Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

LIVE: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)
Join our expert panel to discover why you need to understand the drivers of non-adherence in your patients, and how you can optimize medication adherence in your clinics to drastically improve patient outcomes.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
World Journal of Surgical Oncology
Published in: World Journal of Surgical Oncology 1/2008

Open Access 01-12-2008 | Review

Male breast cancer: is the scenario changing

Authors: Kaiyumars B Contractor, Kanchan Kaur, Gabriel S Rodrigues, Dhananjay M Kulkarni, Hemant Singhal

Published in: World Journal of Surgical Oncology | Issue 1/2008

Login to get access

Abstract

Background

The overall incidence of male breast cancer is around 1% of all breast cancers and is on the rise. In this review we aim to present various aspects of male breast cancer with particular emphasis on incidence, risk factors, patho-physiology, treatment, prognostic factors, and outcome.

Methods

Information on all aspects of male breast cancer was gathered from available relevant literature on male breast cancer from the MEDLINE database over the past 32 years from 1975 to 2007. Various reported studies were scrutinized for emerging evidence. Incidence data were also obtained from the IARC, Cancer Mondial database.

Conclusion

There is a scenario of rising incidence, particularly in urban US, Canada and UK. Even though more data on risk factors is emerging about this disease, more multi-institutional efforts to pool data with large randomized trials to show treatment and survival benefits are needed to support the existing vast emerging knowledge about the disease.
Appendix
Available only for authorised users
Literature
1.
Giordano SH, Cohen DS, Buzdar AU, Perkins G, Hortobagyi GN: Breast carcinoma in men: a population-based study. Cancer. 2004, 101: 51-57. 10.1002/cncr.20312.PubMed
2.
O'Malley CD, Prehn AW, Shema SJ, Glaser SL: Racial/ethnic differences in survival rates in a population-based series of men with breast carcinoma. Cancer. 2002, 94: 2836-2843. 10.1002/cncr.10521.PubMed
3.
International Agency for Research in Cancer – CancerMondial database, Cancer Incidence in 5 Continents (CI5, Vol 1–9).
4.
Ihekwaba FN: Breast cancer in men in black Africa: a report of 73 cases. J R Coll Surg Edinb. 1994, 39 (6): 344-347.PubMed
5.
Smigal C, Jemal A, Ward E, Cokkinides V, Smith R, Howe HL, Thun M: Trends in breast cancer by race and ethnicity: update 2006. CA Cancer J Clin. 2006, 56: 168-183.PubMed
6.
Ewertz M: Epidemiology of breast cancer: the Nordic contribution. Eur J Surg. 1996, 162: 97-99.PubMed
7.
Shavers VL, Harlan LC, Stevens JL: Racial/ethnic variation in clinical presentation, treatment, and survival among breast cancer patients under age 35. Cancer. 2003, 97: 134-147. 10.1002/cncr.11051.PubMed
8.
Devesa SS, Blot WJ, Stone BJ, Miller BA, Tarone RE, Fraumeni JF: Recent cancer trends in the United States. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1995, 87: 175-182. 10.1093/jnci/87.3.175.PubMed
9.
Levi F, Lucchini F, LaVecchia C: Epidemiology of male breast cancer. Eur J Cancer Prev. 2002, 11: 315-318. 10.1097/00008469-200208000-00001.PubMed
10.
Devesa SS, Silverman DT, Young JL, Pollack ES, Brown CC, Horm JW, Percy CL, Myers MH, McKay FW, Fraumeni JF: Cancer incidence and mortality trends among men in the United States, 1947–84. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1987, 79: 701-770.PubMed
11.
LaVecchia C, Levi F, Lucchini F: Descriptive epidemiology of male breast cancer in Europe. Int J Cancer. 1992, 51: 62-66. 10.1002/ijc.2910510113.
12.
Hill TD, Khamis HJ, Tyczynski JE, Berkel HJ: Comparison of male and female breast cancer incidence trends, tumour characteristics, and survival. Ann Epidemiol. 2005, 15: 773-780. 10.1016/j.annepidem.2005.01.001.PubMed
13.
Anderson WF, Althuis MD, Brinton LA, Devesa SS: Is male breast cancer similar or different than female breast cancer?. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2004, 83: 77-86. 10.1023/B:BREA.0000010701.08825.2d.PubMed
14.
Ballerini P, Recchione C, Cavalleri A, Moneta R, Saccozzi R, Secreto G: Hormones in male breast cancer. Tumori. 1990, 76: 26-28.PubMed
