T, Chiovato L, Pallini S, Santini F, Fiore E, Rocchi R, Martino E, Pinchera A (1997) Clinical features of patients with Graves’ disease undergoing remission after antithyroid drug treatment. Thyroid 7:369–375PubMedCrossRef
30.
go back to reference Piantanida E, Lai A, Sassi L, Gallo D, Spreafico E, Tanda ML, Bartalena L (2015) Outcome prediction of treatment of Graves’ hyperthyroidism with antithyroid drugs. Horm Metab Res 47:767–772PubMedCrossRef Piantanida E, Lai A, Sassi L, Gallo D, Spreafico E, Tanda ML, Bartalena L (2015) Outcome prediction of treatment of Graves’ hyperthyroidism with antithyroid drugs. Horm Metab Res 47:767–772PubMedCrossRef
31.
go back to reference Nedrebo BG, Holm PI, Uhlving S, Sorheim JI, Skeie S, Eide GE, Husebye ES, Lien EA, Aanderud S (2002) Predictors of outcome and comparison of different drug regimens for the prevention of relapse in patients with Graves’ disease. Eur J Endocrinol 147:583–589PubMedCrossRef Nedrebo BG, Holm PI, Uhlving S, Sorheim JI, Skeie S, Eide GE, Husebye ES, Lien EA, Aanderud S (2002) Predictors of outcome and comparison of different drug regimens for the prevention of relapse in patients with Graves’ disease. Eur J Endocrinol 147:583–589PubMedCrossRef
32.
go back to reference Wang PW, Chen IY, Juo SH, Hsi E, Cy Hsieh (2012) Genotype and phenotype predictors of relapse of Graves’ disease after antithyroid drug withdrawal. Eur Thyroid J 1:251–258PubMedPubMedCentral Wang PW, Chen IY, Juo SH, Hsi E, Cy Hsieh (2012) Genotype and phenotype predictors of relapse of Graves’ disease after antithyroid drug withdrawal. Eur Thyroid J 1:251–258PubMedPubMedCentral
33.
go back to reference Mohlin E, Filipsson Nystrom H, Eliasson M (2014) Long-term prognosis after medical treatment of Graves’ disease in a northern Swedish population 2000–2010. Eur J Endocrinol 170:419–427PubMedCrossRef Mohlin E, Filipsson Nystrom H, Eliasson M (2014) Long-term prognosis after medical treatment of Graves’ disease in a northern Swedish population 2000–2010. Eur J Endocrinol 170:419–427PubMedCrossRef
34.
go back to reference Glinoer D, de Nayer P, Bex M, The Belgian Collaborative Study Group on Graves’ disease (2001) Effects of L-thyroxine administration, TSH receptor antibodies and smoking on the risk of recurrence in Graves’ hyperthyroidism treated with antithyroid drugs: a double-blind prospective randomized study. Eur J Endocrinol 144:475–483PubMedCrossRef Glinoer D, de Nayer P, Bex M, The Belgian Collaborative Study Group on Graves’ disease (2001) Effects of L-thyroxine administration, TSH receptor antibodies and smoking on the risk of recurrence in Graves’ hyperthyroidism treated with antithyroid drugs: a double-blind prospective randomized study. Eur J Endocrinol 144:475–483PubMedCrossRef
35.
go back to reference Kimball LE, Kulinskaya E, Brown B, Johnston C, Farid NR (2002) Does smoking increase relapse rates in Graves’ disease? J Endocrinol Invest 25:152–157PubMedCrossRef Kimball LE, Kulinskaya E, Brown B, Johnston C, Farid NR (2002) Does smoking increase relapse rates in Graves’ disease? J Endocrinol Invest 25:152–157PubMedCrossRef
36.
go back to reference Rotondi M, Cappelli C, Pirali B, Pirola I, Magri F, Fonte R, Castellano M, Agabiti Rosei E, Chiovato L (2008) The effect of pregnancy on subsequent relapse from Graves’ disease after a successful course of antithyroid drug therapy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 93:3985–3988PubMedCrossRef Rotondi M, Cappelli C, Pirali B, Pirola I, Magri F, Fonte R, Castellano M, Agabiti Rosei E, Chiovato L (2008) The effect of pregnancy on subsequent relapse from Graves’ disease after a successful course of antithyroid drug therapy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 93:3985–3988PubMedCrossRef
37.
go back to reference Vos XG, Endert E, Zwinderman K, Tijssen JGP, Wiersinga WM (2016) Predicting the risk of recurrence before the start of antithyroid drug therapy in patients with Graves’ hyperthyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. doi:10.1210/jc.2015-3644 PubMed Vos XG, Endert E, Zwinderman K, Tijssen JGP, Wiersinga WM (2016) Predicting the risk of recurrence before the start of antithyroid drug therapy in patients with Graves’ hyperthyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. doi:10.​1210/​jc.​2015-3644 PubMed
38.
go back to reference Watanabe N, Narimatsu H, Yoshimura Noh J, Yamaguchi T, Kobayashi K, Kami M, Kunii Y, Mukasa K, Ito Ku, Ko Ito (2012) Antithyroid drug-induced hematopoietic damage: a retrospective cohort study of agranulocytosis and pancytopenia involving 50,385 patients with Graves’ disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 97:E49–E53PubMedCrossRef Watanabe N, Narimatsu H, Yoshimura Noh J, Yamaguchi T, Kobayashi K, Kami M, Kunii Y, Mukasa K, Ito Ku, Ko Ito (2012) Antithyroid drug-induced hematopoietic damage: a retrospective cohort study of agranulocytosis and pancytopenia involving 50,385 patients with Graves’ disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 97:E49–E53PubMedCrossRef
39.
