Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Aesthetic Plastic Surgery 2/2009

01-03-2009 | Original Article

Photographic Facial Soft Tissue Analysis of Healthy Turkish Young Adults: Anthropometric Measurements

Authors: Senem Turan Ozdemir, Deniz Sigirli, Ilker Ercan, N. Simsek Cankur

Published in: Aesthetic Plastic Surgery | Issue 2/2009

Login to get access

Abstract

Background

The purpose of this study was to establish facial soft tissue norms for Turkish young adults.

Methods

Anthropometric measurements of the facial soft tissue were taken from 281 female and 149 male Turkish adults aged between 18 and 24 years. The soft tissue facial profiles were digitally analyzed using linear (17 vertical and 10 horizontal) measurements made with standardized photographic records, taken in a natural head position, to determine the average soft tissue facial profile for males and females.

Results

A statistically significant difference was found between males and females in 20 of 27 measurements taken (p < 0.001). The most prominent differences between the sexes were observed in the measurements taken from the face region. Results were compared with other ethnic groups.
Literature
1.
go back to reference Baik HS, Jeon JM, Lee HJ (2007) Facial soft-tissue analysis of Korean adults with normal occlusion using a 3-dimensional laser scanner. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 131:759–766PubMedCrossRef Baik HS, Jeon JM, Lee HJ (2007) Facial soft-tissue analysis of Korean adults with normal occlusion using a 3-dimensional laser scanner. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 131:759–766PubMedCrossRef
2.
go back to reference Fariaby J, Hossini A, Saffari E (2006) Photographic analysis of faces of 20-year-old students in Iran. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 44:393–406PubMedCrossRef Fariaby J, Hossini A, Saffari E (2006) Photographic analysis of faces of 20-year-old students in Iran. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 44:393–406PubMedCrossRef
3.
go back to reference Fernández-Riveiro P, Suárez-Quintanilla D, Smyth-Chamosa E, Suárez-Cunqueiro M (2002) Linear photogrammetric analysis of the soft tissue facial profile. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 122:59–66PubMedCrossRef Fernández-Riveiro P, Suárez-Quintanilla D, Smyth-Chamosa E, Suárez-Cunqueiro M (2002) Linear photogrammetric analysis of the soft tissue facial profile. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 122:59–66PubMedCrossRef
4.
go back to reference Fernández-Riveiro P, Smyth-Chamosa E, Suárez-Quintanilla D, Suárez-Cunqueiro M (2003) Angular photogrammetric analysis of the soft tissue facial profile. Eur J Orthod 25:393–399PubMedCrossRef Fernández-Riveiro P, Smyth-Chamosa E, Suárez-Quintanilla D, Suárez-Cunqueiro M (2003) Angular photogrammetric analysis of the soft tissue facial profile. Eur J Orthod 25:393–399PubMedCrossRef
5.
go back to reference Ferrario VF, Sforza C, Serrao G (2000) A three-dimensional quantitative analysis of lips in normal young adults. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 37:48–54PubMedCrossRef Ferrario VF, Sforza C, Serrao G (2000) A three-dimensional quantitative analysis of lips in normal young adults. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 37:48–54PubMedCrossRef
6.
go back to reference Milosević SA, Varga ML, Slaj M (2008) Analysis of the soft tissue facial profile of Croatians using of linear measurements. J Craniofac Surg 19:251–258PubMed Milosević SA, Varga ML, Slaj M (2008) Analysis of the soft tissue facial profile of Croatians using of linear measurements. J Craniofac Surg 19:251–258PubMed
7.