15.
Casagrande JT, Hanisch R, Pike MC, Ross RK, Brown JB, Henderson BE: A case-control study of male breast cancer. Cancer Res. 1988, 48: 1326-1330.PubMed
16.
Hultborn R, Hanson C, Kopf I, Verbiene I, Warnhammar E, Weimarck A: Prevalence of Klinefelter's syndrome in male breast cancer patients. Anticancer Res. 1997, 17: 4293-297.PubMed
17.
Sørensen HT, Friis S, Olsen JH, Thulstrup AM, Mellemkjaer L, Linet M, Trichopoulos D, Vilstrup H, Olsen J: Risk of breast cancer in men with liver cirrhosis. Am J Gastroenterol. 1998, 93: 231-233.PubMed
18.
Misra SP, Misra V, Dwivedi M: Cancer of the breast in a male cirrhotic: is there an association between the two?. Am J Gastroenterol. 1996, 91: 380-382.PubMed
19.
Symmers WS: Carcinoma of the breast in transsexual individuals after surgical and hormonal interference with the primary and secondary sexual characteristics. Br Med J. 1968, 2: 83-87.PubMedCentralPubMed
20.
Pritchard TJ, Pankowsky DA, Crowe JP, Abdul-Karim FW: Breast cancer in male-to-female transsexual: A case report. JAMA. 1988, 259: 2278-2280. 10.1001/jama.259.15.2278.PubMed
21.
O'Grady WP, McPivin RW: Breast cancer in a man treated with ethyl stilbesterol. Arch Path. 1969, 88: 162-165.PubMed
22.
Schlappack OK, Braun O, Maier U: Report of two cases of male breast cancer after prolonged estrogen treatment for prostatic carcinoma. Cancer Detect Prev. 1986, 9: 319-322.PubMed
23.
Thomas DB, Jimenez LM, McTiernan A, Rosenblatt K, Stalsberg H, Stemhagen A, Thompson WD, Curnen MG, Satariano W, Austin DF, Greenberg RS, Key C, Kolonel LN, West DW: Breast cancer in men, risk factors with hormonal implications. Am J Epidemiol. 1992, 135: 734-748.PubMed
24.
Mabuchi K, Bross DS, Kessler II: Risk factors for male breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1985, 74: 371-375.PubMed
25.
Stenlund C, Floderus B: Occupational exposure to magnetic fields in relation to male breast cancer and testicular cancer: a Swedish case-control study. Cancer Causes Control. 1997, 8: 184-191. 10.1023/A:1018468112964.PubMed
26.
Rosenbaum PF, Vena JE, Zielezny MA, Michalek AM: Occupational exposures associated with male breast cancer. Am J Epidemiol. 1994, 139: 30-36.PubMed
27.
Rosenblatt KA, Thomas DB, McTiernan A, Austin MA, Stalsberg H, Stemhagen A, Thompson WD, Curnen MG, Satariano W, Austin DF, Isacson P, Greenberg RS, Key C, Kolonel L, West D: Breast cancer in men: aspects of familial aggregation. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1991, 83: 849-854. 10.1093/jnci/83.12.849.PubMed
28.
Anderson DE, Badzioch MD: Breast cancer risks in relatives of male breast cancer patients. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1992, 84: 1114-1117. 10.1093/jnci/84.14.1114.PubMed
29.
Demeter JG, Waterman NG, Verdi GD: Familial male breast carcinoma. Cancer. 1990, 65: 2342-2343. 10.1002/1097-0142(19900515)65:10<2342::AID-CNCR2820651029>3.0.CO;2-Y.PubMed
30.
Everson RB, Li FP, Fraumeni JF, Fishman J, Wilson RE, Stout D, Norris HJ: Familial male breast cancer. Lancet. 1976, 1: 9-12. 10.1016/S0140-6736(76)92907-X.PubMed
31.
Marger D, Urdaneta N, Fischer JJ: Breast cancer in brothers: case reports and a review of 30 cases of male breast cancer. Cancer. 1975, 36: 458-461. 10.1002/1097-0142(197508)36:2<458::AID-CNCR2820360222>3.0.CO;2-V.PubMed
32.
Goss PE, Reid C, Pintilie M, Lim R, Miller N: Male breast carcinoma: a review of 229 patients who presented to the Princess Margaret Hospital during 40 years; 1955–1996. Cancer. 1999, 85: 629-639. 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0142(19990201)85:3<629::AID-CNCR13>3.0.CO;2-V.PubMed
33.
Pages S, Caux V, Stoppa-Lyonnet D, Tosi M: Screening of male breast cancer and of breast-ovarian cancer families for BRCA2 mutations using large bifluorescent amplicons. Br J Cancer. 2001, 84: 482-488. 10.1054/bjoc.2000.1627.PubMedCentralPubMed
34.
Diez O, Cortes J, Domenech M, Pericay C, Brunet J, Alonso C, Baiget M: BRCA2 germ-line mutations in Spanish male breast cancer patients. Ann Oncol. 2000, 11: 81-84. 10.1023/A:1008339009528.PubMed
35.
Friedman LS, Gayther SA, Kurosaki T, Gordon D, Noble B, Casey G, Ponder BA, Anton-Culver H: Mutation analysis of BRCA1 and BRCA2 in male breast cancer population. Am J Hum Genet. 1997, 60: 313-319.PubMedCentralPubMed