go back to reference Yang J, Zhu Y-J, Zhong J-J, Zhang J, Weng W-W, Liu Z-F, Xu Q, Dong M-J (2016) Characteristics of antithyroid drug-induced agranulocytosis in patients with hyperthyroidism: a retrospective analysis of 114 cases in a single institution in China involving 9690 patients referred for radioiodine treatment over 15 years. Thyroid 26:627–633PubMedCrossRef Yang J, Zhu Y-J, Zhong J-J, Zhang J, Weng W-W, Liu Z-F, Xu Q, Dong M-J (2016) Characteristics of antithyroid drug-induced agranulocytosis in patients with hyperthyroidism: a retrospective analysis of 114 cases in a single institution in China involving 9690 patients referred for radioiodine treatment over 15 years. Thyroid 26:627–633PubMedCrossRef
40.
go back to reference Nakamura H, Maiyauchi A, Miyawaki N, Imagawa J (2013) Analysis of 754 cases of antithyroid drug-induced agranulocytosis over 30 years in Japan. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 98:4776–4783PubMedCrossRef Nakamura H, Maiyauchi A, Miyawaki N, Imagawa J (2013) Analysis of 754 cases of antithyroid drug-induced agranulocytosis over 30 years in Japan. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 98:4776–4783PubMedCrossRef
41.
go back to reference Takata K, Kubota S, Fukata S, Kudo T, Nishihara E, Ito M, Amino N, Miyauchi A (2009) Methimazole-induced agranulocytosis in patients with Graves’ disease is more frequent with an initial dose of 30 mg daily than 15 mg daily. Thyroid 19:559–563PubMedCrossRef Takata K, Kubota S, Fukata S, Kudo T, Nishihara E, Ito M, Amino N, Miyauchi A (2009) Methimazole-induced agranulocytosis in patients with Graves’ disease is more frequent with an initial dose of 30 mg daily than 15 mg daily. Thyroid 19:559–563PubMedCrossRef
42.
go back to reference Kobayashi S, Noh JY, Mukasa K, Kunii Y, Watanabe N, Matsumoto M, Ohye H, Suzuki M, Yoshihara A, Iwaku K, Sugino K, Ito K (2014) Characteristics of agranulocytosis as an adverse effects of antithyroid drugs in the second or later course of treatment. Thyroid 24:796–801PubMedCrossRef Kobayashi S, Noh JY, Mukasa K, Kunii Y, Watanabe N, Matsumoto M, Ohye H, Suzuki M, Yoshihara A, Iwaku K, Sugino K, Ito K (2014) Characteristics of agranulocytosis as an adverse effects of antithyroid drugs in the second or later course of treatment. Thyroid 24:796–801PubMedCrossRef
43.
go back to reference Robinson J, Richardson M, Hickey J, James A, Pearce SH, Ball SG, Quinton R, Morris M, Miller M, Perros P (2014) Patient knowledge of antithyroid drug-induced agranulocytosis. Eur Thyroid J 3:245–251PubMedPubMedCentral Robinson J, Richardson M, Hickey J, James A, Pearce SH, Ball SG, Quinton R, Morris M, Miller M, Perros P (2014) Patient knowledge of antithyroid drug-induced agranulocytosis. Eur Thyroid J 3:245–251PubMedPubMedCentral
44.
go back to reference Wang MT, Lee WJ, Huang TY, Chu CL, Hsieh CH (2014) Antithyroid drug-related hepatotoxicity in hyperthyroidism patients: a population-based cohort study. Br J Clin Pharmacol 78:619–629PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Wang MT, Lee WJ, Huang TY, Chu CL, Hsieh CH (2014) Antithyroid drug-related hepatotoxicity in hyperthyroidism patients: a population-based cohort study. Br J Clin Pharmacol 78:619–629PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
45.
go back to reference Yang J, Li LF, Xu Q, Zhang J, Weng W-W, Zhu YJ, Dong MJ (2015) Analysis of 90 cases of antithyroid drug-induced severe hepatoxicity over 13 years in China. Thyroid 25:278–283PubMedCrossRef Yang J, Li LF, Xu Q, Zhang J, Weng W-W, Zhu YJ, Dong MJ (2015) Analysis of 90 cases of antithyroid drug-induced severe hepatoxicity over 13 years in China. Thyroid 25:278–283PubMedCrossRef
46.
go back to reference Bahn RS, Burch HB, Cooper DS, Garber JR, Greenlee CM, Klein IL, Laurberg P, McDougall IR, Rivkees SA, Ross D, Sosa JA, Stan MN (2009) The role of propylthiouracil in the management of Graves’ disease in the adults: report of a meeting jointly sponsored by the American Thyroid Association and the Food and Drug Administration. Thyroid 19:673–674PubMedCrossRef Bahn RS, Burch HB, Cooper DS, Garber JR, Greenlee CM, Klein IL, Laurberg P, McDougall IR, Rivkees SA, Ross D, Sosa JA, Stan MN (2009) The role of propylthiouracil in the management of Graves’ disease in the adults: report of a meeting jointly sponsored by the American Thyroid Association and the Food and Drug Administration. Thyroid 19:673–674PubMedCrossRef
48.
