Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Current Oncology Reports 3/2012

01-06-2012 | Gastrointestinal Cancers (L Saltz, Section Editor)

Management of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Beyond Sorafenib

Authors: Stephen L. Chan, Tony Mok, Brigette B. Y. Ma

Published in: Current Oncology Reports | Issue 3/2012

Login to get access

Abstract

The positive results of sorafenib have unveiled a new direction of research in the management of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Since then intensive efforts have been focused on development of novel management strategy to further improve the outcome for patients with HCC. Emerging data have suggested that tumor progression of HCC is driven by a number of deregulated signaling pathways and/or epigenetic mechanism. Thus much effort is dedicated to identification of novel agents targeting these dysregulated pathways. Combinations of targeted therapeutics and transarterial chemoembolization (TACE), or different systemic therapeutics also hold the promise to improve treatment outcome beyond sorafenib. This review aims to summarize the current status of clinical development of treatment in HCC. Perspectives on future direction of research will also be discussed.
Literature
1.
go back to reference Parkin DM, Bray F, Ferlay J, Pisani P. Global cancer statistics, 2002. CA Cancer J Clin. 2005;55:74–108.PubMedCrossRef Parkin DM, Bray F, Ferlay J, Pisani P. Global cancer statistics, 2002. CA Cancer J Clin. 2005;55:74–108.PubMedCrossRef
2.
go back to reference El-Serag HB, Rudolph KL. Hepatocellular carcinoma: epidemiology and molecular carcinogenesis. Gastroenterology. 2007;132:2557–76.PubMedCrossRef El-Serag HB, Rudolph KL. Hepatocellular carcinoma: epidemiology and molecular carcinogenesis. Gastroenterology. 2007;132:2557–76.PubMedCrossRef
3.
4.
go back to reference Chan SL, Mo FK, Johnson PJ, et al. Prospective validation of the Chinese University Prognostic Index and comparison with other staging systems for hepatocellular carcinoma in an Asian population. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2011;26:340–7.PubMedCrossRef Chan SL, Mo FK, Johnson PJ, et al. Prospective validation of the Chinese University Prognostic Index and comparison with other staging systems for hepatocellular carcinoma in an Asian population. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2011;26:340–7.PubMedCrossRef
6.
go back to reference Llovet JM, Bruix J. Systematic review of randomized trials for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: Chemoembolization improves survival. Hepatology. 2003;37:429–42.PubMedCrossRef Llovet JM, Bruix J. Systematic review of randomized trials for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: Chemoembolization improves survival. Hepatology. 2003;37:429–42.PubMedCrossRef
7.
go back to reference Lo CM, Ngan H, Tso WK, et al. Randomized controlled trial of transarterial lipiodol chemoembolization for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology. 2002;35:1164–71.PubMedCrossRef Lo CM, Ngan H, Tso WK, et al. Randomized controlled trial of transarterial lipiodol chemoembolization for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology. 2002;35:1164–71.PubMedCrossRef
8.
go back to reference Pons F, Varela M, Llovet JM. Staging systems in hepatocellular carcinoma. HPB (Oxford). 2005;7:35–41.CrossRef Pons F, Varela M, Llovet JM. Staging systems in hepatocellular carcinoma. HPB (Oxford). 2005;7:35–41.CrossRef
9.
go back to reference Chan AT, Kishi Y, Chan SL, Vauthey JN. Accomplishments in 2007 in the management of hepatobiliary cancers. Gastrointest Cancer Res. 2008;2:S25–31.PubMed Chan AT, Kishi Y, Chan SL, Vauthey JN. Accomplishments in 2007 in the management of hepatobiliary cancers. Gastrointest Cancer Res. 2008;2:S25–31.PubMed
10.
go back to reference Yeo W, Mok TS, Zee B, et al. A randomized phase III study of doxorubicin versus cisplatin/interferon alpha-2b/doxorubicin/fluorouracil (PIAF) combination chemotherapy for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2005;97:1532–8.PubMedCrossRef Yeo W, Mok TS, Zee B, et al. A randomized phase III study of doxorubicin versus cisplatin/interferon alpha-2b/doxorubicin/fluorouracil (PIAF) combination chemotherapy for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2005;97:1532–8.PubMedCrossRef
11.
go back to reference Chan SL, Mo FK, Johnson PJ, et al. New utility of an old marker: serial alpha-fetoprotein measurement in predicting radiologic response and survival of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma undergoing systemic chemotherapy. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27:446–52.PubMedCrossRef Chan SL, Mo FK, Johnson PJ, et al. New utility of an old marker: serial alpha-fetoprotein measurement in predicting radiologic response and survival of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma undergoing systemic chemotherapy. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27:446–52.PubMedCrossRef
12.
go back to reference Wilhelm SM, Carter C, Tang L, et al. BAY 43–9006 exhibits broad spectrum oral antitumor activity and targets the RAF/MEK/ERK pathway and receptor tyrosine kinases involved in tumor progression and angiogenesis. Cancer Res. 2004;64:7099–109.PubMedCrossRef Wilhelm SM, Carter C, Tang L, et al. BAY 43–9006 exhibits broad spectrum oral antitumor activity and targets the RAF/MEK/ERK pathway and receptor tyrosine kinases involved in tumor progression and angiogenesis. Cancer Res. 2004;64:7099–109.PubMedCrossRef
