Top

Published in:

01-09-2021 | Original Article

Lip morphology estimation models based on three-dimensional images in a modern adult population from China

Authors: Jia-min Zhao, Ling-ling Ji, Meng-qi Han, Qing-nan Mou, Guang Chu, Teng Chen, Shao-yi Du, Yu-xia Hou, Yu-cheng Guo

Published in: International Journal of Legal Medicine | Issue 5/2021

Abstract

Lips are the main part of the lower facial soft tissue and are vital to forensic facial approximation (FFA). Facial soft tissue thickness (FSTT) and linear measurements in three dimensions are used in the quantitative analysis of lip morphology. With most FSTT analysis methods, the surface of soft tissue is unexplicit. Our study aimed to determine FSTT and explore the relationship between the hard and soft tissues of lips in different skeletal occlusions based on cone-beam CT (CBCT) and 3dMD images in a Chinese population. The FSTT of 11 landmarks in CBCT and 29 lip measurements in CBCT and 3dMD of 180 healthy Chinese individuals (90 males, 90 females) between 18 and 30 years were analyzed. The subjects were randomly divided into two groups with different skeletal occlusions distributed equally: 156 subjects in the experimental group to establish the prediction regression formulae of lip morphology and 24 subjects in the test group to assess the accuracy of the formulae. The results indicated that FSTT in the lower lip region varied among different skeletal occlusions. Furthermore, sex discrepancy was noted in the FSTT in midline landmarks and linear measurements. Measurements showing the highest correlation between soft and hard tissues were between total upper lip height and Ns-Pr (0.563 in males, 0.651 in females). The stepwise multiple regression equations were verified to be reliable with an average error of 1.246 mm. The method of combining CBCT with 3dMD provides a new perspective in predicting lip morphology and expands the database for FFA.

Thiemann N, Keil V, Roy U (2017) In vivo facial soft tissue depths of a modern adult population from Germany. Int J Legal Med 131:1455–1488. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00414-017-1581-yCrossRefPubMed

Gupta S, Gupta V, Vij H, Vij R, Tyagi N (2015) Forensic facial reconstruction: the final frontier. J Clin Diagn Res 9:ZE26–ZE28. https://doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2015/14621.6568CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Krogman WM (1946) The reconstruction of living head from the skull. FBI Law Enforcement Bull 73:281–290

Gerasimov M (1971) The face finder. Hutchinson & Co, London

Prag J, Neave R (1997) Making faces: using forensic and archaeological evidence. British Museum Press, London

See MS, Roberts C, Nduka C (2008) Age- and gravity-related changes in facial morphology: 3-dimensional analysis of facial morphology in mother-daughter pairs. J Oral Maxil Surg 66:1410–1416. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joms.2007.12.041CrossRef

Ozsoy U, Sekerci R, Ogut E (2015) Effect of sitting, standing, and supine body positions on facial soft tissue: detailed 3D analysis. Int J Oral Max Surg 44:1309–1316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijom.2015.06.005CrossRef

Sipahioglu S, Ulubay H, Diren HB (2012) Midline facial soft tissue thickness database of Turkish population: MRI study. Forensic Sci Int 219(282):e1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2011.11.017CrossRef

Dong Y, Huang L, Feng Z, Bai S, Wu G, Zhao Y (2012) Influence of sex and body mass index on facial soft tissue thickness measurements of the northern Chinese adult population. Forensic Sci Int 222(396):e1-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2012.06.004CrossRef

10.

Fernandes CM, Serra Mda C, da Silva JV, Noritomi PY, Pereira FD, Melani RF (2012) Tests of one Brazilian facial reconstruction method using three soft tissue depth sets and familiar assessors. Forensic Sci Int 214(211):e1-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2011.08.017CrossRef

11.

Melani R, Gietzen T, Brylka R et al (2019) A method for automatic forensic facial reconstruction based on dense statistics of soft tissue thickness. Plos One 14.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0210257

12.