go back to reference Vaidya B, Williams GR, Abraham P, Pearce SHS (2008) Radioiodine treatment for benign thyroid disorders: results of a nationwide survey of UK endocrinologists. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 68:814–820CrossRef Vaidya B, Williams GR, Abraham P, Pearce SHS (2008) Radioiodine treatment for benign thyroid disorders: results of a nationwide survey of UK endocrinologists. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 68:814–820CrossRef
49.
go back to reference Bogazzi F, Giovannetti C, Fessehatsion R, Tanda ML, Campomori A, Compri E, Rossi G, Ceccarelli C, Vitti P, Pinchera A, Bartalena L, Martino E (2010) Impact of lithium on efficacy of radioactive iodine therapy for Graves’ disease: a cohort study on cure rate, time to cure, and frequency of increased serum thyroxine after antithyroid drug withdrawal. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 95:201–208PubMedCrossRef Bogazzi F, Giovannetti C, Fessehatsion R, Tanda ML, Campomori A, Compri E, Rossi G, Ceccarelli C, Vitti P, Pinchera A, Bartalena L, Martino E (2010) Impact of lithium on efficacy of radioactive iodine therapy for Graves’ disease: a cohort study on cure rate, time to cure, and frequency of increased serum thyroxine after antithyroid drug withdrawal. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 95:201–208PubMedCrossRef
50.
go back to reference Martin NM, Patel M, Nijher GMK, Misra S, Murphy E, Meran K (2012) Adjuvant lithium therapy improves the efficacy of radioactive iodine treatment in Graves’ and toxic nodular disease. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 77:621–627CrossRef Martin NM, Patel M, Nijher GMK, Misra S, Murphy E, Meran K (2012) Adjuvant lithium therapy improves the efficacy of radioactive iodine treatment in Graves’ and toxic nodular disease. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 77:621–627CrossRef
51.
go back to reference Traisk F, Tallstedt L, Abraham-Nordling M, Andersson T, Berg G, Calissendorff J, Hallengren B, Hedner P, Lantz M, Nystrom E, Ponjavic V, Taube A, Torring O, Wallin G, Asman P, Lundell G (2009) Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy after treatment for Graves’ hyperthyroidism with antithyroid drugs or iodine-131. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 94:3700–3707PubMedCrossRef Traisk F, Tallstedt L, Abraham-Nordling M, Andersson T, Berg G, Calissendorff J, Hallengren B, Hedner P, Lantz M, Nystrom E, Ponjavic V, Taube A, Torring O, Wallin G, Asman P, Lundell G (2009) Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy after treatment for Graves’ hyperthyroidism with antithyroid drugs or iodine-131. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 94:3700–3707PubMedCrossRef
52.
go back to reference Bartalena L, Marcocci C, Bogazzi F, Manetti L, Tanda ML, Dell’Unto E, Bruno-Bossio G, Nardi M, Bartolomei MP, Lepri A, Rossi G, Martino E, Pinchera A (1998) Relation between therapy for hyperthyroidism and the course of Graves’ ophthalmopathy. N Engl J Med 338:73–78PubMedCrossRef Bartalena L, Marcocci C, Bogazzi F, Manetti L, Tanda ML, Dell’Unto E, Bruno-Bossio G, Nardi M, Bartolomei MP, Lepri A, Rossi G, Martino E, Pinchera A (1998) Relation between therapy for hyperthyroidism and the course of Graves’ ophthalmopathy. N Engl J Med 338:73–78PubMedCrossRef
53.
go back to reference Eckstein AK, Plicht M, Lax H, Neuhauser M, Mann K, Lederbogen S, Heckmann C, Esser J, Morgenthaler NC (2006) Thyrotropin receptor autoantibodies are independent risk factors for Graves’ ophthalmopathy and help to predict severity and outcome of the disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 91:3464–3470PubMedCrossRef Eckstein AK, Plicht M, Lax H, Neuhauser M, Mann K, Lederbogen S, Heckmann C, Esser J, Morgenthaler NC (2006) Thyrotropin receptor autoantibodies are independent risk factors for Graves’ ophthalmopathy and help to predict severity and outcome of the disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 91:3464–3470PubMedCrossRef
54.
go back to reference Bartalena L, Baldeschi L, Boboridis K, Eckstein A, Kahaly GJ, Marcocci C, Perros P, Salvi M, Wiersinga WM, On behalf of the European Group on Graves’ Orbitopathy (EUGOGO) (2016) The 2016 European Thyroid Association/European Group on Graves’ orbitopathy guidelines for the management of Graves’ orbitopathy. Eur Thyroid J 5:9–26PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Bartalena L, Baldeschi L, Boboridis K, Eckstein A, Kahaly GJ, Marcocci C, Perros P, Salvi M, Wiersinga WM, On behalf of the European Group on Graves’ Orbitopathy (EUGOGO) (2016) The 2016 European Thyroid Association/European Group on Graves’ orbitopathy guidelines for the management of Graves’ orbitopathy. Eur Thyroid J 5:9–26PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
55.
go back to reference Lai A, Sassi L, Compri E, Marino F, Sivelli P, Piantanida E, Tanda ML, Bartalena L (2010) Lower dose prednisone prevents radioiodine-associated exacerbation of initially mild or absent Graves’ orbitopathy: a retrospective cohort study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 95:1333–1337PubMedCrossRef Lai A, Sassi L, Compri E, Marino F, Sivelli P, Piantanida E, Tanda ML, Bartalena L (2010) Lower dose prednisone prevents radioiodine-associated exacerbation of initially mild or absent Graves’ orbitopathy: a retrospective cohort study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 95:1333–1337PubMedCrossRef
56.