13.
go back to reference Chang YS, Adnane J, Trail PA, et al. Sorafenib (BAY 43–9006) inhibits tumor growth and vascularization and induces tumor apoptosis and hypoxia in RCC xenograft models. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2007;59:561–74.PubMedCrossRef Chang YS, Adnane J, Trail PA, et al. Sorafenib (BAY 43–9006) inhibits tumor growth and vascularization and induces tumor apoptosis and hypoxia in RCC xenograft models. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2007;59:561–74.PubMedCrossRef
14.
go back to reference Llovet JM, Ricci S, Mazzaferro V, et al. Sorafenib in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 2008;359:378–90.PubMedCrossRef Llovet JM, Ricci S, Mazzaferro V, et al. Sorafenib in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 2008;359:378–90.PubMedCrossRef
15.
go back to reference •• Cheng AL, Kang YK, Chen Z, et al. Efficacy and safety of sorafenib in patients in the Asia-Pacific region with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: a phase III randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Oncol. 2009;10:25–34. This phase III clinical trial showed that sorafenib could prolong overall survival of patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma in Asian population.PubMedCrossRef •• Cheng AL, Kang YK, Chen Z, et al. Efficacy and safety of sorafenib in patients in the Asia-Pacific region with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: a phase III randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Oncol. 2009;10:25–34. This phase III clinical trial showed that sorafenib could prolong overall survival of patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma in Asian population.PubMedCrossRef
16.
go back to reference Toh HC, Chen PJ, Carr BI, et al. Linifanib phase II trial in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). J Clin Oncol. 2010;28:15s. suppl; abstr 4038. Toh HC, Chen PJ, Carr BI, et al. Linifanib phase II trial in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). J Clin Oncol. 2010;28:15s. suppl; abstr 4038.
17.
go back to reference Koch I, Baron A, Roberts S, et al. Influence of hepatic dysfunction on safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics (PK) of PTK787/ZK 222584 in patients (Pts) with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:341S-S.CrossRef Koch I, Baron A, Roberts S, et al. Influence of hepatic dysfunction on safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics (PK) of PTK787/ZK 222584 in patients (Pts) with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:341S-S.CrossRef
18.
go back to reference Yau T, Chen PJ, Chan P, et al. Phase I dose-finding study of pazopanib in hepatocellular carcinoma: evaluation of early efficacy, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics. Clin Cancer Res;17:6914–23. Yau T, Chen PJ, Chan P, et al. Phase I dose-finding study of pazopanib in hepatocellular carcinoma: evaluation of early efficacy, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics. Clin Cancer Res;17:6914–23.
19.
go back to reference Bolondi L, Tak WY, Gasbarrini A, et al. Phase II safety study of the oral multikinase inhibitor regorafenib (BAY 73–4506) as second-line therapy in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Eur J Canc;47:S464-S. Bolondi L, Tak WY, Gasbarrini A, et al. Phase II safety study of the oral multikinase inhibitor regorafenib (BAY 73–4506) as second-line therapy in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Eur J Canc;47:S464-S.
20.
go back to reference Alberts SR, Morlan BW, Kim GP, et al. NCCTG phase II trial (N044J) of AZD2171 for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)--Interim review of toxicity. ASCO Gastrointestinal Cancers Symposium 2007:Abstract number 186. Alberts SR, Morlan BW, Kim GP, et al. NCCTG phase II trial (N044J) of AZD2171 for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)--Interim review of toxicity. ASCO Gastrointestinal Cancers Symposium 2007:Abstract number 186.
21.
go back to reference Faivre S, Raymond E, Boucher E, et al. Safety and efficacy of sunitinib in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: an open-label, multicentre, phase II study. Lancet Oncol. 2009;10:794–800.PubMedCrossRef Faivre S, Raymond E, Boucher E, et al. Safety and efficacy of sunitinib in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: an open-label, multicentre, phase II study. Lancet Oncol. 2009;10:794–800.PubMedCrossRef
22.
go back to reference Zhu AX, Sahani DV, Duda DG, et al. Efficacy, safety, and potential biomarkers of sunitinib monotherapy in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: a phase II study. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27:3027–35.PubMedCrossRef Zhu AX, Sahani DV, Duda DG, et al. Efficacy, safety, and potential biomarkers of sunitinib monotherapy in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: a phase II study. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27:3027–35.PubMedCrossRef
23.
go back to reference Cheng A, Kang D, Lin J, et al. Phase III trial of sunitinib (Su) versus sorafenib (So) in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). J Clin Oncol 2011;29:(suppl; abstr 4000). Cheng A, Kang D, Lin J, et al. Phase III trial of sunitinib (Su) versus sorafenib (So) in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). J Clin Oncol 2011;29:(suppl; abstr 4000).
24.