36.
Haraldsson K, Loman L, Zhang Q, Johannsson O, Olsson H, Borg A: BRCA2 germline mutations are frequent in male breast cancer patients without a family history of the disease. Cancer Res. 1998, 58: 1367-1371.PubMed
37.
Stratton MR, Ford D, Neuhasen S, Seal S, Wooster R, Friedman LS, King MC, Egilsson V, Devilee P, McManus R, Daly PA, Smyth E, Ponder BAJ, Peto J, Cannon-Albright L, Easton DF, Goldgar DE: Familial male breast cancer is not linked to the BRCA1 locus on chromosome 17q. Nature Genetics. 1994, 7: 103-107. 10.1038/ng0594-103.PubMed
38.
Sun X, Gong Y, Rao MS, Badve S: Loss of BRCA1 expression in sporadic male breast carcinoma. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2002, 71: 1-7. 10.1023/A:1013317909431.PubMed
39.
Borg A, Isola J, Chen J, Rubio C, Johansson U, Werelius B, Lindblom A: Germline BRCA1 and HMLH1 mutations in a family with male and female breast carcinoma. Int J Cancer. 2000, 85: 796-800. 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0215(20000315)85:6<796::AID-IJC10>3.0.CO;2-L.PubMed
40.
Basham VM, Lipscombe JM, Ward JM, Gayther SA, Ponder BA, Easton DF, Pharoah PD: BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations in a population-based study of male breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res. 2002, 4: R2-10.1186/bcr419.PubMedCentralPubMed
41.
Thorlacius S, Olafsdottir G, Tryggvadottir L, Neuhausen S, Jonasson JG, Tavtigian SV, Tulinius H, Ogmundsdottir HM, Eyfjörd JE: A single BRCA2 mutation in male and female breast cancer families from Iceland with varied cancer phenotypes. Nat Genet. 1996, 13: 117-119. 10.1038/ng0596-117.PubMed
42.
Fackenthal JD, Marsh DJ, Richardson AL, Cummings SA, Eng C, Robinson BG, Olopade OI: Male breast cancer in Cowden syndrome patients with germline PTEN mutations. J Med Genet. 2001, 38: 159-164. 10.1136/jmg.38.3.159.PubMedCentralPubMed
43.
Chakraborty R, Little MP, Sankaranarayanan K: Cancer predisposition, radiosensitivity and the risk of radiation-induced cancers. III. Effects of incomplete penetrance and dose-dependent radiosensitivity on cancer risks in populations. Radiat Res. 1997, 147: 309-320. 10.2307/3579338.PubMed
44.
Bagchi S: Men with breast cancer have high risk of second cancer. Lancet Oncol. 2007, 8 (3): 198-10.1016/S1470-2045(07)70067-0.PubMed
45.
Brenner B, Fried G, Levitzki P, Rakowsky E, Lurie H, Idelevich E, Neuman A, Kaufman B, Sulkes J, Sulkes A: Male breast carcinoma in Israel: higher incident but possibly prognosis in Ashkenazi Jews. Cancer. 2002, 94: 2128-2133. 10.1002/cncr.10449.PubMed
46.
Steinitz R, Katz L, Ben-Hur M: Male breast cancer in Israel: selected epidemiological aspects. Isr J Med Sci. 1981, 17: 816-821.PubMed
47.
Braunstein GD: Gynaecomastia. N Engl J Med. 1993, 328: 490-495. 10.1056/NEJM199302183280708.PubMed
48.
Colombo-Benkmann M, Stern J, Herfarth C: On the neglected entity of unilateral gynecomastia. Ann Plast Surg. 2006, 56: 346-10.1097/01.sap.0000197867.08217.bb.PubMed
49.
de Bree E, Tsagkatakis T, Kafousi M, Tsiftsis DD: Breast enlargement in young men not always gynaecomastia: breast cancer in a 22-year-old man. ANZ J Surg. 2005, 75: 914-916. 10.1111/j.1445-2197.2005.03572.x.PubMed
50.
Nahleh Z, Srikantiah R, Safa M, Jazieh AR, Muhleman A, Komrokji R: Male breast cancer in the veteren affairs population: a comparative analysis. Cancer. 2007, 109: 1471-7. 10.1002/cncr.22589.PubMed
51.
Crew KD, Neugut KI, Wang X, Jacobson JS, Gran VR, Raptis G, Hershman DL: Racial disparities in treatment and survival of male breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2007, 25: 1089-98. 10.1200/JCO.2006.09.1710.PubMed
52.
Prasad V, M King J, McLeay W, Raymond W, Cooter RD: Bilateral atypical ductal hyperplasia, an incidental finding in gynaecomastia-case report and literature review. Breast. 2005, 14: 317-321. 10.1016/j.breast.2005.04.010.PubMed
53.
Casagrande JT, Hanisch R, Pike MC, Ross RK, Brown JB, Henderson BE: A case-control study of male breast cancer. Cancer Res. 1988, 48: 1326-1330.PubMed
54.
Koc M, Polat P: Epidemiology and aetiological factors of male breast cancer: a ten years retrospective study in eastern Turkey. Eur J Cancer Prev. 2001, 10: 531-534. 10.1097/00008469-200112000-00008.PubMed
55.