go back to reference Shiber S, Stiebel-Kakish H, Shimon I, Grossman A, Robenshtok E (2014) Glucocorticoid regimens for prevention of Graves’ ophthalmopathy progression following radioiodine treatment: systematic review and meta-analysis. Thyroid 24:1515–1523PubMedCrossRef Shiber S, Stiebel-Kakish H, Shimon I, Grossman A, Robenshtok E (2014) Glucocorticoid regimens for prevention of Graves’ ophthalmopathy progression following radioiodine treatment: systematic review and meta-analysis. Thyroid 24:1515–1523PubMedCrossRef
57.
go back to reference Franklyn JA, Maisonneuve P, Sheppard MC, Betteridge J, Boyle P (1998) Mortality after treatment of hyperthyroidism with radioactive iodine. N Engl J Med 338:712–718PubMedCrossRef Franklyn JA, Maisonneuve P, Sheppard MC, Betteridge J, Boyle P (1998) Mortality after treatment of hyperthyroidism with radioactive iodine. N Engl J Med 338:712–718PubMedCrossRef
58.
go back to reference Metso S, Jaatinen P, Huhtala H, Auvinen A, Oksala H, Salmi J (2007) Increased cardiovascular and cancer mortality after radioiodine treatment for hyperthyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 92:2190–2196PubMedCrossRef Metso S, Jaatinen P, Huhtala H, Auvinen A, Oksala H, Salmi J (2007) Increased cardiovascular and cancer mortality after radioiodine treatment for hyperthyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 92:2190–2196PubMedCrossRef
59.
go back to reference La Cour JL, Jensen LT, Vej-Hansen A, Nygaard B (2015) Radioiodine therapy increases the risk of cerebrovascular events in hyperthyroid and euthyroid patients. Eur J Endocrinol 172:771–778PubMedCrossRef La Cour JL, Jensen LT, Vej-Hansen A, Nygaard B (2015) Radioiodine therapy increases the risk of cerebrovascular events in hyperthyroid and euthyroid patients. Eur J Endocrinol 172:771–778PubMedCrossRef
60.
go back to reference Hieu TT, Russell AW, Cuneo R, Clark J, Kron T, Hall P, Doi SA (2012) Cancer risk after medical exposure to radioactive iodine in benign thyroid disease: a meta-analysis. Endocr Relat Cancer 19:645–655PubMedCrossRef Hieu TT, Russell AW, Cuneo R, Clark J, Kron T, Hall P, Doi SA (2012) Cancer risk after medical exposure to radioactive iodine in benign thyroid disease: a meta-analysis. Endocr Relat Cancer 19:645–655PubMedCrossRef
61.
go back to reference Ryodi E, Metso S, Jaatinen P, Huhtala H, Saaristo R, Valimaki M, Auvinen A (2015) Cancer incidence and mortality in patients treated either with RAI or thyroidectomy for hyperthyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 100:3710–3717PubMedCrossRef Ryodi E, Metso S, Jaatinen P, Huhtala H, Saaristo R, Valimaki M, Auvinen A (2015) Cancer incidence and mortality in patients treated either with RAI or thyroidectomy for hyperthyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 100:3710–3717PubMedCrossRef
62.
go back to reference Boelaert K, Miasonneuve P, Torlinska B, Franklyn JA (2013) Comparison of mortality in hyperthyroidism during periods of treatment with thionamides and after radioiodine. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 98:1869–1882PubMedCrossRef Boelaert K, Miasonneuve P, Torlinska B, Franklyn JA (2013) Comparison of mortality in hyperthyroidism during periods of treatment with thionamides and after radioiodine. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 98:1869–1882PubMedCrossRef
63.
go back to reference Canale D, Ceccarelli C, Cagliaresi C, Moscatelli A, Gavioli S, Santini P, Elisei R, Vitti P (2015) Effects of radioiodine treatment for differentiated thyroid cancer on testis function. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 82:295–299CrossRef Canale D, Ceccarelli C, Cagliaresi C, Moscatelli A, Gavioli S, Santini P, Elisei R, Vitti P (2015) Effects of radioiodine treatment for differentiated thyroid cancer on testis function. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 82:295–299CrossRef
64.
go back to reference Ceccarelli C, Canale D, Battisti P, Cagliaresi C, Moschini C, Fiore E, Grasso L, Pinchera A, Vitti P (2006) Testicular function after 131I therapy for hyperthyroidism. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 65:446–452CrossRef Ceccarelli C, Canale D, Battisti P, Cagliaresi C, Moschini C, Fiore E, Grasso L, Pinchera A, Vitti P (2006) Testicular function after 131I therapy for hyperthyroidism. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 65:446–452CrossRef
65.
go back to reference Genovese BM, Noureldine SI, Gleeson EM, Tufano RP, Kandil E (2013) What is the best definitive treatment for Graves’ disease? A systematic review of the existing literature. Ann Surg Oncol 20:660–667PubMedCrossRef Genovese BM, Noureldine SI, Gleeson EM, Tufano RP, Kandil E (2013) What is the best definitive treatment for Graves’ disease? A systematic review of the existing literature. Ann Surg Oncol 20:660–667PubMedCrossRef
66.
go back to reference Sundaresh V, Brito JP, Wang Z, Prokop LJ, Stan MN, Murad MH, Bahn RS (2013) Comparative effectiveness of therapies for Graves’ hyperthyroidism: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 98:3671–3677PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Sundaresh V, Brito JP, Wang Z, Prokop LJ, Stan MN, Murad MH, Bahn RS (2013) Comparative effectiveness of therapies for Graves’ hyperthyroidism: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 98:3671–3677PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
67.