go back to reference Bergers G, Hanahan D. Modes of resistance to anti-angiogenic therapy. Nat Rev Cancer. 2008;8:592–603.PubMedCrossRef Bergers G, Hanahan D. Modes of resistance to anti-angiogenic therapy. Nat Rev Cancer. 2008;8:592–603.PubMedCrossRef
25.
go back to reference Cai ZW, Zhang Y, Borzilleri RM, et al. Discovery of brivanib alaninate ((S)-((R)-1-(4-(4-fluoro-2-methyl-1H-indol-5-yloxy)-5-methylpyrrolo[2,1-f] [1,2,4]triazin-6-yloxy)propan-2-yl)2-aminopropanoate), a novel prodrug of dual vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 and fibroblast growth factor receptor-1 kinase inhibitor (BMS-540215). J Med Chem. 2008;51:1976–80.PubMedCrossRef Cai ZW, Zhang Y, Borzilleri RM, et al. Discovery of brivanib alaninate ((S)-((R)-1-(4-(4-fluoro-2-methyl-1H-indol-5-yloxy)-5-methylpyrrolo[2,1-f] [1,2,4]triazin-6-yloxy)propan-2-yl)2-aminopropanoate), a novel prodrug of dual vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 and fibroblast growth factor receptor-1 kinase inhibitor (BMS-540215). J Med Chem. 2008;51:1976–80.PubMedCrossRef
26.
go back to reference Park JW, Finn RS, Kim JS, et al. Phase II, open-label study of brivanib as first-line therapy in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res. 2011;17:1973–83.PubMedCrossRef Park JW, Finn RS, Kim JS, et al. Phase II, open-label study of brivanib as first-line therapy in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res. 2011;17:1973–83.PubMedCrossRef
27.
go back to reference Raoul JL, Finn RS, Kang YK, et al. An open-label phase II study of first- and second-line treatment with brivanib in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). J Clin Oncol. 2009;27:15s. suppl; abstr 4577.CrossRef Raoul JL, Finn RS, Kang YK, et al. An open-label phase II study of first- and second-line treatment with brivanib in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). J Clin Oncol. 2009;27:15s. suppl; abstr 4577.CrossRef
28.
go back to reference Laird AD, Vajkoczy P, Shawver LK, et al. SU6668 is a potent antiangiogenic and antitumor agent that induces regression of established tumors. Cancer Res. 2000;60:4152–60.PubMed Laird AD, Vajkoczy P, Shawver LK, et al. SU6668 is a potent antiangiogenic and antitumor agent that induces regression of established tumors. Cancer Res. 2000;60:4152–60.PubMed
29.
go back to reference Nakamura T, Ozawa S, Kitagawa Y, et al. Antiangiogenic agent SU6668 suppresses the tumor growth of xenografted A-431 cells. Oncol Rep. 2006;15:79–83.PubMed Nakamura T, Ozawa S, Kitagawa Y, et al. Antiangiogenic agent SU6668 suppresses the tumor growth of xenografted A-431 cells. Oncol Rep. 2006;15:79–83.PubMed
30.
go back to reference Kanai F, Yoshida H, Tateishi R, et al. A phase I/II trial of the oral antiangiogenic agent TSU-68 in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2011;67:315–24.PubMedCrossRef Kanai F, Yoshida H, Tateishi R, et al. A phase I/II trial of the oral antiangiogenic agent TSU-68 in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2011;67:315–24.PubMedCrossRef
31.
go back to reference Lee SH, Lopes de Menezes D, Vora J, et al. In vivo target modulation and biological activity of CHIR-258, a multitargeted growth factor receptor kinase inhibitor, in colon cancer models. Clin Cancer Res. 2005;11:3633–41.PubMedCrossRef Lee SH, Lopes de Menezes D, Vora J, et al. In vivo target modulation and biological activity of CHIR-258, a multitargeted growth factor receptor kinase inhibitor, in colon cancer models. Clin Cancer Res. 2005;11:3633–41.PubMedCrossRef
33.
go back to reference Siegel AB, Cohen EI, Ocean A, et al. Phase II trial evaluating the clinical and biologic effects of bevacizumab in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26:2992–8.PubMedCrossRef Siegel AB, Cohen EI, Ocean A, et al. Phase II trial evaluating the clinical and biologic effects of bevacizumab in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26:2992–8.PubMedCrossRef
34.
go back to reference Zhu AX, Finn RS, Mulcahy MF, et al. A phase II study of ramucirumab as first-line monotherapy in patients (pts) with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). J Clin Oncol 2010;28:suppl; abstr 4083. Zhu AX, Finn RS, Mulcahy MF, et al. A phase II study of ramucirumab as first-line monotherapy in patients (pts) with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). J Clin Oncol 2010;28:suppl; abstr 4083.
35.
go back to reference Mok TS, Wu YL, Thongprasert S, et al. Gefitinib or carboplatin-paclitaxel in pulmonary adenocarcinoma. N Engl J Med. 2009;361:947–57.PubMedCrossRef Mok TS, Wu YL, Thongprasert S, et al. Gefitinib or carboplatin-paclitaxel in pulmonary adenocarcinoma. N Engl J Med. 2009;361:947–57.PubMedCrossRef
36.
go back to reference Van Cutsem E, Kohne CH, Hitre E, et al. Cetuximab and chemotherapy as initial treatment for metastatic colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med. 2009;360:1408–17.PubMedCrossRef Van Cutsem E, Kohne CH, Hitre E, et al. Cetuximab and chemotherapy as initial treatment for metastatic colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med. 2009;360:1408–17.PubMedCrossRef
37.
go back to reference Whittaker S, Marais R, Zhu AX. The role of signaling pathways in the development and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncogene. 2010;29:4989–5005.PubMedCrossRef Whittaker S, Marais R, Zhu AX. The role of signaling pathways in the development and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncogene. 2010;29:4989–5005.PubMedCrossRef
38.