Lorenzoni DC, Bolognese AM, Garib DG, Guedes FR, Sant’anna EF (2012) Cone-beam computed tomography and radiographs in dentistry: aspects related to radiation dose. Int J Dent 2012:813768. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/813768CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

13.

Fourie Z, Damstra J, Gerrits PO, Ren Y (2010) Accuracy and reliability of facial soft tissue depth measurements using cone beam computer tomography. Forensic Sci Int 199:9–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2010.02.018CrossRefPubMed

14.

Hwang HS, Choe SY, Hwang JS et al (2015) Reproducibility of facial soft tissue thickness measurements using cone-beam CT images according to the measurement methods. J Forensic Sci 60:957–965. https://doi.org/10.1111/1556-4029.12766CrossRefPubMed

15.

De Donno A, Sablone S, Lauretti C et al (2019) Facial approximation: soft tissue thickness values for Caucasian males using cone beam computer tomography. Leg Med (Tokyo) 37:49–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.legalmed.2019.01.002CrossRef

16.

Perlaza Ruiz NA (2013) Facial soft tissue thickness of Colombian adults. Forensic Sci Int 229(160):e1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2013.03.017CrossRef

17.

Ridel AF, Demeter F, Liebenberg J, L’Abbe EN, Vandermeulen D, Oettle AC (2018) Skeletal dimensions as predictors for the shape of the nose in a South African sample: a cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) study. Forensic Sci Int 289:18–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2018.05.011CrossRefPubMed

18.

Metzger TE, Kula KS, Eckert GJ, Ghoneima AA (2013) Orthodontic soft-tissue parameters: a comparison of cone-beam computed tomography and the 3dMD imaging system. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 144:672–681. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajodo.2013.07.007CrossRefPubMed

19.

Cm W, M M, Chiang, (2003) The relationship between the soft tissues and the skeletal detail of the mouth. J Forensic Sci 48:728–732. https://doi.org/10.1520/JFS2002412CrossRef

20.

Naini FB, Donaldson AN, McDonald F, Cobourne MT (2012) Assessing the influence of asymmeftry affecting the mandible and chin point on perceived attractiveness in the orthognathic patient, clinician, and layperson. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 70:192–206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joms.2010.12.055CrossRefPubMed

21.

Ricketts RM (1969) Evolution of diagnosis to computerized cephalometrics. Amer J Orthodontics 55:795. https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9416(69)90052-9CrossRef

22.

Caple J, Stephan CN (2016) A standardized nomenclature for craniofacial and facial anthropometry. Int J Legal Med 130:863–879. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00414-015-1292-1CrossRefPubMed

23.

Stephan CN, Simpson EK (2008) Facial soft tissue depths in craniofacial identification (part I): an analytical review of the published adult data. J Forensic Sci 53:1257–1272. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1556-4029.2008.00852.xCrossRefPubMed

24.

Guyomarc’h P, Santos F, Dutailly B, Coqueugniot H (2013) Facial soft tissue depths in French adults: variability, specificity and estimation. Forensic Sci Int 231(411):e1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2013.04.007CrossRef

25.

Fancourt HSM, Stephan CN (2018) Error measurement in craniometrics: the comparative performance of four popular assessment methods using 2000 simulated cranial length datasets (g-op). Forensic Sci Int 285:162–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2018.02.008CrossRefPubMed

26.

Dahlberg G (1940) Statistical methods for medical and biological students: Gunnar Dahlberg, M.D.LL.D.1940. London: George Allen Unwin. Public Health, 54(Supplements1):92–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0033-3506(40)80086-3

27.

Stephan CN, Meikle B, Freudenstein N, Taylor R, Claes P (2019) Facial soft tissue thicknesses in craniofacial identification: data collection protocols and associated measurement errors. Forensic Sci Int 304:109965. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.109965CrossRefPubMed

28.

Shui W, Zhou M, Deng Q et al (2016) Densely calculated facial soft tissue thickness for craniofacial reconstruction in Chinese adults. Forensic Sci Int 266(573):e1–e12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.07.017CrossRef

29.