go back to reference Guo Z, Yu P, Liu Z, Si Y, Jin M (2013) Total thyroidectomy vs bilateral subtotal thyroidectomy in patients with Graves’ disease: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 79:739–746 Guo Z, Yu P, Liu Z, Si Y, Jin M (2013) Total thyroidectomy vs bilateral subtotal thyroidectomy in patients with Graves’ disease: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 79:739–746
68.
go back to reference Grodski S, Stalberg P, Robinson BG, Delbridge LW (2007) Surgery versus radioiodine as definitive management for Graves’ disease: the role of patient preference. Thyroid 17:157–160PubMedCrossRef Grodski S, Stalberg P, Robinson BG, Delbridge LW (2007) Surgery versus radioiodine as definitive management for Graves’ disease: the role of patient preference. Thyroid 17:157–160PubMedCrossRef
69.
go back to reference Ting HH, Brito JP, Montori VM (2014) Shared decision making. Science and action. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 7:323–327PubMedCrossRef Ting HH, Brito JP, Montori VM (2014) Shared decision making. Science and action. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 7:323–327PubMedCrossRef
70.
go back to reference Brito JP, Castaneda-Guarderas A, Gionfriddo MR, Singh Ospina N, Maraka S, Dean DS, Castro RM, Fatourechi V, Gharib H, Stan MN, Branda ME, Bahn RS, Montori VM (2015) Development and pilot testing of an encounter tool for shared decision making about the treatment of Graves’ disease. Thyroid 25:1191–1198PubMedCrossRef Brito JP, Castaneda-Guarderas A, Gionfriddo MR, Singh Ospina N, Maraka S, Dean DS, Castro RM, Fatourechi V, Gharib H, Stan MN, Branda ME, Bahn RS, Montori VM (2015) Development and pilot testing of an encounter tool for shared decision making about the treatment of Graves’ disease. Thyroid 25:1191–1198PubMedCrossRef
71.
go back to reference Bartalena L (2011) The dilemma of how to manage Graves’ hyperthyroidism in patients with associated orbitopathy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 96:592–599PubMedCrossRef Bartalena L (2011) The dilemma of how to manage Graves’ hyperthyroidism in patients with associated orbitopathy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 96:592–599PubMedCrossRef
72.
go back to reference Prummel MF, Wiersinga WM, Mourits MP, Koornneef L, Berghout A, van der Gaag R (1989) Amelioration of eye changes of Graves’ ophthalmopathy by achieving euthyroidism. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 121(suppl 2):185–189 Prummel MF, Wiersinga WM, Mourits MP, Koornneef L, Berghout A, van der Gaag R (1989) Amelioration of eye changes of Graves’ ophthalmopathy by achieving euthyroidism. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 121(suppl 2):185–189
73.
go back to reference Bartalena L, Baldeschi L, Dickinson A, Eckstein A, Kendall-Taylor P, Marcocci C, Mourits M, Perros P, Boboridis K, Boschi A, Currò N, Daumerie C, Kahaly GJ, Krassas GE, Lane CM, Lazarus JH, Marinò M, Nardi M, Neoh C, Orgiazzi J, Pearce S, Pinchera A, Pitz S, Salvi M, Sivelli P, Stahl M, von Arx G, Wiersinga WM (2008) Consensus statement of the European Group on Graves’ Orbitopathy (EUGOGO) on management of GO. Eur J Endocrinol 158:273–285PubMedCrossRef Bartalena L, Baldeschi L, Dickinson A, Eckstein A, Kendall-Taylor P, Marcocci C, Mourits M, Perros P, Boboridis K, Boschi A, Currò N, Daumerie C, Kahaly GJ, Krassas GE, Lane CM, Lazarus JH, Marinò M, Nardi M, Neoh C, Orgiazzi J, Pearce S, Pinchera A, Pitz S, Salvi M, Sivelli P, Stahl M, von Arx G, Wiersinga WM (2008) Consensus statement of the European Group on Graves’ Orbitopathy (EUGOGO) on management of GO. Eur J Endocrinol 158:273–285PubMedCrossRef
74.
go back to reference Bartalena L, Macchia PE, Marcocci C, Salvi M, Vermiglio F (2015) Effects of treatment modalities for Graves’ hyperthyroidism on Graves’ orbitopathy: a 2015 Italian Society of Endocrinology consensus statement. J Endocrinol Invest 38:481–487PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Bartalena L, Macchia PE, Marcocci C, Salvi M, Vermiglio F (2015) Effects of treatment modalities for Graves’ hyperthyroidism on Graves’ orbitopathy: a 2015 Italian Society of Endocrinology consensus statement. J Endocrinol Invest 38:481–487PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
75.
go back to reference Menconi F, Marinò M, Pinchera A, Rocchi R, Mazzi B, Nardi M, Bartalena L, Marcocci C (2007) Effects of total thyroid ablation versus near-total thyroidectomy alone on mild to moderate Graves’ orbitopathy treated with intravenous glucocorticoids. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 92:1653–1658PubMedCrossRef Menconi F, Marinò M, Pinchera A, Rocchi R, Mazzi B, Nardi M, Bartalena L, Marcocci C (2007) Effects of total thyroid ablation versus near-total thyroidectomy alone on mild to moderate Graves’ orbitopathy treated with intravenous glucocorticoids. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 92:1653–1658PubMedCrossRef
76.