Guenel P, Cyr D, Sabroe S, Lynge E, Merletti F, Ahrens W, Baumgardt-Elms C, Menegoz F, Olsson H, Paulsen S, Simonato L, Wingren G: Alcohol drinking may increase risk of breast cancer in men: a European population-based case control study. Cancer Causes Control. 2004, 15: 571-580. 10.1023/B:CACO.0000036154.18162.43.PubMed
56.
Hsing AW, McLaughlin JK, Cocco P, Co Chien HT, Fraumeni JF: Risk factors for male breast cancer (United States). Cancer Causes Control. 1998, 9: 269-275. 10.1023/A:1008869003012.PubMed
57.
Knez I, Cerwenka H, Moinfar F, Hoff M, Machler H, Anelli-Monti M, Radner H, Rigler B: Invasive ductal carcinoma of the male breast expanding from pacemaker pocket decubitus. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 1999, 22: 531-533. 10.1111/j.1540-8159.1999.tb00484.x.PubMed
58.
Sasco AJ, Lowenfels AB, Pasker de Jonc P: Epidemiology of male breast cancer. A meta analysis of published case control studies and discussion of selected aetiological factors. Int J Cancer. 1993, 53: 538-549. 10.1002/ijc.2910530403.PubMed
59.
Ribeiro G, Swindell R, Harris M, Banerjee S, Cramer A: A review of the management of the male breast carcinoma based on an analysis of 420 treated cases. The Breast. 1996, 5: 141-146. 10.1016/S0960-9776(96)90058-2.
60.
Cutuli B, Lacroze M, Dilhuydy JM, Velten M, De Lafontan B, Marchal C, Resbeut M, Graic Y, Campana F, Moncho-Bernier V, De Gislain C, Tortochaux J, Cuillere JC, Reme-Saumon M, N'Guyen TD, Lesaunier F, Le Simple T, Gamelin E, Hery M, Berlie J: Male breast cancer: results of the treatments and prognostic factors in 397 cases. Eur J Cancer. 1995, 31A: 1960-1964. 10.1016/0959-8049(95)00366-5.PubMed
61.
Donegan WL, Redlich PN, Lang PJ, Gall MT: Carcinoma of the breast in males: a multi-institutional survey. Cancer. 1998, 83: 498-509. 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0142(19980801)83:3<498::AID-CNCR19>3.0.CO;2-R.PubMed
62.
Koc M, Oztas S, Erem MT, Ciftcioglu MA, Onuk MD: Invasive lobular carcinoma of the male breast: a case report. Jpn J Clin Oncol. 2001, 31: 444-446. 10.1093/jjco/hye099.PubMed
63.
Borgen PI, Wong GY, Vlamis V, Potter C, Hoffmann B, Kinne DW, Osborne MP, McKinnon WM: Current management of male breast cancer. A review of 104 cases. Ann Surg. 1992, 215: 451-457. 10.1097/00000658-199205000-00007.PubMedCentralPubMed
64.
Sina B, Samorodin CS: Bilateral inflammatory carcinoma of the male breast. Cutis. 1984, 33: 501-502.PubMed
65.
Jimenez-Ayala M, Diez-Nau MD, Larrad A, Ferrer-Vergara L, Rodriguez-Costa J, Lacruz C, Escalona-Zapata J: Hemangiopericytoma of the male breast. Report of a case with cytological, immunological and histological studies. Acta Cytol. 1991, 35: 234-238.PubMed
66.
Allen FJ, Van Velden DJ: Prostate carcinoma metastatic to male breast. Br J Urol. 1991, 67: 434-435.PubMed
67.
Verger E, Conzill C, Velasco M, Sole M: Metastasis in the male breast from a lung adenocarcinoma. Acta Oncol. 1992, 31: 479-10.3109/02841869209088294.PubMed
68.
Heinig J, Jackish C, Rody A, Koch O, Buechter D, Schneider HP: Clinical management of breast cancer in males, a report of four cases. Eur J of Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2002, 102: 67-73. 10.1016/S0301-2115(01)00551-6.
69.
Ravandi-Kashani F, Hayes TG: Male breast cancer: A review of the literature. Eur J Cancer. 1998, 34: 1341-1347. 10.1016/S0959-8049(98)00028-8.PubMed
70.
Morimoto T, Komaki K, Yamakawa T, Tanaka T, Oomine Y, Konishi Y, Mori T, Monden Y: Cancer of the male breast. J Surg Oncol. 1990, 44: 180-184. 10.1002/jso.2930440311.PubMed
71.
Giordano SH, Buzdar AU, Hortobagyi GN: Breast cancer in men. Ann Intern Med. 2002, 137: 678-687.PubMed
72.
Olsson H: Estrogen receptor content in malignant breast tumours in men-a review. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia. 2000, 5: 283-287. 10.1023/A:1009546811429.PubMed
73.
Freidman MA, Hoffman PG, Dandolos EM, Lagios MD, Johnston WH, Siiteri PK: Estrogen receptors in male breast cancer: Clinical and pathological correlations. Cancer. 1981, 47: 134-137. 10.1002/1097-0142(19810101)47:1<134::AID-CNCR2820470122>3.0.CO;2-M.
74.
Stalsberg H, Thomas DB, Rosenblatt KA, Jimenez LM, McTiernan A, Stemhagen A, Thompson WD, Curnen MG, Satariano W, Austin DF, Greenberg RS, Key C, Kolonel L, West D: Histologic types and hormone receptors in breast cancer in men: a population-based study in 282 United States men. Cancer Causes Control. 1993, 4: 143-151. 10.1007/BF00053155.PubMed
