Skip to main content
Top
Published in: American Journal of Clinical Dermatology 4/2004

01-08-2004 | Therapy in Practice

Optimal Management of Fungal Infections of the Skin, Hair, and Nails

Authors: Dr Aditya K. Gupta, Elizabeth A. Cooper, Jennifer E. Ryder, Karyn A. Nicol, Melody Chow, Maria M. Chaudhry

Published in: American Journal of Clinical Dermatology | Issue 4/2004

Login to get access

Abstract

Superficial fungal infections are chronic and recurring conditions. Tinea capitis is a scalp infection, primarily affecting prepubescent children. Ringworm infections, such as tinea corporis and tinea cruris, involve the glabrous skin. Tinea nigra is a rare mycotic infection that may be related to travel abroad. Piedra, black or white, is limited to the hair shaft without involvement of the adjacent skin. Pityriasis (tinea) versicolor and seborrheic dermatitis are dermatoses associated with yeasts of the genus Malassezia that affect the lipid-rich areas of the body. The taxonomy of the Malassezia yeasts has been revised to include nine species, eight of which have been recovered from humans. Tinea pedis, an infection of the feet and toes, is one of the most common forms of dermatophytosis. Onychomycosis is a fungal infection affecting the nail bed and nail plate; it may be chronic and can be difficult to treat. In instances where the superficial fungal infection is severe or chronic, an oral antifungal agent should be considered. Terbinafine, itraconazole, and fluconazole are oral antifungals that are effective in the treatment of superficial mycoses.
Literature
1.
go back to reference Wilmington M, Aly R, Frieden IJ. Trichophyton tonsurans tinea capitis in the San Francisco Bay area: increased infection demonstrated in a 20-year survey of fungal infections from 1974 to 1994. J Med Vet Mycol 1996; 34 (4): 285–7PubMedCrossRef Wilmington M, Aly R, Frieden IJ. Trichophyton tonsurans tinea capitis in the San Francisco Bay area: increased infection demonstrated in a 20-year survey of fungal infections from 1974 to 1994. J Med Vet Mycol 1996; 34 (4): 285–7PubMedCrossRef
2.
go back to reference Gupta AK, Summerbell RC. Increased incidence of Trichophyton tonsurans tinea capitis in Ontario, Canada between 1985 and 1996. Med Mycol 1998; 36 (2): 55–60PubMed Gupta AK, Summerbell RC. Increased incidence of Trichophyton tonsurans tinea capitis in Ontario, Canada between 1985 and 1996. Med Mycol 1998; 36 (2): 55–60PubMed
3.
go back to reference Friedlander SF. The evolving role of itraconazole, fluconazole and terbinafine in the treatment of tinea capitis. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1999; 18 (2): 205–10PubMedCrossRef Friedlander SF. The evolving role of itraconazole, fluconazole and terbinafine in the treatment of tinea capitis. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1999; 18 (2): 205–10PubMedCrossRef
4.
go back to reference Fuller LC, Smith CH, Cerio R, et al. A randomized comparison of 4 weeks of terbinafine vs 8 weeks of griseofulvin for the treatment of tinea capitis. Br J Dermatol 2001; 144: 321–7PubMedCrossRef Fuller LC, Smith CH, Cerio R, et al. A randomized comparison of 4 weeks of terbinafine vs 8 weeks of griseofulvin for the treatment of tinea capitis. Br J Dermatol 2001; 144: 321–7PubMedCrossRef
5.
go back to reference López-Gómez S, Del Palacio A, Van Cutsem J, et al. Itraconazole versus griseofulvin in the treatment of tinea capitis: a double-blind randomized study in children. Int J Dermatol 1994; 33 (10): 743–7PubMedCrossRef López-Gómez S, Del Palacio A, Van Cutsem J, et al. Itraconazole versus griseofulvin in the treatment of tinea capitis: a double-blind randomized study in children. Int J Dermatol 1994; 33 (10): 743–7PubMedCrossRef
6.
go back to reference JCáceres-RíDos H, Rueda M, Ballona R, et al. Comparison of terbinafine and griseofulvin in the treatment of tinea capitis. J Am Acad Dermatol 2000; 42: 80–4CrossRef JCáceres-RíDos H, Rueda M, Ballona R, et al. Comparison of terbinafine and griseofulvin in the treatment of tinea capitis. J Am Acad Dermatol 2000; 42: 80–4CrossRef
7.