go back to reference Leo M, Marcocci C, Pinchera A, Nardi M, Megna L, Rocchi R, Latrofa F, Altea MA, Mazzi B, Sisti E, Profilo MA, Marinò M (2013) Outcome of Graves’ orbitopathy after total thyroid ablation and glucocorticoid treatment: follow-up of a randomized clinical trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 97:E44–E48CrossRef Leo M, Marcocci C, Pinchera A, Nardi M, Megna L, Rocchi R, Latrofa F, Altea MA, Mazzi B, Sisti E, Profilo MA, Marinò M (2013) Outcome of Graves’ orbitopathy after total thyroid ablation and glucocorticoid treatment: follow-up of a randomized clinical trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 97:E44–E48CrossRef
77.
go back to reference Moleti M, Violi MA, Montanini D, Trombetta C, Di Bella B, Sturniolo G, Presti S, Alibrandi A, Campenni A, Baldari S, Trimarchi F, Vermiglio F (2014) Radioiodine ablation of post-surgical remnants after treatment with recombinant human TSH (rhTSH) in patients with moderate-to-severe Graves’ orbitopathy (GO): a prospective, randomized, single blind clinical trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 99:1783–1789PubMedCrossRef Moleti M, Violi MA, Montanini D, Trombetta C, Di Bella B, Sturniolo G, Presti S, Alibrandi A, Campenni A, Baldari S, Trimarchi F, Vermiglio F (2014) Radioiodine ablation of post-surgical remnants after treatment with recombinant human TSH (rhTSH) in patients with moderate-to-severe Graves’ orbitopathy (GO): a prospective, randomized, single blind clinical trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 99:1783–1789PubMedCrossRef
78.
go back to reference Stagnaro-Green A (2015) Graves’ disease and pregnancy. In: Bahn RS (ed) Graves’ disease. A comprehensive guide for clinicians. Springer, New York, pp 167–178 Stagnaro-Green A (2015) Graves’ disease and pregnancy. In: Bahn RS (ed) Graves’ disease. A comprehensive guide for clinicians. Springer, New York, pp 167–178
79.
go back to reference De Groot L, Abalovich M, Alexander EA, Amino N, Barbour L, Cobin RH, Eastman CJ, Lazarus JH, Luton D, Mandel SJ, Mestman J, Rovet J, Sullivan S (2012) Management of thyroid dysfunction during pregnancy and postpartum: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 97:2543–2565PubMedCrossRef De Groot L, Abalovich M, Alexander EA, Amino N, Barbour L, Cobin RH, Eastman CJ, Lazarus JH, Luton D, Mandel SJ, Mestman J, Rovet J, Sullivan S (2012) Management of thyroid dysfunction during pregnancy and postpartum: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 97:2543–2565PubMedCrossRef
80.
go back to reference Stagnaro-Green A, Abalovich M, Alexander E, Azizi F, Mestman J, Negro R, Nixon A, Pearce EN, Soldin OP, Sullivan S, Wiersinga W (2011) Guidelines of the American Thyroid Association for the diagnosis and management of thyroid disease during pregnancy and postpartum. Thyroid 21:1081–1125PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Stagnaro-Green A, Abalovich M, Alexander E, Azizi F, Mestman J, Negro R, Nixon A, Pearce EN, Soldin OP, Sullivan S, Wiersinga W (2011) Guidelines of the American Thyroid Association for the diagnosis and management of thyroid disease during pregnancy and postpartum. Thyroid 21:1081–1125PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
81.
go back to reference Fould N, Walpole I, Elmslie F, Mansour S (2005) Carbimazole embryopathy: an emerging phenotype. Am J Med Genet A 132A:130–135CrossRef Fould N, Walpole I, Elmslie F, Mansour S (2005) Carbimazole embryopathy: an emerging phenotype. Am J Med Genet A 132A:130–135CrossRef
82.
go back to reference Bowman P, Osborne NJ, Sturley R, Vaidya B (2012) Carbimazole embryopathy: implications for the choice of antithyroid drugs in pregnancy. Q J Med 105:189–193CrossRef Bowman P, Osborne NJ, Sturley R, Vaidya B (2012) Carbimazole embryopathy: implications for the choice of antithyroid drugs in pregnancy. Q J Med 105:189–193CrossRef
83.
84.
go back to reference Linding Andersen S, Olsen J, Wu CS, Laurberg P (2013) Birth defects after early pregnancy use of antithyroid drugs: a Danish nationwide study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 98:4373–4381CrossRef Linding Andersen S, Olsen J, Wu CS, Laurberg P (2013) Birth defects after early pregnancy use of antithyroid drugs: a Danish nationwide study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 98:4373–4381CrossRef
85.
go back to reference Linding Andersen S, Olsen J, Wu CS, Laurberg P (2014) Severity of birth defects after propylthiouracil exposure in early pregnancy. Thyroid 24:1533–1540CrossRef Linding Andersen S, Olsen J, Wu CS, Laurberg P (2014) Severity of birth defects after propylthiouracil exposure in early pregnancy. Thyroid 24:1533–1540CrossRef
86.