75.
Tarone RE, Chu KC: The greater impact of menopause on ER- than ER+ breast cancer incidence: a possible explanation (United States). Cancer Causes Control. 2002, 13: 7-14. 10.1023/A:1013960609008.PubMed
76.
Pachecho MM, Oshima CF, Lopes MO, Widman A, Franco EL, Brentani MM: Steroid hormone receptors in male breast diseases. Anticancer Res. 1986, 6: 1013-1017.
77.
Pich A, Margaria E, Chiusa L, Candelaresi G, Dal Canton O: Androgen receptor expression in male breast carcinoma: lack of clinicopathological association. Br J Cancer. 1999, 79: 959-964. 10.1038/sj.bjc.6690153.PubMedCentralPubMed
78.
Bentel JM, Berrel SN, Pickering MA, Holds DJ, Horsfall DJ, Tilley WD: Androgen receptor agonist activity of the synthetic progestin, medroxyprogesterone acetate in human breast cancer cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 1999, 154: 11-20. 10.1016/S0303-7207(99)00109-4.PubMed
79.
Birrell SN, Bental JM, Hickey TE, Ricciardelli C, Weger MA, Horsfall DJ, Tilley WD: Androgens induce divergent proliferative response in human breast cancer cell lines. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 1995, 52: 459-467. 10.1016/0960-0760(95)00005-K.PubMed
80.
Andre S, Fonseca I, Pinto AE, Cardoso P, Pereira T, Soares J: Male breast cancer-a reappraisal of clinical and biologic indicators of prognosis. Acta Oncol. 2001, 40: 472-478. 10.1080/028418601750288190.PubMed
81.
Mourao Netto M, Logullo AF, Nonogaki S, Brentani RR, Brentani MM: Expression of c-erbB-2, p53 and c-myc proteins in male breast carcinoma: Comparison with traditional prognostic factors and survival. Braz J Med Biol Res. 2001, 34: 887-894. 10.1590/S0100-879X2001000700008.PubMed
82.
Shpitz B, Bomstein Y, Sternberg A, Klein E, Liverant S, Groisman G, Bernheim J: Angiogenesis, p53 and c-erbB-2 immunoreactivity and clinicopathological features in male breast cancer. J Surg Oncol. 2000, 75: 252-257. 10.1002/1096-9098(200012)75:4<252::AID-JSO5>3.0.CO;2-2.PubMed
83.
Wang-Rodriguez J, Cross K, Gallagher S, Djahanban M, Armstrong JM, Wiedner N, Shapiro DH: Male breast cancer: correlation of ER, PR Ki-67, Her2-Neu, and p53 with treatment and survival, a study of 65 cases. Mod Pathol. 2002, 15: 853-861. 10.1097/01.MP.0000022251.61944.1D.PubMed
84.
Dawson PJ, Schroer KR, Wolman SR: ras and p53 genes in male breast cancer. Mod Pathol. 1996, 9: 367-370.PubMed
85.
Jaiyesimi IA, Buzdar AU, Sahin AA, Ross MA: Carcinoma of the male breast. Ann Intern Med. 1992, 117: 771-777.PubMed
86.
Kwiatkowska E, Teresiak M, Filas V, Karczewska A, Breborowicz D, Mackiewicz A: BRCA2 mutations and androgen receptor expressions as independent predictors of outcome of male breast cancer patients. Clin Cancer Res. 2003, 9: 4452-4459.PubMed
87.
Rayson D, Erlichman C, Suman VJ, Roche PC, Wold LE, Ingle JN, Donohue JH: Molecular markers in male breast carcinoma. Cancer. 1998, 83: 1947-1955. 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0142(19981101)83:9<1947::AID-CNCR10>3.0.CO;2-J.PubMed
88.
Bloom KJ, Govil H, Gattuso P, Reddy V, Francescatti D: Status of HER-2 in male and female breast carcinoma. Am J Surg. 2001, 182: 389-392. 10.1016/S0002-9610(01)00733-4.PubMed
89.
Giannelli G, Fransvea E, Marinosci F, Bergamini C, Daniele A, Colucci S, Paradiso A, Quaranta M, Antonaci S: Gelatinase levels in male and female breast cancer. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2002, 292: 161-166. 10.1006/bbrc.2002.6599.PubMed
90.
Reed W, Hannisdal E, Boehler PJ, Klein E, Liverant S, Groisman G, Bernheim J: The prognostic value of p53 and c-erb B-2 immunostaining is overrated for patients with lymph node negative breast carcinoma: a multivariate analysis of prognostic factors in 613 patients with a follow-up of 14–30 years. Cancer. 2000, 88: 804-813. 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0142(20000215)88:4<804::AID-CNCR11>3.0.CO;2-Y.PubMed
91.
Erdem O, Dursun A, Coşkun U, Günel N: The prognostic value of p53 and c-erbB-2 expression, proliferative activity and angiogenesis in node-negative breast carcinoma. Tumori. 2005, 91: 46-52.PubMed
92.