go back to reference Morimitsu Y, Hsia CC, Kojiro M, Tabor E. Nodules of less-differentiated tumor within or adjacent to hepatocellular carcinoma: relative expression of transforming growth factor-alpha and its receptor in the different areas of tumor. Hum Pathol. 1995;26:1126–32.PubMedCrossRef Morimitsu Y, Hsia CC, Kojiro M, Tabor E. Nodules of less-differentiated tumor within or adjacent to hepatocellular carcinoma: relative expression of transforming growth factor-alpha and its receptor in the different areas of tumor. Hum Pathol. 1995;26:1126–32.PubMedCrossRef
39.
go back to reference Nalesnik MA, Lee RG, Carr BI. Transforming growth factor alpha (TGFalpha) in hepatocellular carcinomas and adjacent hepatic parenchyma. Hum Pathol. 1998;29:228–34.PubMedCrossRef Nalesnik MA, Lee RG, Carr BI. Transforming growth factor alpha (TGFalpha) in hepatocellular carcinomas and adjacent hepatic parenchyma. Hum Pathol. 1998;29:228–34.PubMedCrossRef
40.
go back to reference Chung YH, Kim JA, Song BC, et al. Expression of transforming growth factor-alpha mRNA in livers of patients with chronic viral hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer. 2000;89:977–82.PubMedCrossRef Chung YH, Kim JA, Song BC, et al. Expression of transforming growth factor-alpha mRNA in livers of patients with chronic viral hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer. 2000;89:977–82.PubMedCrossRef
41.
go back to reference Philip PA, Mahoney MR, Allmer C, et al. Phase II study of Erlotinib (OSI-774) in patients with advanced hepatocellular cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:6657–63.PubMedCrossRef Philip PA, Mahoney MR, Allmer C, et al. Phase II study of Erlotinib (OSI-774) in patients with advanced hepatocellular cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:6657–63.PubMedCrossRef
42.
go back to reference Thomas MB, Chadha R, Glover K, et al. Phase 2 study of erlotinib in patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer. 2007;110:1059–67.PubMedCrossRef Thomas MB, Chadha R, Glover K, et al. Phase 2 study of erlotinib in patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer. 2007;110:1059–67.PubMedCrossRef
43.
go back to reference Ramanathan RK, Belani CP, Singh DA, et al. A phase II study of lapatinib in patients with advanced biliary tree and hepatocellular cancer. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2009;64:777–83.PubMedCrossRef Ramanathan RK, Belani CP, Singh DA, et al. A phase II study of lapatinib in patients with advanced biliary tree and hepatocellular cancer. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2009;64:777–83.PubMedCrossRef
44.
go back to reference Bekaii-Saab T, Markowitz J, Prescott N, et al. A multi-institutional phase II study of the efficacy and tolerability of lapatinib in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinomas. Clin Cancer Res. 2009;15:5895–901.PubMedCrossRef Bekaii-Saab T, Markowitz J, Prescott N, et al. A multi-institutional phase II study of the efficacy and tolerability of lapatinib in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinomas. Clin Cancer Res. 2009;15:5895–901.PubMedCrossRef
45.
go back to reference Zhu AX, Stuart K, Blaszkowsky LS, et al. Phase 2 study of cetuximab in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer. 2007;110:581–9.PubMedCrossRef Zhu AX, Stuart K, Blaszkowsky LS, et al. Phase 2 study of cetuximab in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer. 2007;110:581–9.PubMedCrossRef
46.
go back to reference Gruenwald Y, Wilkens L, Gebel M, et al. A phase II open-label study of cetuximab in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: final results. ASCO Annual Meeting Proceedings 2007;Part I. Vol 25, No. 18S 4598. Gruenwald Y, Wilkens L, Gebel M, et al. A phase II open-label study of cetuximab in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: final results. ASCO Annual Meeting Proceedings 2007;Part I. Vol 25, No. 18S 4598.
47.
go back to reference Pediaditakis P, Lopez-Talavera JC, Petersen B, et al. The processing and utilization of hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor following partial hepatectomy in the rat. Hepatology. 2001;34:688–93.PubMedCrossRef Pediaditakis P, Lopez-Talavera JC, Petersen B, et al. The processing and utilization of hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor following partial hepatectomy in the rat. Hepatology. 2001;34:688–93.PubMedCrossRef
48.
go back to reference Huh CG, Factor VM, Sanchez A, et al. Hepatocyte growth factor/c-met signaling pathway is required for efficient liver regeneration and repair. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004;101:4477–82.PubMedCrossRef Huh CG, Factor VM, Sanchez A, et al. Hepatocyte growth factor/c-met signaling pathway is required for efficient liver regeneration and repair. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004;101:4477–82.PubMedCrossRef
49.
go back to reference Michieli P, Mazzone M, Basilico C, et al. Targeting the tumor and its microenvironment by a dual-function decoy Met receptor. Cancer Cell. 2004;6:61–73.PubMedCrossRef Michieli P, Mazzone M, Basilico C, et al. Targeting the tumor and its microenvironment by a dual-function decoy Met receptor. Cancer Cell. 2004;6:61–73.PubMedCrossRef
50.
go back to reference Comoglio PM, Trusolino L. Invasive growth: from development to metastasis. J Clin Invest. 2002;109:857–62.PubMed Comoglio PM, Trusolino L. Invasive growth: from development to metastasis. J Clin Invest. 2002;109:857–62.PubMed
51.