go back to reference Gianetti E, Russo L, Orlandi F, Chiovato L, Giusti M, Benvenga S, Moleti M, Vermiglio F, Macchia PE, Vitale M, Regalbuto C, Centanni M, Martino E, Vitti P, Tonacchera M (2015) Pregnancy outcome in women treated with methimazole or propylthiouracil during pregnancy. J Endocrinol Invest 38:977–985PubMedCrossRef Gianetti E, Russo L, Orlandi F, Chiovato L, Giusti M, Benvenga S, Moleti M, Vermiglio F, Macchia PE, Vitale M, Regalbuto C, Centanni M, Martino E, Vitti P, Tonacchera M (2015) Pregnancy outcome in women treated with methimazole or propylthiouracil during pregnancy. J Endocrinol Invest 38:977–985PubMedCrossRef
87.
go back to reference Korelitz JJ, McNally DL, Masters MN, Li SX, Xu Y, Rivkees SA (2013) Prevalence of thyrotoxicosis, antithyroid drug use and neonatal outcomes within an integrated healthcare delivery system. Thyroid 23:758–765PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Korelitz JJ, McNally DL, Masters MN, Li SX, Xu Y, Rivkees SA (2013) Prevalence of thyrotoxicosis, antithyroid drug use and neonatal outcomes within an integrated healthcare delivery system. Thyroid 23:758–765PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
88.
go back to reference Yoshihara A, Noh J, Yamaguchi T, Ohye H, Sato S, Seiya K, Kosuga Y, Suzuki M, Matsumoto M, Kunii Y, Watanabe N, Musaka K, Ito K (2012) Treatment of Graves’ disease with antithyroid drugs in the first trimester of pregnancy and the prevalence of congenital malformation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 97:2396–2403PubMedCrossRef Yoshihara A, Noh J, Yamaguchi T, Ohye H, Sato S, Seiya K, Kosuga Y, Suzuki M, Matsumoto M, Kunii Y, Watanabe N, Musaka K, Ito K (2012) Treatment of Graves’ disease with antithyroid drugs in the first trimester of pregnancy and the prevalence of congenital malformation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 97:2396–2403PubMedCrossRef
89.
go back to reference Laurberg P, Linding Andersen S (2015) Antithyroid drug use in pregnancy and birth defects: why some studies find clear associations, and some studies report none. Thyroid 25:1185–1190PubMedCrossRef Laurberg P, Linding Andersen S (2015) Antithyroid drug use in pregnancy and birth defects: why some studies find clear associations, and some studies report none. Thyroid 25:1185–1190PubMedCrossRef
90.
go back to reference Rivkees SA, Mattison DR (2009) Ending propylthiouracil-induced liver failure in children. N Engl J Med 360:1574–1575PubMedCrossRef Rivkees SA, Mattison DR (2009) Ending propylthiouracil-induced liver failure in children. N Engl J Med 360:1574–1575PubMedCrossRef
91.
go back to reference Havgaard Kjaer R, Smedegard Hansen M, Hansen D (2015) Increasing incidence of juvenile thyrotoxicosis in Denmark. A nationwide study, 1998–2012. Horm Res Paediatr 84:102–107PubMedCrossRef Havgaard Kjaer R, Smedegard Hansen M, Hansen D (2015) Increasing incidence of juvenile thyrotoxicosis in Denmark. A nationwide study, 1998–2012. Horm Res Paediatr 84:102–107PubMedCrossRef
92.
go back to reference Read CH Jr, Tansey MJ, Menda Y (2004) A 36-year retrospective analysis of the efficacy and safety of radioactive iodine in treating young Graves’ patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89:4229–4233PubMedCrossRef Read CH Jr, Tansey MJ, Menda Y (2004) A 36-year retrospective analysis of the efficacy and safety of radioactive iodine in treating young Graves’ patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89:4229–4233PubMedCrossRef
93.
go back to reference Sosa JA, Tuggle CT, Wang TS, Thomas DC, Boudourakis L, Rivkees S, Roman SA (2008) Clinical and economic outcomes of thyroid and parathyroid surgery in children. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 93:3058–3065PubMedCrossRef Sosa JA, Tuggle CT, Wang TS, Thomas DC, Boudourakis L, Rivkees S, Roman SA (2008) Clinical and economic outcomes of thyroid and parathyroid surgery in children. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 93:3058–3065PubMedCrossRef
94.
go back to reference Weetman AP (2014) Graves’ disease following immune reconstitution or immunomodulatory treatment: should we manage it any differently? Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 80:629–632CrossRef Weetman AP (2014) Graves’ disease following immune reconstitution or immunomodulatory treatment: should we manage it any differently? Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 80:629–632CrossRef
95.
go back to reference Coles AJ, Wing M, Smith S, Coraddu F, Greer S, Taylor C, Weetman A, Hale G, Chatterjee VK, Waldmann H, Compston A (1999) Pulsed monoclonal antibody treatment and autoimmune thyroid disease in multiple sclerosis. Lancet 354:1691–1695PubMedCrossRef Coles AJ, Wing M, Smith S, Coraddu F, Greer S, Taylor C, Weetman A, Hale G, Chatterjee VK, Waldmann H, Compston A (1999) Pulsed monoclonal antibody treatment and autoimmune thyroid disease in multiple sclerosis. Lancet 354:1691–1695PubMedCrossRef
96.
go back to reference Cossburn M, Pace AA, Jones J, Ali R, Ingram C, Baker K, Hirst C, Zajicek J, Scolding N, Boggild M, Pickersgill T, Ben-Shlomo Y, Coles A, Robertson NP (2011) Autoimmune disease after alemtuzumab treatment for multiple sclerosis in a multicenter cohort. Neurology 77:573–579PubMedCrossRef Cossburn M, Pace AA, Jones J, Ali R, Ingram C, Baker K, Hirst C, Zajicek J, Scolding N, Boggild M, Pickersgill T, Ben-Shlomo Y, Coles A, Robertson NP (2011) Autoimmune disease after alemtuzumab treatment for multiple sclerosis in a multicenter cohort. Neurology 77:573–579PubMedCrossRef
97.