Anderson J, Reddy VB, Green L, Bitterman P, Borok R, Maggi-Galluzzi C, Montironi R, Wick M, Gould VE, Gattuso P: Role of expression of cell cycle inhibitor p27 and MIB-1 in predicting lymph node metastasis in male breast carcinoma. Breast J. 2002, 8: 101-107. 10.1046/j.1524-4741.2002.08206.x.PubMed
93.
Joensuu H, Pylkkanen L, Toikkanen S: Bcl-2 protein expression and long term survival in breast cancer. Am J Pathol. 1994, 145: 1191-1198.PubMedCentralPubMed
94.
Hu SW, Chuang JH, Tsai KB: Immunohistochemical expression in male breast cancer: two case reports. Kaohsiung J Med Sci. 2006, 22: 235-242.PubMed
95.
Curigliano G, Colleoni M, Renne G, Mazzarol G, Gennari R, Peruzzotti G, de Braud E, Robertson C, Maiorano E, Veronesi P, Nole F, Mandala M, Ferretti G, Viale G, Goldhirsch A: Recognizing features that are dissimilar in male and female breast cancer: expression of p21Waf1 and p27Kip1 using an immunohistochemical assay. Ann Oncol. 2002, 13: 895-902. 10.1093/annonc/mdf166.PubMed
96.
Gennari R, Curigliano G, Jereczek-Fossa BA, Zurrida S, Renne G, Intra M, Galimberti V, Luini A, Orecchia R, Viale G, Goldhrisch A, Veronesi U: Male breast cancer: A special therapeutic problem. Anything new? (Review). Int J Oncol. 2004, 24: 663-670.PubMed
97.
Wagner JL, Thomas CR, Koh WJ, Rudolph RH: Carcinoma of the male breast: update 1994. Med Pediatr Oncol. 1995, 24: 123-132. 10.1002/mpo.2950240213.PubMed
98.
Malani AK: Male breast cancer: a different disease than female breast cancer?. South Med J. 2007, 100: 197-PubMed
99.
Sosnovskikh I, Naninato P, Gatti G, Caldarella P, Masullo M, De Brito LL, Luini A: Synchronous bilateral breast cancer in men: a case report and review of the literature. Tumori. 2007, 93: 225-227.PubMed
100.
Lefor AT, Numann PJ: Carcinoma of the breast in men. N Y State J Med. 1988, 88: 293-296.PubMed
101.
Gentilini O, Chagas E, Zurrida S, Intra M, De Cicco C, Gatti G, Silva L, Renne G, Cassano E, Veronesi U: Sentinel lymph node biopsy in male patients with early breast cancer. Oncologist. 2007, 12: 512-515. 10.1634/theoncologist.12-5-512.PubMed
102.
103.
Vazquez B, Rousseau D, Hurd TC: Surgical management of breast cancer. Semin Oncol. 2007, 34: 234-240. 10.1053/j.seminoncol.2007.03.013.PubMed
104.
Ahmed R, Ali SM: Role of imaging in diagnosis of carcinoma of breast. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak. 2005, 15: 238-241.PubMed
105.
Hines SL, Tan WW, Yasrebi M, DePeri ER, Perez EA: The role of mammography in male patients with breast symptoms. Mayo Clin Proc. 2007, 82: 297-300.PubMed
106.
Evans GF, Anthony T, Turnage RH, Schumpert TD, Levy KR, Amirkhan RH, Campbell TJ, Lopez J, Appelbaum AH: The diagnostic accuracy of mammography in the evaluation of male breast disease. Am J Surg. 2001, 181: 96-100. 10.1016/S0002-9610(00)00571-7.PubMed
107.
Siddiqui MT, Zakowski MF, Ashfaq R, Ali SZ: Breast masses in males: multi-institutional experience on fine-needle aspiration. Diagn Cytopathol. 2002, 26: 87-91. 10.1002/dc.10066.PubMed
108.
Hibbeln JF, Blend MJ, Wood DK: Tc-99m sestamibi uptake in infiltrating ductal carcinoma of the breast in a male patient. Clin Nucl Med. 1996, 21: 469-470. 10.1097/00003072-199606000-00008.PubMed
109.
de Perrot M, Deleaval J, Robert J, Spiliopoulos A: Thirty-year experience of surgery for breast carcinoma in men. Eur J Surg. 2000, 166: 929-31. 10.1080/110241500447074.PubMed
110.
Vaizey C, Burke M, Lange M: Carcinoma of the male breast – a review of 91 patients from the Johannesburg Hospital breast clinics. S Afr J Surg. 1999, 37: 6-8.PubMed
111.
Rudan I, Rudan N, Basic N, Basic V, Rudan D: Differences between male and female breast cancer. II. Clinicopathological features. Acta Med Croatica. 1997, 51: 129-133.PubMed
112.
Guinee VF, Olsson H, Moller T, Shallenberger RC, Blink van den JW, Peter Z, Durand M, Dische S, Cleton FJ, Zewuster R, Fang Cui M, Lane W, Richter R: The prognosis of breast cancer in males. A report of 335 cases. Cancer. 1993, 71: 154-161. 10.1002/1097-0142(19930101)71:1<154::AID-CNCR2820710125>3.0.CO;2-#.PubMed
113.
Yildirim E, Berberoğlu U: Male breast cancer: a 22-year experience. Eur J Surg Oncol. 1998, 24: 548-552. 10.1016/S0748-7983(98)93608-3.PubMed
114.