go back to reference Nagle E, Teibe U, Kapoka D (2005) Craniofacial anthropometry in a group of healthy Latvian residents. Acta Med Lituanica 12:47–53 Nagle E, Teibe U, Kapoka D (2005) Craniofacial anthropometry in a group of healthy Latvian residents. Acta Med Lituanica 12:47–53
8.
go back to reference Porter JP, Olson KL (2001) Anthropometric facial analysis of the African American woman. Arch Facial Plast Surg 3:191–197PubMedCrossRef Porter JP, Olson KL (2001) Anthropometric facial analysis of the African American woman. Arch Facial Plast Surg 3:191–197PubMedCrossRef
9.
go back to reference Porter JP (2004) The average African American male face: an anthropometric analysis. Arch Facial Plast Surg 6:78–81PubMedCrossRef Porter JP (2004) The average African American male face: an anthropometric analysis. Arch Facial Plast Surg 6:78–81PubMedCrossRef
10.
go back to reference Sforza C, Dimaggio FR, Dellavia C, Grandi G, Ferrario VF (2007) Two-dimensional vs three-dimensional assessment of soft tissue facial profile: a non invasive study in 6-year-old healthy children. Minerva Stomatol 56:253–265PubMed Sforza C, Dimaggio FR, Dellavia C, Grandi G, Ferrario VF (2007) Two-dimensional vs three-dimensional assessment of soft tissue facial profile: a non invasive study in 6-year-old healthy children. Minerva Stomatol 56:253–265PubMed
11.
go back to reference Bozkir MG, Karakas P, Oguz O (2004) Vertical and horizontal neoclassical facial canons in Turkish young adults. Surg Radiol Anat 26:212–219PubMedCrossRef Bozkir MG, Karakas P, Oguz O (2004) Vertical and horizontal neoclassical facial canons in Turkish young adults. Surg Radiol Anat 26:212–219PubMedCrossRef
12.
go back to reference Choe KS, Sclafani AP, Litner JA, Yu GP, Romo T 3rd (2004) The Korean American woman’s face: anthropometric measurements and quantitative analysis of facial aesthetics. Arch Facial Plast Surg 6:244–252PubMedCrossRef Choe KS, Sclafani AP, Litner JA, Yu GP, Romo T 3rd (2004) The Korean American woman’s face: anthropometric measurements and quantitative analysis of facial aesthetics. Arch Facial Plast Surg 6:244–252PubMedCrossRef
13.
go back to reference Farkas LG, Katic MJ, Forrest CR, Alt KW, Bagic I, Baltadjiev G, Cunha E, Cvicelová M, Davies S, Erasmus I, Gillett-Netting R, Hajnis K, Kemkes-Grottenthaler A, Khomyakova I, Kumi A, Kgamphe JS, Kayo-daigo N, Le T, Malinowski A, Negasheva M, Manolis S, Ogetürk M, Parvizrad R, Rösing F, Sahu P, Sforza C, Sivkov S, Sultanova N, Tomazo-Ravnik T, Tóth G, Uzun A, Yahia E (2005) International anthropometric study of facial morphology in various ethnic groups/races. J Craniofacial Surg 16:615–646CrossRef Farkas LG, Katic MJ, Forrest CR, Alt KW, Bagic I, Baltadjiev G, Cunha E, Cvicelová M, Davies S, Erasmus I, Gillett-Netting R, Hajnis K, Kemkes-Grottenthaler A, Khomyakova I, Kumi A, Kgamphe JS, Kayo-daigo N, Le T, Malinowski A, Negasheva M, Manolis S, Ogetürk M, Parvizrad R, Rösing F, Sahu P, Sforza C, Sivkov S, Sultanova N, Tomazo-Ravnik T, Tóth G, Uzun A, Yahia E (2005) International anthropometric study of facial morphology in various ethnic groups/races. J Craniofacial Surg 16:615–646CrossRef
14.
go back to reference Sforza C, Laino A, D’Alessio R, Grandi G, Dellavia C, Tartaglia GM, Ferrario VF (2007) Three-dimensional facial morphometry of attractive Italian women. Prog Orthod 8:282–293PubMed Sforza C, Laino A, D’Alessio R, Grandi G, Dellavia C, Tartaglia GM, Ferrario VF (2007) Three-dimensional facial morphometry of attractive Italian women. Prog Orthod 8:282–293PubMed
15.
go back to reference Sforza C, Laino A, D’Alessio R, Grandi G, Tartaglia GM, Ferrario VF (2008) Soft-tissue facial characteristics of attractive and normal adolescent boys and girls. Angle Orthod 78:799–807PubMedCrossRef Sforza C, Laino A, D’Alessio R, Grandi G, Tartaglia GM, Ferrario VF (2008) Soft-tissue facial characteristics of attractive and normal adolescent boys and girls. Angle Orthod 78:799–807PubMedCrossRef