go back to reference Hussain I, Muzaffar F, Rashid T, et al. A randomized, comparative trial of treatment of kerion celsi with griseofulvin plus oral prednisolone vs griseofulvin alone. Med Mycol 1999; 37: 97–9PubMed Hussain I, Muzaffar F, Rashid T, et al. A randomized, comparative trial of treatment of kerion celsi with griseofulvin plus oral prednisolone vs griseofulvin alone. Med Mycol 1999; 37: 97–9PubMed
8.
go back to reference Gupta AK, Adam P, Dlova N, et al. Therapeutic options for the treatment of tinea capitis caused by Trichophyton species: griseofulvin versus the new oral antifungal agents, terbinafine, itraconazole, and fluconazole. Pediatr Dermatol 2001; 18 (5): 433–8PubMedCrossRef Gupta AK, Adam P, Dlova N, et al. Therapeutic options for the treatment of tinea capitis caused by Trichophyton species: griseofulvin versus the new oral antifungal agents, terbinafine, itraconazole, and fluconazole. Pediatr Dermatol 2001; 18 (5): 433–8PubMedCrossRef
9.
go back to reference Lipozencic J, Skerlev M, Orofino-Costa R, et al. A randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, duration-finding study of oral terbinafine and open-label, high-dose griseofulvin in children with tinea capitis due to Microsporum species. Br J Dermatol 2002; 146 (5): 816–23PubMedCrossRef Lipozencic J, Skerlev M, Orofino-Costa R, et al. A randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, duration-finding study of oral terbinafine and open-label, high-dose griseofulvin in children with tinea capitis due to Microsporum species. Br J Dermatol 2002; 146 (5): 816–23PubMedCrossRef
10.
go back to reference Jahangir M, Hussain I, Ul Hasan M, et al. A double-blind, randomized, comparative trial of itraconazole versus terbinafine for 2 weeks in tinea capitis. Br J Dermatol 1998; 139: 672–4PubMedCrossRef Jahangir M, Hussain I, Ul Hasan M, et al. A double-blind, randomized, comparative trial of itraconazole versus terbinafine for 2 weeks in tinea capitis. Br J Dermatol 1998; 139: 672–4PubMedCrossRef
11.
go back to reference Solomon BA, Collins R, Sharma R, et al. Fluconazole for the treatment of tinea capitis in children. J Am Acad Dermatol 1997; 37 (2 Pt 1): 274–5PubMedCrossRef Solomon BA, Collins R, Sharma R, et al. Fluconazole for the treatment of tinea capitis in children. J Am Acad Dermatol 1997; 37 (2 Pt 1): 274–5PubMedCrossRef
12.
go back to reference Filho ST, Cucé LC, Foss NT, et al. Efficacy, safety and tolerability of terbinafine for tinea capitis in children: Brazilian multicentric study with daily oral tablets for 1,2 and 4 weeks. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 1998; 11: 141–6PubMedCrossRef Filho ST, Cucé LC, Foss NT, et al. Efficacy, safety and tolerability of terbinafine for tinea capitis in children: Brazilian multicentric study with daily oral tablets for 1,2 and 4 weeks. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 1998; 11: 141–6PubMedCrossRef
13.
go back to reference Hamm H, Schwinn A, Bräutigam M, et al. Short duration treatment with terbinafine for tinea capitis caused by Trichophyton or Microsporum species. Br J Dermatol 1999; 140: 480–2PubMedCrossRef Hamm H, Schwinn A, Bräutigam M, et al. Short duration treatment with terbinafine for tinea capitis caused by Trichophyton or Microsporum species. Br J Dermatol 1999; 140: 480–2PubMedCrossRef
14.
go back to reference Haroon TS, Hussain I, Aman S, et al. A randomized double-blind comparative study of terbinafine for 1, 2 and 4 weeks in tinea capitis. Br J Dermatol 1996; 135: 86–8PubMedCrossRef Haroon TS, Hussain I, Aman S, et al. A randomized double-blind comparative study of terbinafine for 1, 2 and 4 weeks in tinea capitis. Br J Dermatol 1996; 135: 86–8PubMedCrossRef
15.
go back to reference Kullavanijaya P, Reangchainam S, Ungpakorn R. Randomized single-blind study of efficacy and tolerability of terbinafine in the treatment of tinea capitis. J Am Acad Dermatol 1997; 37 (2 Pt 1): 272–3PubMedCrossRef Kullavanijaya P, Reangchainam S, Ungpakorn R. Randomized single-blind study of efficacy and tolerability of terbinafine in the treatment of tinea capitis. J Am Acad Dermatol 1997; 37 (2 Pt 1): 272–3PubMedCrossRef
16.