go back to reference Kiss A, Wang NJ, Xie JP, Thorgeirsson SS. Analysis of transforming growth factor (TGF)-alpha/epidermal growth factor receptor, hepatocyte growth Factor/c-met, TGF-beta receptor type II, and p53 expression in human hepatocellular carcinomas. Clin Cancer Res. 1997;3:1059–66.PubMed Kiss A, Wang NJ, Xie JP, Thorgeirsson SS. Analysis of transforming growth factor (TGF)-alpha/epidermal growth factor receptor, hepatocyte growth Factor/c-met, TGF-beta receptor type II, and p53 expression in human hepatocellular carcinomas. Clin Cancer Res. 1997;3:1059–66.PubMed
52.
go back to reference Osada S, Kanematsu M, Imai H, Goshima S. Clinical significance of serum HGF and c-Met expression in tumor tissue for evaluation of properties and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatogastroenterology. 2008;55:544–9.PubMed Osada S, Kanematsu M, Imai H, Goshima S. Clinical significance of serum HGF and c-Met expression in tumor tissue for evaluation of properties and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatogastroenterology. 2008;55:544–9.PubMed
53.
go back to reference Ljubimova JY, Petrovic LM, Wilson SE, et al. Expression of HGF, its receptor c-met, c-myc, and albumin in cirrhotic and neoplastic human liver tissue. J Histochem Cytochem. 1997;45:79–87.PubMedCrossRef Ljubimova JY, Petrovic LM, Wilson SE, et al. Expression of HGF, its receptor c-met, c-myc, and albumin in cirrhotic and neoplastic human liver tissue. J Histochem Cytochem. 1997;45:79–87.PubMedCrossRef
54.
go back to reference Okano J, Shiota G, Kawasaki H. Expression of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and HGF receptor (c-met) proteins in liver diseases: an immunohistochemical study. Liver. 1999;19:151–9.PubMedCrossRef Okano J, Shiota G, Kawasaki H. Expression of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and HGF receptor (c-met) proteins in liver diseases: an immunohistochemical study. Liver. 1999;19:151–9.PubMedCrossRef
55.
go back to reference Kaposi-Novak P, Lee JS, Gomez-Quiroz L, et al. Met-regulated expression signature defines a subset of human hepatocellular carcinomas with poor prognosis and aggressive phenotype. J Clin Invest. 2006;116:1582–95.PubMedCrossRef Kaposi-Novak P, Lee JS, Gomez-Quiroz L, et al. Met-regulated expression signature defines a subset of human hepatocellular carcinomas with poor prognosis and aggressive phenotype. J Clin Invest. 2006;116:1582–95.PubMedCrossRef
56.
go back to reference Ueki T, Fujimoto J, Suzuki T, et al. Expression of hepatocyte growth factor and its receptor, the c-met proto-oncogene, in hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology. 1997;25:619–23.PubMedCrossRef Ueki T, Fujimoto J, Suzuki T, et al. Expression of hepatocyte growth factor and its receptor, the c-met proto-oncogene, in hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology. 1997;25:619–23.PubMedCrossRef
57.
go back to reference Ke AW, Shi GM, Zhou J, et al. Role of overexpression of CD151 and/or c-Met in predicting prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology. 2009;49:491–503.PubMedCrossRef Ke AW, Shi GM, Zhou J, et al. Role of overexpression of CD151 and/or c-Met in predicting prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology. 2009;49:491–503.PubMedCrossRef
58.
go back to reference You H, Ding W, Dang H, et al. c-Met represents a potential therapeutic target for personalized treatment in hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology. 2011;54:879–89.PubMedCrossRef You H, Ding W, Dang H, et al. c-Met represents a potential therapeutic target for personalized treatment in hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology. 2011;54:879–89.PubMedCrossRef
59.
go back to reference Adjei AA, Schwartz B, Garmey E. Early clinical development of ARQ 197, a selective, non-ATP-competitive inhibitor targeting MET tyrosine kinase for the treatment of advanced cancers. Oncologist. 2011;16:788–99.PubMedCrossRef Adjei AA, Schwartz B, Garmey E. Early clinical development of ARQ 197, a selective, non-ATP-competitive inhibitor targeting MET tyrosine kinase for the treatment of advanced cancers. Oncologist. 2011;16:788–99.PubMedCrossRef
60.
go back to reference Zucali P, Santoro A, Rodriguez-Lope C, et al. Final results from ARQ 197–114: a phase Ib safety trial evaluating ARQ 197 in cirrhotic patients (pts) with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). J Clin Oncol 2010;28:suppl; abstr 4137. Zucali P, Santoro A, Rodriguez-Lope C, et al. Final results from ARQ 197–114: a phase Ib safety trial evaluating ARQ 197 in cirrhotic patients (pts) with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). J Clin Oncol 2010;28:suppl; abstr 4137.
61.
go back to reference Villanueva A, Chiang DY, Newell P, et al. Pivotal role of mTOR signaling in hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology. 2008;135:1972–83. 83 e1-11.PubMedCrossRef Villanueva A, Chiang DY, Newell P, et al. Pivotal role of mTOR signaling in hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology. 2008;135:1972–83. 83 e1-11.PubMedCrossRef
62.
go back to reference Sahin F, Kannangai R, Adegbola O, et al. mTOR and P70 S6 kinase expression in primary liver neoplasms. Clin Cancer Res. 2004;10:8421–5.PubMedCrossRef Sahin F, Kannangai R, Adegbola O, et al. mTOR and P70 S6 kinase expression in primary liver neoplasms. Clin Cancer Res. 2004;10:8421–5.PubMedCrossRef
63.