Fernandes CM, Pereira FD, da Silva JV, Serra Mda C (2013) Is characterizing the digital forensic facial reconstruction with hair necessary? A familiar assessors' analysis. Forensic Sci Int 229: 164 e1-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2013.03.036

30.

Zednikova Mala P, Veleminska J (2016) Vertical lip position and thickness in facial reconstruction: a validation of commonly used methods for predicting the position and size of lips. J Forensic Sci 61:1046–1054. https://doi.org/10.1111/1556-4029.13064CrossRefPubMed

31.

Ayoub F, Saadeh M, Rouhana G, Haddad R (2019) Midsagittal facial soft tissue thickness norms in an adult Mediterranean population. Forensic Sci Int 294(217):e1–e7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2018.10.021CrossRef

32.

Ramaut L, Tonnard P, Verpaele A, Verstraete K, Blondeel P (2019) Aging of the upper lip. plastic and reconstructive surgery 143: 440–446. https://doi.org/10.1097/prs.0000000000005190

33.

Drgacova A, Dupej J, Veleminska J (2016) Facial soft tissue thicknesses in the present Czech Population. Forensic Sci Int 260(106):e1–e7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.01.011CrossRef

34.

Cezairli NS (2017) Comparisons of soft tissue thickness measurements in adult patients with various vertical patterns. Meand Med Dent J 18:120–129. https://doi.org/10.4274/meandros.76376CrossRef

35.

Perovic T, Blazej Z (2018) Male and female characteristics of facial soft tissue thickness in different orthodontic malocclusions evaluated by cephalometric radiography. Med Sci Monitor 24:3415–3424. https://doi.org/10.12659/Msm.907485CrossRef

36.

Hamid S, Abuaffan AH (2016) Facial soft tissue thickness in a sample of Sudanese adults with different occlusions. Forensic Sci Int 266:209–214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.05.018CrossRefPubMed

37.

Utsuno H, Kageyama T, Uchida K et al (2010) Pilot study of facial soft tissue thickness differences among three skeletal classes in Japanese females. Forensic Sci Int 195.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2009.10.013

38.

Sarilita E, Rynn C, Mossey PA, Black S, Oscandar F (2020) Facial average soft tissue depth variation based on skeletal classes in Indonesian adult population: a retrospective lateral cephalometric study. Legal Med-Tokyo 43:101665. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.legalmed.2019.101665CrossRef

39.

Manhein MH, Listi GA, Barsley RE, Musselman R, Barrow NE, Ubelaker DH (2000) In vivo facial tissue depth measurements for children and adults. J Forensic Sci 45:48–60. https://doi.org/10.1517/13543776.10.1.75CrossRefPubMed

40.

de Almeida NH, Michel-Crosato E, de Paiva LA, Biazevic MG (2013) Facial soft tissue thickness in the Brazilian population: new reference data and anatomical landmarks. Forensic Sci Int 231(404):e1-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2013.05.024CrossRef

41.

Wilkinson C (2010) Facial reconstruction–anatomical art or artistic anatomy? J Anat 216:235–250. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7580.2009.01182.xCrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

42.

Ferrario VF, Sforza C, Serrao G, Ciusa V, Dellavia C (2003) Growth and aging of facial soft tissues: a computerized three-dimensional mesh diagram analysis. Clin Anat 16:420–433. https://doi.org/10.1002/ca.10154CrossRefPubMed

43.

Coleman SR, Grover R (2006) The anatomy of the aging face: volume loss and changes in 3-dimensional topography. Aesthet Surg J 26:S4-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asj.2005.09.012CrossRefPubMed

44.

Caisey L, Gubanova E, Camus C, Lapatina N, Smetnik V, Leveque JL (2008) Influence of age and hormone replacement therapy on the functional properties of the lips. Skin Res Technol 14:220–225. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0846.2007.00283.xCrossRefPubMed

45.

Ferrario VF, Sforza C, Serrao G (2000) A three-dimensional quantitative analysis of lips in normal young adults. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 37:48–54. https://doi.org/10.1597/1545-1569_2000_037_0048_atdqao_2.3.co_2CrossRefPubMed

46.

