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Published in: Malaria Journal 1/2019

Open Access 01-12-2019 | Malaria | Research

Patterns of Plasmodium homocircumflexum virulence in experimentally infected passerine birds

Authors: Mikas Ilgūnas, Dovilė Bukauskaitė, Vaidas Palinauskas, Tatjana Iezhova, Karin Fragner, Elena Platonova, Herbert Weissenböck, Gediminas Valkiūnas

Published in: Malaria Journal | Issue 1/2019

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Abstract

Background

Avian malaria parasites (genus Plasmodium) are cosmopolitan and some species cause severe pathologies or even mortality in birds, yet their virulence remains fragmentally investigated. Understanding mechanisms and patterns of virulence during avian Plasmodium infections is crucial as these pathogens can severely affect bird populations in the wild and cause mortality in captive individuals. The goal of this study was to investigate the pathologies caused by the recently discovered malaria parasite Plasmodium homocircumflexum (lineage pCOLL4) in four species of European passeriform birds.

Methods

One cryopreserved P. homocircumflexum strain was multiplied and used for experimental infections. House sparrows (Passer domesticus), common chaffinches (Fringilla coelebs), common crossbills (Loxia curvirostra) and common starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) were exposed by subinoculation of infected blood. Experimental and control groups (8 individuals in each) were observed for over 1 month. Parasitaemia, haematocrit value and body mass were monitored. At the end of the experiment, samples of internal organs were collected and examined using histological and chromogenic in situ hybridization methods.

Results

All exposed birds were susceptible, with similar average prepatent period and maximum parasitaemia, yet virulence was different in different bird species. Mortality due to malaria was reported in chaffinches, house sparrows and crossbills (7, 5 and 3 individuals died respectively), but not in starlings. Exoerythrocytic meronts (phanerozoites) were observed in the brain of all dead experimental birds. Blockage of blood vessels in the brain led to cerebral ischaemia, invariably causing brain damage, which is likely the main reason of mortality. Phanerozoites were observed in parenchymal organs, heart and muscles of all infected individuals, except starlings.

Conclusion

This study shows that P. homocircumflexum is generalist and the same lineage caused similar parasitaemia-related pathologies in different host species. Additionally, the mode of exo-erythrocytic development is different in different birds, resulting in different mortality rates. This should be taken into consideration in studies addressing pathology during avian malaria infections.
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Metadata
Title
Patterns of Plasmodium homocircumflexum virulence in experimentally infected passerine birds
Authors
Mikas Ilgūnas
Dovilė Bukauskaitė
Vaidas Palinauskas
Tatjana Iezhova
Karin Fragner
Elena Platonova
Herbert Weissenböck
Gediminas Valkiūnas
Publication date
01-12-2019
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
Malaria Journal / Issue 1/2019
Electronic ISSN: 1475-2875
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-019-2810-2

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