go back to reference Zhu AX, Abrams TA, Miksad R, et al. Phase 1/2 study of everolimus in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer. 2011;117:5094–102.PubMedCrossRef Zhu AX, Abrams TA, Miksad R, et al. Phase 1/2 study of everolimus in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer. 2011;117:5094–102.PubMedCrossRef
64.
go back to reference Huynh H, Nguyen TT, Chow KH, et al. Over-expression of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) kinase (MEK)-MAPK in hepatocellular carcinoma: its role in tumor progression and apoptosis. BMC Gastroenterol. 2003;3:19.PubMedCrossRef Huynh H, Nguyen TT, Chow KH, et al. Over-expression of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) kinase (MEK)-MAPK in hepatocellular carcinoma: its role in tumor progression and apoptosis. BMC Gastroenterol. 2003;3:19.PubMedCrossRef
65.
go back to reference O’Neil BH, Goff LW, Kauh JS, et al. Phase II study of the mitogen-activated protein kinase 1/2 inhibitor selumetinib in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. J Clin Oncol. 2011;29:2350–6.PubMedCrossRef O’Neil BH, Goff LW, Kauh JS, et al. Phase II study of the mitogen-activated protein kinase 1/2 inhibitor selumetinib in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. J Clin Oncol. 2011;29:2350–6.PubMedCrossRef
66.
go back to reference Balmanno K, Chell SD, Gillings AS, et al. Intrinsic resistance to the MEK1/2 inhibitor AZD6244 (ARRY-142886) is associated with weak ERK1/2 signalling and/or strong PI3K signalling in colorectal cancer cell lines. Int J Cancer. 2009;125:2332–41.PubMedCrossRef Balmanno K, Chell SD, Gillings AS, et al. Intrinsic resistance to the MEK1/2 inhibitor AZD6244 (ARRY-142886) is associated with weak ERK1/2 signalling and/or strong PI3K signalling in colorectal cancer cell lines. Int J Cancer. 2009;125:2332–41.PubMedCrossRef
67.
go back to reference Ball DW, Jin N, Rosen DM, et al. Selective growth inhibition in BRAF mutant thyroid cancer by the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1/2 inhibitor AZD6244. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007;92:4712–8.PubMedCrossRef Ball DW, Jin N, Rosen DM, et al. Selective growth inhibition in BRAF mutant thyroid cancer by the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1/2 inhibitor AZD6244. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007;92:4712–8.PubMedCrossRef
68.
go back to reference Rodriguez-Paredes M, Esteller M. Cancer epigenetics reaches mainstream oncology. Nat Med. 2011;17:330–9.PubMedCrossRef Rodriguez-Paredes M, Esteller M. Cancer epigenetics reaches mainstream oncology. Nat Med. 2011;17:330–9.PubMedCrossRef
69.
go back to reference Um TH, Kim H, Oh BK, et al. Aberrant CpG island hypermethylation in dysplastic nodules and early HCC of hepatitis B virus-related human multistep hepatocarcinogenesis. J Hepatol. 2011;54:939–47.PubMedCrossRef Um TH, Kim H, Oh BK, et al. Aberrant CpG island hypermethylation in dysplastic nodules and early HCC of hepatitis B virus-related human multistep hepatocarcinogenesis. J Hepatol. 2011;54:939–47.PubMedCrossRef
70.
go back to reference Piekarz RL, Frye R, Turner M, et al. Phase II multi-institutional trial of the histone deacetylase inhibitor romidepsin as monotherapy for patients with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27:5410–7.PubMedCrossRef Piekarz RL, Frye R, Turner M, et al. Phase II multi-institutional trial of the histone deacetylase inhibitor romidepsin as monotherapy for patients with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27:5410–7.PubMedCrossRef
71.
go back to reference Mann BS, Johnson JR, He K, et al. Vorinostat for treatment of cutaneous manifestations of advanced primary cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Clin Cancer Res. 2007;13:2318–22.PubMedCrossRef Mann BS, Johnson JR, He K, et al. Vorinostat for treatment of cutaneous manifestations of advanced primary cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Clin Cancer Res. 2007;13:2318–22.PubMedCrossRef
72.
go back to reference • Ma BB, Sung F, Tao Q, et al. The preclinical activity of the histone deacetylase inhibitor PXD101 (belinostat) in hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines. Invest New Drugs. 2010;28:107–14. This study provided preclinical evidence of efficacy on a novel class of agent, histone deacetylase inhibitor, in HCC cell lines.PubMedCrossRef • Ma BB, Sung F, Tao Q, et al. The preclinical activity of the histone deacetylase inhibitor PXD101 (belinostat) in hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines. Invest New Drugs. 2010;28:107–14. This study provided preclinical evidence of efficacy on a novel class of agent, histone deacetylase inhibitor, in HCC cell lines.PubMedCrossRef
73.
go back to reference Carlisi D, Lauricella M, D’Anneo A, et al. The histone deacetylase inhibitor suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid sensitises human hepatocellular carcinoma cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis by TRAIL-DISC activation. Eur J Cancer. 2009;45:2425–38.PubMedCrossRef Carlisi D, Lauricella M, D’Anneo A, et al. The histone deacetylase inhibitor suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid sensitises human hepatocellular carcinoma cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis by TRAIL-DISC activation. Eur J Cancer. 2009;45:2425–38.PubMedCrossRef
74.
go back to reference Carlisi D, Vassallo B, Lauricella M, et al. Histone deacetylase inhibitors induce in human hepatoma HepG2 cells acetylation of p53 and histones in correlation with apoptotic effects. Int J Oncol. 2008;32:177–84.PubMed Carlisi D, Vassallo B, Lauricella M, et al. Histone deacetylase inhibitors induce in human hepatoma HepG2 cells acetylation of p53 and histones in correlation with apoptotic effects. Int J Oncol. 2008;32:177–84.PubMed