Dias PE, Miranda GE, Beaini TL, Melani RF (2016) Practical application of anatomy of the oral cavity in forensic facial reconstruction. PLoS ONE 11:e0162732. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0162732CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

47.

Baik HS, Jeon JM, Lee HJ (2007) Facial soft-tissue analysis of Korean adults with normal occlusion using a 3-dimensional laser scanner. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 131:759–766. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajodo.2005.08.038CrossRefPubMed

48.

Mori A, Nakajima T, Kaneko T, Sakuma H, Aoki Y (2005) Analysis of 109 Japanese children’s lip and nose shapes using 3-dimensional digitizer. Br J Plast Surg 58:318–329. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjps.2004.11.019CrossRefPubMed

49.

Porter JP (2004) The average African American male face: an anthropometric analysis. Arch Facial Plast Surg 6:78–81. https://doi.org/10.1001/archfaci.6.2.78CrossRefPubMed

50.

Anic-Milosevic S, Mestrovic S, Prlic A, Slaj M (2010) Proportions in the upper lip-lower lip-chin area of the lower face as determined by photogrammetric method. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 38:90–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcms.2009.03.013CrossRefPubMed

51.

Ozdemir ST, Sigirli D, Ercan I, Cankur NS (2009) Photographic facial soft tissue analysis of healthy Turkish young adults: anthropometric measurements. Aesthetic Plast Surg 33:175–184. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00266-008-9274-zCrossRefPubMed

52.

Akgul AA, Toygar TU (2002) Natural craniofacial changes in the third decade of life: a longitudinal study. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 122:512–522. https://doi.org/10.1067/mod.2002.128861CrossRefPubMed

53.

Hajeer MY, Mao Z, Millett DT, Ayoub AF, Siebert JP (2005) A new three-dimensional method of assessing facial volumetric changes after orthognathic treatment. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 42:113–120. https://doi.org/10.1597/03-132.1CrossRefPubMed

54.

Sforza C, Grandi G, Binelli M, Dolci C, De Menezes M, Ferrario VF (2010) Age- and sex-related changes in three-dimensional lip morphology. Forensic Sci Int 200(182):e1-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2010.04.050CrossRef

55.

Stephan CN (2003) Facial approximation: an evaluation of mouth-width determination. Am J Phys Anthropol 121:48–57. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.10166CrossRefPubMed

56.

Stephan CN, Henneberg M (2003) Predicting mouth width from inter-canine width–a 75% rule. J Forensic Sci 48:725–727. https://doi.org/10.1517/eotp.13.7.1003.22989CrossRefPubMed

57.

Wilkinson CM, Motwani M, Chiang E (2003) The relationship between the soft tissues and the skeletal detail of the mouth. J Forensic Sci 48:728–732PubMed

Title: Lip morphology estimation models based on three-dimensional images in a modern adult population from China
Authors: Jia-min Zhao
Ling-ling Ji
Meng-qi Han
Qing-nan Mou
Guang Chu
Teng Chen
Shao-yi Du
Yu-xia Hou
Yu-cheng Guo
Publication date: 01-09-2021
Publisher: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Published in: International Journal of Legal Medicine / Issue 5/2021
Print ISSN: 0937-9827
Electronic ISSN: 1437-1596
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00414-021-02559-2

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Springer Medicine

Lip morphology estimation models based on three-dimensional images in a modern adult population from China

Abstract

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Springer Medicine

Abstract

Please log in to get access to this content

Other articles of this Issue 5/2021

Evaluation of one-step RT-PCR multiplex assay for body fluid identification

Traces under nails in clinical forensic medicine: not just DNA

The detection of malingering in whiplash-related injuries: a targeted literature review of the available strategies

The potential of micro-CT for dating post-cranial bone fractures: a macroscopic, radiographic, and microtomography study of fractures of known post-traumatic ages

Twenty-five years of unidentified bodies: an account from Milano, Italy

Postmortem coronary artery calcium score in cases of myocardial infarction