go back to reference Jubault V, Penfornis A, Schillo F, Hoen B, Izembart M, Timsit J, Kazatchkine MD, Gilquin J, Viard J-P (2000) Sequential occurrence of thyroid autoantibodies and Graves’ disease after immune restoration in severely immunocompromised human immunodeficiency virus-1-infected patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85:4254–4257PubMed Jubault V, Penfornis A, Schillo F, Hoen B, Izembart M, Timsit J, Kazatchkine MD, Gilquin J, Viard J-P (2000) Sequential occurrence of thyroid autoantibodies and Graves’ disease after immune restoration in severely immunocompromised human immunodeficiency virus-1-infected patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85:4254–4257PubMed
98.
go back to reference Chen F, Day SL, Metcalfe RA, Sethi G, Kapembwa MS, Brook MG, Churchill D, de Ruiter A, Robinson S, Lacey CJ, Weetman AP (2005) Characteristics of autoimmune thyroid disease occurring as a late complication of immune reconstitution in patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease. Medicine 84:98–106PubMedCrossRef Chen F, Day SL, Metcalfe RA, Sethi G, Kapembwa MS, Brook MG, Churchill D, de Ruiter A, Robinson S, Lacey CJ, Weetman AP (2005) Characteristics of autoimmune thyroid disease occurring as a late complication of immune reconstitution in patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease. Medicine 84:98–106PubMedCrossRef
99.
go back to reference Tailor IK, Akil M, Rennie I, Ross RJ, Snowden JA (2012) Reconstitution Graves’ disease following autologous haematopoietic stem cell transplantation for severe diffuse systemic sclerosis. Q J Med 105:369–371CrossRef Tailor IK, Akil M, Rennie I, Ross RJ, Snowden JA (2012) Reconstitution Graves’ disease following autologous haematopoietic stem cell transplantation for severe diffuse systemic sclerosis. Q J Med 105:369–371CrossRef
100.
go back to reference Sinha A, Abinun M, Gennery AR, Barge D, Slatter M, Cheetam T (2013) Graves’ immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in Childhood. Thyroid 23:1010–1014PubMedCrossRef Sinha A, Abinun M, Gennery AR, Barge D, Slatter M, Cheetam T (2013) Graves’ immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in Childhood. Thyroid 23:1010–1014PubMedCrossRef
101.
go back to reference Daniels GH, Vladic A, Brinar V, Zavalishin I, Valente W, Oyuela P, Palmer J, Margolin DH (2014) Alemtuzumab-related thyroid dysfunction in a phase 2 trial of patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 99:80–89PubMedCrossRef Daniels GH, Vladic A, Brinar V, Zavalishin I, Valente W, Oyuela P, Palmer J, Margolin DH (2014) Alemtuzumab-related thyroid dysfunction in a phase 2 trial of patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 99:80–89PubMedCrossRef
102.
go back to reference Cohen JA, Coles AJ, Arnold DL, Confavreux C, Fox EJ, Hartung H-P, Havrdova E, Selmaj KW, Weiner HL, Fisher E, Brinar VV, Giovannoni G, Stojanovic M, Ertik BI, Lake SL, Margolin DH, Panzara MA, Compston DAS, For the CARE-MS investigators (2012) Alemtuzumab versus interferon beta 1a as first-line treatment for patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: a randomized controlled phase 3 trial. Lancet 380:1819–1828PubMedCrossRef Cohen JA, Coles AJ, Arnold DL, Confavreux C, Fox EJ, Hartung H-P, Havrdova E, Selmaj KW, Weiner HL, Fisher E, Brinar VV, Giovannoni G, Stojanovic M, Ertik BI, Lake SL, Margolin DH, Panzara MA, Compston DAS, For the CARE-MS investigators (2012) Alemtuzumab versus interferon beta 1a as first-line treatment for patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: a randomized controlled phase 3 trial. Lancet 380:1819–1828PubMedCrossRef
Metadata
Title
Management of hyperthyroidism due to Graves’ disease: frequently asked questions and answers (if any)
Authors
L. Bartalena
L. Chiovato
P. Vitti
Publication date
01-10-2016
Publisher
Springer International Publishing
Published in
Journal of Endocrinological Investigation / Issue 10/2016
Electronic ISSN: 1720-8386
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40618-016-0505-x

Other articles of this Issue 10/2016

Journal of Endocrinological Investigation 10/2016 Go to the issue
Live Webinar | 27-06-2024 | 18:00 (CEST)

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Live: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)

WHO estimates that half of all patients worldwide are non-adherent to their prescribed medication. The consequences of poor adherence can be catastrophic, on both the individual and population level.

Join our expert panel to discover why you need to understand the drivers of non-adherence in your patients, and how you can optimize medication adherence in your clinics to drastically improve patient outcomes.

Prof. Kevin Dolgin
Prof. Florian Limbourg
Prof. Anoop Chauhan
Developed by: Springer Medicine
Obesity Clinical Trial Summary

At a glance: The STEP trials

A round-up of the STEP phase 3 clinical trials evaluating semaglutide for weight loss in people with overweight or obesity.

Developed by: Springer Medicine