16.
go back to reference Uzun A, Akbas H, Bilgic S, Emirzeoglu M, Bostanci O, Sahin B, Bek Y (2006) The average values of the nasal anthropometric measurements in 108 young Turkish males. Auris Nasus Larynx 33:31–35PubMedCrossRef Uzun A, Akbas H, Bilgic S, Emirzeoglu M, Bostanci O, Sahin B, Bek Y (2006) The average values of the nasal anthropometric measurements in 108 young Turkish males. Auris Nasus Larynx 33:31–35PubMedCrossRef
17.
go back to reference Bearn DR, Sandy JR, Shaw WC (2002) Photogrammetric assessment of the soft tissue profile in unilateral cleft lip and palate. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 39:597–603PubMedCrossRef Bearn DR, Sandy JR, Shaw WC (2002) Photogrammetric assessment of the soft tissue profile in unilateral cleft lip and palate. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 39:597–603PubMedCrossRef
18.
go back to reference Aung SC, Foo CL, Lee ST (2000) Three dimensional laser scan assessment of the Oriental nose with a new classification of Oriental nasal types. Br J Plast Surg 53:109–116PubMedCrossRef Aung SC, Foo CL, Lee ST (2000) Three dimensional laser scan assessment of the Oriental nose with a new classification of Oriental nasal types. Br J Plast Surg 53:109–116PubMedCrossRef
19.
go back to reference Douglas TS (2004) Image processing for craniofacial landmark identification and measurement: a review of photogrammetry and cephalometry. Comput Med Imaging Graph 28:401–409PubMedCrossRef Douglas TS (2004) Image processing for craniofacial landmark identification and measurement: a review of photogrammetry and cephalometry. Comput Med Imaging Graph 28:401–409PubMedCrossRef
20.
go back to reference Guyot L, Dubuc M, Richard O, Philip N, Dutour O (2003) Comparison between direct clinical and digital photogrammetric measurements in patients with 22q11 microdeletion. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 32:246–252PubMedCrossRef Guyot L, Dubuc M, Richard O, Philip N, Dutour O (2003) Comparison between direct clinical and digital photogrammetric measurements in patients with 22q11 microdeletion. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 32:246–252PubMedCrossRef
21.
go back to reference Zhang X, Hans MG, Graham G, Kirchner HL, Redline S (2007) Correlations between cephalometric and facial photographic measurements of craniofacial form. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 131:67–71PubMedCrossRef Zhang X, Hans MG, Graham G, Kirchner HL, Redline S (2007) Correlations between cephalometric and facial photographic measurements of craniofacial form. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 131:67–71PubMedCrossRef
22.
go back to reference Ercan I, Ocakoglu G, Guney I, Yazici B (2008) Adaptation of generalizability theory for inter-rater reliability for landmark localization. Int J Tomogr Stat 9:51–58 Ercan I, Ocakoglu G, Guney I, Yazici B (2008) Adaptation of generalizability theory for inter-rater reliability for landmark localization. Int J Tomogr Stat 9:51–58
23.
go back to reference Dimitrov DM (2006) Reliability. In: Erford BT (ed) Assessment for counselors. Houghton-Mifflin/Lahaska, Boston, chap. 3 Dimitrov DM (2006) Reliability. In: Erford BT (ed) Assessment for counselors. Houghton-Mifflin/Lahaska, Boston, chap. 3
Metadata
Title
Photographic Facial Soft Tissue Analysis of Healthy Turkish Young Adults: Anthropometric Measurements
Authors
Senem Turan Ozdemir
Deniz Sigirli
Ilker Ercan
N. Simsek Cankur
Publication date
01-03-2009
Publisher
Springer-Verlag
Published in
Aesthetic Plastic Surgery / Issue 2/2009
Print ISSN: 0364-216X
Electronic ISSN: 1432-5241
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00266-008-9274-z

Other articles of this Issue 2/2009

Aesthetic Plastic Surgery 2/2009 Go to the issue