75.
go back to reference Yeo W, Chung HC, Chan SL, et al. A phase II study of epigenetic therapy using belinostat for patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma—a multicenter study of the Mayo Phase 2 Consortium (P2C) and the Cancer Therapeutics Research Group (CTRG). Eur J Canc;47:S470-S1. Yeo W, Chung HC, Chan SL, et al. A phase II study of epigenetic therapy using belinostat for patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma—a multicenter study of the Mayo Phase 2 Consortium (P2C) and the Cancer Therapeutics Research Group (CTRG). Eur J Canc;47:S470-S1.
76.
go back to reference Li X, Feng GS, Zheng CS, et al. Expression of plasma vascular endothelial growth factor in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and effect of transcatheter arterial chemoembolization therapy on plasma vascular endothelial growth factor level. World J Gastroenterol. 2004;10:2878–82.PubMed Li X, Feng GS, Zheng CS, et al. Expression of plasma vascular endothelial growth factor in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and effect of transcatheter arterial chemoembolization therapy on plasma vascular endothelial growth factor level. World J Gastroenterol. 2004;10:2878–82.PubMed
77.
go back to reference Wang B, Xu H, Gao ZQ, et al. Increased expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in hepatocellular carcinoma after transcatheter arterial chemoembolization. Acta Radiol. 2008;49:523–9.PubMedCrossRef Wang B, Xu H, Gao ZQ, et al. Increased expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in hepatocellular carcinoma after transcatheter arterial chemoembolization. Acta Radiol. 2008;49:523–9.PubMedCrossRef
78.
go back to reference Sergio A, Cristofori C, Cardin R, et al. Transcatheter Arterial Chemoembolization (TACE) in Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC): The Role of Angiogenesis and Invasiveness. Am J Gastroenterol 2008. Sergio A, Cristofori C, Cardin R, et al. Transcatheter Arterial Chemoembolization (TACE) in Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC): The Role of Angiogenesis and Invasiveness. Am J Gastroenterol 2008.
79.
go back to reference Jiang H, Meng Q, Tan H, et al. Antiangiogenic therapy enhances the efficacy of transcatheter arterial embolization for hepatocellular carcinomas. Int J Cancer. 2007;121:416–24.PubMedCrossRef Jiang H, Meng Q, Tan H, et al. Antiangiogenic therapy enhances the efficacy of transcatheter arterial embolization for hepatocellular carcinomas. Int J Cancer. 2007;121:416–24.PubMedCrossRef
80.
go back to reference Dufour JF, Hoppe H, Heim MH, et al. Continuous administration of sorafenib in combination with transarterial chemoembolization in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: results of a phase I study. Oncologist;15:1198–204. Dufour JF, Hoppe H, Heim MH, et al. Continuous administration of sorafenib in combination with transarterial chemoembolization in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: results of a phase I study. Oncologist;15:1198–204.
81.
go back to reference Kudo M, Imanaka K, Chida N, et al. Phase III study of sorafenib after transarterial chemoembolisation in Japanese and Korean patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Eur J Canc;47:2117–27. Kudo M, Imanaka K, Chida N, et al. Phase III study of sorafenib after transarterial chemoembolisation in Japanese and Korean patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Eur J Canc;47:2117–27.
82.
go back to reference • Pawlik TM, Reyes DK, Cosgrove D, et al. Phase II trial of Sorafenib combined with concurrent transarterial chemoembolization with drug-eluting beads for hepatocellular carcinoma. J Clin Oncol. 2011;29:3960–7. This single-arm phase II study is the first clinical trial which demonstrated the potential efficacy and feasibility of combining targeted therapy and transarterial therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma.PubMedCrossRef • Pawlik TM, Reyes DK, Cosgrove D, et al. Phase II trial of Sorafenib combined with concurrent transarterial chemoembolization with drug-eluting beads for hepatocellular carcinoma. J Clin Oncol. 2011;29:3960–7. This single-arm phase II study is the first clinical trial which demonstrated the potential efficacy and feasibility of combining targeted therapy and transarterial therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma.PubMedCrossRef
84.
go back to reference O’Reilly KE, Rojo F, She QB, et al. mTOR inhibition induces upstream receptor tyrosine kinase signaling and activates Akt. Cancer Res. 2006;66:1500–8.PubMedCrossRef O’Reilly KE, Rojo F, She QB, et al. mTOR inhibition induces upstream receptor tyrosine kinase signaling and activates Akt. Cancer Res. 2006;66:1500–8.PubMedCrossRef
85.
go back to reference Alberts SR, Reid JM, Morlan BW, et al. Gemcitabine and docetaxel for hepatocellular carcinoma: a Phase II North Central Cancer Treatment Group Clinical Trial. Am J Clin Oncol 2011; doi:10.1097/COC.0b013e318219863b. Alberts SR, Reid JM, Morlan BW, et al. Gemcitabine and docetaxel for hepatocellular carcinoma: a Phase II North Central Cancer Treatment Group Clinical Trial. Am J Clin Oncol 2011; doi:10.​1097/​COC.​0b013e318219863b​.
86.