Salvadori B, Saccozzi R, Manzari A, Andreola S, Conti RA, Cusumano F, Grassi M: Prognosis of breast cancer in males: an analysis of 170 cases. Eur J Cancer. 1994, 30A (7): 930-935. 10.1016/0959-8049(94)90117-1.PubMed
115.
Mustafa IA, Cole B, Wanebo HJ, Bland KI, Chang HR: Prognostic analysis of survival in small breast cancers. J Am Coll Surg. 1998, 186: 562-569. 10.1016/S1072-7515(98)00076-3.PubMed
116.
Berg JW, Hutter RV: Breast cancer. Cancer. 1995, 75: 257-69. 10.1002/1097-0142(19950101)75:1+<257::AID-CNCR2820751311>3.0.CO;2-Y.PubMed
117.
Truong PT, Berthelet E, Lee J, Kader HA, Olivotto IA: The prognostic significance of the percentage of positive/dissected axillary lymph nodes in breast cancer recurrence and survival in patients with one to three positive axillary lymph nodes. Cancer. 2005, 103: 2006-2014. 10.1002/cncr.20969.PubMed
118.
Joshi MG, Lee AKC, Loda M, Camus MG, Pedersen C, Heatley GJ, Hughes KS: Male breast carcinoma: an evaluation of the prognostic factors contributing to a poorer outcome. Cancer. 1996, 77: 490-498. 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0142(19960201)77:3<490::AID-CNCR10>3.0.CO;2-#.PubMed
119.
Willsher PC, Leach IH, Ellis IO, Bell JA, Elston CW, Bourke JB, Blamey RW, Robertson JF: Male breast cancer: pathological and immunohistochemical features. Anticancer Res. 1997, 17: 2335-2338.PubMed
120.
Bines J, Goss B, Hussong J: C-erbB2 and p53 overexpression as predictors of survival in patients with male breast cancer (Abstract). Proceedings of ASCO. 1997, 16: 558-
121.
Bruce DM, Heyes SD, Payne S: Male breast cancer: clinicopathological features, immunocytochemical characteristics and prognosis. Eur J Surg Oncol. 1996, 22: 42-46. 10.1016/S0748-7983(96)91418-3.PubMed
122.
Adami HO, Holmberg L, Malker B, Ries L: Long-term survival in 406 men with breast cancer. Br J Cancer. 1985, 52: 99-103.PubMedCentralPubMed
123.
Scott-Conner CE, Jochimsen PR, Menck HR, Winchester DJ: An analysis of male and female breast cancer treatment and survival among demographically identical pairs of patients. Surgery. 1999, 126: 775-781. 10.1067/msy.2099.99953.PubMed
124.
Herman K, Lobaziewicz W, Skotnicki P, Fortuna J, Kusy T, Lesniak T: Male breast cancer. Does the prognosis differ compared to female?. Neoplasma. 2000, 47: 191-5.PubMed
125.
Hill A, Yagmur Y, Tran KN, Bolton JS, Robson M, Borgen PI: Localized male breast carcinoma and family history. An analysis of 142 patients. Cancer. 1999, 86: 821-5. 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0142(19990901)86:5<821::AID-CNCR18>3.0.CO;2-I.PubMed
126.
Vinod SK, Pendlebury SC: Cancer of the male breast: a review of adjuvant therapy. Australas Radiol. 1999, 43: 69-72. 10.1046/j.1440-1673.1999.00601.x.PubMed
127.
Leivonen MK, Peltokallio P, Kalima TV: Long term survival in male breast cancer. Ann Chir Gynaecol. 1989, 78: 146-8.PubMed
128.
Carmalt HL, Mann LJ, Kennedy CW, Fletcher JM, Gillett DJ: Carcinoma of the male breast: a review and recommendations for management. Aust NZ J Surg. 1998, 68: 712-5. 10.1111/j.1445-2197.1998.tb04657.x.
129.
El-Tamer MB, Komenaka IA, Troxel A, Li H, Joseph KA, Ditkoff BA, Schnabel FR, Kinne DW: Men with breast cancer have better disease-specific survival than women. Arch Surg. 2004, 139: 1079-1082. 10.1001/archsurg.139.10.1079.PubMed
130.
Margaria E, Chiusa L, Ferrari L, Dal Canton O, Pich A: Therapy and survival in male breast carcinoma: A retrospective analysis of 50 cases. Oncol Rep. 2000, 7: 1035-1039.PubMed
131.
Vetto J, Jun SY, Paduch D, Eppich H, Shih R, Padduch D: Stages at presentation, prognostic factors and outcome of breast cancer in males. Am J Surg. 1999, 177: 379-383. 10.1016/S0002-9610(99)00067-7.PubMed
132.
Robison R, Montague ED: Treatment results in men with breast cancer. Cancer. 1982, 49: 403-406. 10.1002/1097-0142(19820115)49:2<403::AID-CNCR2820490232>3.0.CO;2-T.PubMed
133.
Stranzl H, Mayer R, Quehenberger F, Prettenhofer U, Willfurth P, Stöger H, Hackl A: Adjuvant radiotherapy in male breast cancer. Radiother Oncol. 1999, 53: 29-35. 10.1016/S0167-8140(99)00122-X.PubMed
134.
Chung HC, Koh EH, Roh JK, Min JS, Lee KS, Suh CO, Kim KE, Loh JJ, Lee KB, Kim BS: Male breast cancer-a 20-year review of 16 cases at Yonsei University. Yonsei Med J. 1990, 31: 242-250.PubMed
135.
Chakravarthy A, Kim CR: Post-mastectomy radiation in male breast cancer. Radiother Oncol. 2002, 65: 99-103. 10.1016/S0167-8140(02)00210-4.PubMed