go back to reference Friedlander SF, Aly R, Krafchik B, et al. Terbinafine in the treatment of Trichophyton tinea capitis: a randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, duration-finding study. Pediatrics 2002; 109 (4): 602–7PubMedCrossRef Friedlander SF, Aly R, Krafchik B, et al. Terbinafine in the treatment of Trichophyton tinea capitis: a randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, duration-finding study. Pediatrics 2002; 109 (4): 602–7PubMedCrossRef
17.
go back to reference Yeates R, Laufen H, Zimmerman T, et al. Accumulation of fluconazole in scalp hair. J Clin Pharmacol 1998; 38: 138–43PubMed Yeates R, Laufen H, Zimmerman T, et al. Accumulation of fluconazole in scalp hair. J Clin Pharmacol 1998; 38: 138–43PubMed
18.
go back to reference Tanuma H, Doi M, Yaguchi A, et al. Efficacy of oral fluconazole in tinea pedis of the hyperkeratotic type: stratum corneum levels. Mycoses 1998; 41: 153–62PubMedCrossRef Tanuma H, Doi M, Yaguchi A, et al. Efficacy of oral fluconazole in tinea pedis of the hyperkeratotic type: stratum corneum levels. Mycoses 1998; 41: 153–62PubMedCrossRef
19.
go back to reference Gupta AK, Cooper EA, Ginter G. Efficacy and safety of itraconazole use in children. Dermatol Clin 2003; 21 (3): 521–35PubMedCrossRef Gupta AK, Cooper EA, Ginter G. Efficacy and safety of itraconazole use in children. Dermatol Clin 2003; 21 (3): 521–35PubMedCrossRef
20.
go back to reference Gupta AK, Cooper EA, Montero-Gei F. The use of fluconazole to treat superficial fungal infections in children. Dermatol Clin 2003; 21 (3): 537–42PubMedCrossRef Gupta AK, Cooper EA, Montero-Gei F. The use of fluconazole to treat superficial fungal infections in children. Dermatol Clin 2003; 21 (3): 537–42PubMedCrossRef
21.
go back to reference Janssen Pharmaceuticals Inc. Sporanox® (Itraconazole) oral solution, 2001 (revised February 2002). In: Murray L, Senior Associate Editor. Physician’s desk reference® 57th ed. Montvale (NH): Thomson PDR, 2003: 1797–802 Janssen Pharmaceuticals Inc. Sporanox® (Itraconazole) oral solution, 2001 (revised February 2002). In: Murray L, Senior Associate Editor. Physician’s desk reference® 57th ed. Montvale (NH): Thomson PDR, 2003: 1797–802
22.
go back to reference Gupta AK, Hofstader SL, Summerbell RC, et al. Treatment of tinea capitis with itraconazole capsule pulse therapy. J Am Acad Dermatol 1998; 39 (2 Pt 1): 216–9PubMedCrossRef Gupta AK, Hofstader SL, Summerbell RC, et al. Treatment of tinea capitis with itraconazole capsule pulse therapy. J Am Acad Dermatol 1998; 39 (2 Pt 1): 216–9PubMedCrossRef
23.
go back to reference Gupta AK, Adam P, De Doncker P. Itraconazole pulse therapy for tinea capitis: a novel treatment schedule. Pediatr Dermatol 1998; 15 (3): 225–8PubMedCrossRef Gupta AK, Adam P, De Doncker P. Itraconazole pulse therapy for tinea capitis: a novel treatment schedule. Pediatr Dermatol 1998; 15 (3): 225–8PubMedCrossRef
24.
go back to reference Gupta AK, Alexis ME, Raboobee N, et al. Itraconazole pulse therapy is effective in the treatment of tinea capitis in children: an open multicentre study. Br J Dermatol 1997; 137 (2): 251–4PubMedCrossRef Gupta AK, Alexis ME, Raboobee N, et al. Itraconazole pulse therapy is effective in the treatment of tinea capitis in children: an open multicentre study. Br J Dermatol 1997; 137 (2): 251–4PubMedCrossRef
25.
go back to reference Gupta AK, Solomon RS, Adam P. Itraconazole oral solution for the treatment of tinea capitis. Br J Dermatol 1998; 139 (1): 104–6PubMedCrossRef Gupta AK, Solomon RS, Adam P. Itraconazole oral solution for the treatment of tinea capitis. Br J Dermatol 1998; 139 (1): 104–6PubMedCrossRef
26.
go back to reference Gupta AK, Adam P, Soloman R, et al. Itraconazole oral solution for the treatment of tinea capitis using the pulse regimen. Cutis 1999; 64 (3): 192–4PubMed Gupta AK, Adam P, Soloman R, et al. Itraconazole oral solution for the treatment of tinea capitis using the pulse regimen. Cutis 1999; 64 (3): 192–4PubMed
27.
go back to reference Gupta AK, Cooper EA, Lynde CW. The efficacy and safety of terbinafine in children. Dermatol Clin 2003; 21 (3): 511–20PubMedCrossRef Gupta AK, Cooper EA, Lynde CW. The efficacy and safety of terbinafine in children. Dermatol Clin 2003; 21 (3): 511–20PubMedCrossRef
28.
go back to reference Burkhart CG. Coffee grinders assist pediatric dosing [letter]. Cutis 2000; 65 (5): 276PubMed Burkhart CG. Coffee grinders assist pediatric dosing [letter]. Cutis 2000; 65 (5): 276PubMed