go back to reference Coriat R, Mir O, Cessot A, et al. Feasibility of oxaliplatin, 5-fluorouracil and leucovorin (FOLFOX-4) in cirrhotic or liver transplant patients: experience in a cohort of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma patients. Invest New Drugs 2011 doi:10.1007/s10637-010-9525-0. Coriat R, Mir O, Cessot A, et al. Feasibility of oxaliplatin, 5-fluorouracil and leucovorin (FOLFOX-4) in cirrhotic or liver transplant patients: experience in a cohort of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma patients. Invest New Drugs 2011 doi:10.​1007/​s10637-010-9525-0.
87.
go back to reference • Abou-Alfa GK, Johnson P, Knox JJ, et al. Doxorubicin plus sorafenib vs doxorubicin alone in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: a randomized trial. Jama. 2010;304:2154–60. This paper reported on a randomized phase II clinical trial on the combination of chemotherapy and sorafenib in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. The study showed a promising survival benefit favoring the combination arm compared to doxorubicin alone.PubMedCrossRef • Abou-Alfa GK, Johnson P, Knox JJ, et al. Doxorubicin plus sorafenib vs doxorubicin alone in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: a randomized trial. Jama. 2010;304:2154–60. This paper reported on a randomized phase II clinical trial on the combination of chemotherapy and sorafenib in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. The study showed a promising survival benefit favoring the combination arm compared to doxorubicin alone.PubMedCrossRef
88.
go back to reference Hsu CH, Shen YC, Lin ZZ, et al. Phase II study of combining sorafenib with metronomic tegafur/uracil for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol. 2011;53:126–31.CrossRef Hsu CH, Shen YC, Lin ZZ, et al. Phase II study of combining sorafenib with metronomic tegafur/uracil for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol. 2011;53:126–31.CrossRef
89.
go back to reference Yau T, Chan P, Cheung FY, et al. Phase II trial of sorafenib with capecitabine and oxaliplatin (SECOX) in patients with locally advanced or metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma. Ejc Supplements. 2009;7:20–1. Yau T, Chan P, Cheung FY, et al. Phase II trial of sorafenib with capecitabine and oxaliplatin (SECOX) in patients with locally advanced or metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma. Ejc Supplements. 2009;7:20–1.
90.
go back to reference Thomas MB, Morris JS, Chadha R, et al. Phase II trial of the combination of bevacizumab and erlotinib in patients who have advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27:843–50.PubMedCrossRef Thomas MB, Morris JS, Chadha R, et al. Phase II trial of the combination of bevacizumab and erlotinib in patients who have advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27:843–50.PubMedCrossRef
91.
go back to reference Hsu CH, Yang TS, Hsu C, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of bevacizumab plus capecitabine as first-line therapy in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Br J Cancer. 2010;102:981–6.PubMedCrossRef Hsu CH, Yang TS, Hsu C, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of bevacizumab plus capecitabine as first-line therapy in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Br J Cancer. 2010;102:981–6.PubMedCrossRef
92.
go back to reference Philip PA, Mahoney MR, Holen KD, et al. Phase 2 study of bevacizumab plus erlotinib in patients with advanced hepatocellular cancer. Cancer 2011 doi:10.1002/cncr.26556. Philip PA, Mahoney MR, Holen KD, et al. Phase 2 study of bevacizumab plus erlotinib in patients with advanced hepatocellular cancer. Cancer 2011 doi:10.​1002/​cncr.​26556.
93.
go back to reference van Malenstein H, van Pelt J, Verslype C. Molecular classification of hepatocellular carcinoma anno 2011. Eur J Cancer. 2011;47:1789–97.PubMedCrossRef van Malenstein H, van Pelt J, Verslype C. Molecular classification of hepatocellular carcinoma anno 2011. Eur J Cancer. 2011;47:1789–97.PubMedCrossRef
94.
go back to reference Toh HC, Chen P, Knox JJ, et al. International phase 2 trial of ABT-869 in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Ejc Supplements. 2009;7:366–7. Toh HC, Chen P, Knox JJ, et al. International phase 2 trial of ABT-869 in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Ejc Supplements. 2009;7:366–7.
Metadata
Title
Management of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Beyond Sorafenib
Authors
Stephen L. Chan
Tony Mok
Brigette B. Y. Ma
Publication date
01-06-2012
Publisher
Current Science Inc.
Published in
Current Oncology Reports / Issue 3/2012
Print ISSN: 1523-3790
Electronic ISSN: 1534-6269
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11912-012-0233-0

Other articles of this Issue 3/2012

Current Oncology Reports 3/2012 Go to the issue

Gastrointestinal Cancers (L Saltz, Section Editor)

Toward the Non-surgical Management of Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer

Genitourinary Cancers (E Jonasch, Section Editor)

Renal Cell Carcinoma Deep Sequencing: Recent Developments

Webinar | 19-02-2024 | 17:30 (CET)

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on antibody–drug conjugates in cancer

Antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs) are novel agents that have shown promise across multiple tumor types. Explore the current landscape of ADCs in breast and lung cancer with our experts, and gain insights into the mechanism of action, key clinical trials data, existing challenges, and future directions.

Dr. Véronique Diéras
Prof. Fabrice Barlesi
Developed by: Springer Medicine