136.
Hultborn R, Friberg S, Hultborn KA: Male breast carcinoma. I. A study of the total material reported to the Swedish Cancer Registry 1958–1967 with respect to clinical and histopathological parameters. Acta Oncol. 1987, 26: 241-256. 10.3109/02841868709089970.PubMed
137.
Overgaard M, Hansen PS, Overgaard J, Rose C, Andersson M, Bach F, Kjaer M, Gadeberg CC, Mouridsen HT, Jensen MB, Zedeler K: Postoperative radiotherapy in high-risk premenopausal women with breast cancer who receive adjuvant chemotherapy. Danish Breast Cancer Cooperative Group 82b Trial. N Engl J Med. 1997, 337: 949-955. 10.1056/NEJM199710023371401.PubMed
138.
Stranzl H, Mayer R, Quehenberger F, Prettenhofer U, Willfurth P, Stöger H, Hackl A: Adjuvant radiotherapy in male breast cancer. Radiother Oncol. 1999, 53: 29-35. 10.1016/S0167-8140(99)00122-X.PubMed
139.
Schuchardt U, Seegenschmiedt MH, Kirschner MJ, Renner H, Sauer R: Adjuvant radiotherapy for breast carcinoma in men: a 20-year clinical experience. Am J Clin Oncol. 1996, 19: 330-336. 10.1097/00000421-199608000-00002.PubMed
140.
Cimmino VM, Degnim AC, Sabel MS, Diehl KM, Newman LA, Chang AE: Efficacy of sentinel lymph node biopsy in male breast cancer. J Surg Oncol. 2004, 86: 74-77. 10.1002/jso.20045.PubMed
141.
Goyal A, Horgan K, Kissin M, Yiangou C, Sibbering M, Lansdown M, Newcombe RG, Mansel RE, Chetty U, Ell P, Fallowfield L, Kissin M, ALMANAC Trialists Group: Sentinel lymph node biopsy in male breast cancer patients. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2004, 30: 480-483. 10.1016/j.ejso.2004.02.006.PubMed
142.
143.
Patel HZ, Buzdar AU, Hortobagyi GN: Role of adjuvant chemotherapy in male breast cancer. Cancer. 1989, 64: 1583-1585. 10.1002/1097-0142(19891015)64:8<1583::AID-CNCR2820640804>3.0.CO;2-Q.PubMed
144.
Bagley CS, Wesley MN, Young RC, Lippman ME: Adjuvant chemotherapy in males with cancer of the breast. Am J Clin Oncol. 1987, 10: 55-60. 10.1097/00000421-198702000-00013.PubMed
145.
Kreusel KM, Heimann H, Wiegel T, Bornfeld N, Foerster MH: Choroidal metastasis in men with metastatic breast cancer. Am J Ophthalmol. 1999, 128: 253-255. 10.1016/S0002-9394(99)00062-8.PubMed
146.
Muttarak M, Nimmonrat A, Chaiwun B: Metastatic carcinoma to the male and female breast. Australas Radiol. 1998, 42: 16-19. 10.1111/j.1440-1673.1998.tb00556.x.PubMed
147.
Kantarjian H, Yap HY, Hortobagyi G, Buzdar A, Blumenschein G: Hormonal therapy for metastatic male breast cancer. Arch Intern Med. 1983, 143: 237-240. 10.1001/archinte.143.2.237.PubMed
148.
Neifeld JP, Meyskens F, Tormey DC, Javadpour N: The role of orchiectomy in the management of advanced male breast cancer. Cancer. 1976, 37: 992-995. 10.1002/1097-0142(197602)37:2<992::AID-CNCR2820370257>3.0.CO;2-B.PubMed
149.
Arriola E, Hui E, Dowsett M, Smith IE: Aromatase inhibitors and male breast cancer. Clin Transl Oncol. 2007, 9: 192-194. 10.1007/s12094-007-0034-3.PubMed
150.
Kraybill WG, Kaufman R, Kinne D: Treatment of advanced male breast cancer. Cancer. 1981, 47: 2185-2189. 10.1002/1097-0142(19810501)47:9<2185::AID-CNCR2820470913>3.0.CO;2-B.PubMed
Metadata
Title
Male breast cancer: is the scenario changing
Authors
Kaiyumars B Contractor
Kanchan Kaur
Gabriel S Rodrigues
Dhananjay M Kulkarni
Hemant Singhal
Publication date
01-12-2008
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
World Journal of Surgical Oncology / Issue 1/2008
Electronic ISSN: 1477-7819
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7819-6-58

Other articles of this Issue 1/2008

World Journal of Surgical Oncology 1/2008 Go to the issue

Case report

Laparotomy enables retrograde dilatation and stent placement for malignant esophago-respiratory fistula

Research

Does the surgeon still have a role to play in the diagnosis and management of lymphomas?

Review

Painful swollen leg – think beyond deep vein thrombosis or Baker's cyst

Case report

Solitary fibrous tumor of the male breast: a case report and review of the literature

Case report

Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor of epididymis: a case report and review of literature

Case report

Intramuscular recurrence in a Hepatocellular carcinoma patient with indolent disease course