29.
go back to reference Friedlander SF, Skerlev M, Lipozencic J, et al. Relationship between terbinafine dose and complete cure rate in tinea capitis: analysis of phase II randomized trials [abstract]. J Eur Acad Derm Venereol 2001; 15 Suppl. 2: 221 Friedlander SF, Skerlev M, Lipozencic J, et al. Relationship between terbinafine dose and complete cure rate in tinea capitis: analysis of phase II randomized trials [abstract]. J Eur Acad Derm Venereol 2001; 15 Suppl. 2: 221
30.
go back to reference Romero G, Garrido JA, Cortina P, et al. Efficacy of oral terbinafine in children with tinea capitis caused by Microsporum canis [abstract]. J Eur Acad Derm Venereol 2001; 15: 221 Romero G, Garrido JA, Cortina P, et al. Efficacy of oral terbinafine in children with tinea capitis caused by Microsporum canis [abstract]. J Eur Acad Derm Venereol 2001; 15: 221
31.
go back to reference Koumantaki E, Kakourou T, Rallis E, et al. Doubled dose of oral terbinafine is required for Microsporum canis tinea capitis. Pediatr Dermatol 2001; 18 (4): 339–42PubMedCrossRef Koumantaki E, Kakourou T, Rallis E, et al. Doubled dose of oral terbinafine is required for Microsporum canis tinea capitis. Pediatr Dermatol 2001; 18 (4): 339–42PubMedCrossRef
32.
go back to reference Williams JV, Honig PJ, McGinley KJ, et al. Semiquantitative study of tinea capitis and the asymptomatic carrier state in inner-city school children. Pediatrics 1995; 96 (2 Pt 1): 265–7PubMed Williams JV, Honig PJ, McGinley KJ, et al. Semiquantitative study of tinea capitis and the asymptomatic carrier state in inner-city school children. Pediatrics 1995; 96 (2 Pt 1): 265–7PubMed
33.
go back to reference Pomeranz AJ, Sabnis SS, McGrath GJ, et al. Asymptomatic dermatophyte carriers in the households of children with tinea capitis. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1999; 153 (5): 483–6PubMed Pomeranz AJ, Sabnis SS, McGrath GJ, et al. Asymptomatic dermatophyte carriers in the households of children with tinea capitis. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1999; 153 (5): 483–6PubMed
34.
go back to reference Frieden IJ. Tinea capitis: asymptomatic carriage of infection. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1999; 18 (2): 186–90PubMedCrossRef Frieden IJ. Tinea capitis: asymptomatic carriage of infection. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1999; 18 (2): 186–90PubMedCrossRef
35.
go back to reference Suarez S, Friedlander SF. Antifungal therapy in children: an update. Pediatr Ann 1998; 27 (3): 177–84PubMed Suarez S, Friedlander SF. Antifungal therapy in children: an update. Pediatr Ann 1998; 27 (3): 177–84PubMed
36.
go back to reference Gupta AK, Summerbell RC. Tinea capitis. Med Mycol 2000; 38 (4): 255–87 Gupta AK, Summerbell RC. Tinea capitis. Med Mycol 2000; 38 (4): 255–87
37.
go back to reference Neil G, Hanslo D, Buccimazza S, et al. Control of the carrier state of scalp dermatophytes. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1990; 9 (1): 57–8PubMedCrossRef Neil G, Hanslo D, Buccimazza S, et al. Control of the carrier state of scalp dermatophytes. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1990; 9 (1): 57–8PubMedCrossRef
38.
go back to reference Greer DL. Treatment of symptom-free carriers in management of tinea capitis. Lancet 1996; 348 (9024): 350PubMedCrossRef Greer DL. Treatment of symptom-free carriers in management of tinea capitis. Lancet 1996; 348 (9024): 350PubMedCrossRef
40.
go back to reference Higgins EM, Fuller LC, Smith CH. Guidelines for the management of tinea capitis: British Association of Dermatologists. Br J Dermatol 2000; 143 (1): 53–8PubMedCrossRef Higgins EM, Fuller LC, Smith CH. Guidelines for the management of tinea capitis: British Association of Dermatologists. Br J Dermatol 2000; 143 (1): 53–8PubMedCrossRef
41.
go back to reference Drake LA, Dinehart SM, Farmer ER, et al. Guidelines of care for superficial mycotic infections of the skin: tinea capitis and tinea barbae. Guidelines/Outcomes Committee. American Academy of Dermatology. J Am Acad Dermatol 1996; 34 (2 Pt 1): 290–4PubMedCrossRef Drake LA, Dinehart SM, Farmer ER, et al. Guidelines of care for superficial mycotic infections of the skin: tinea capitis and tinea barbae. Guidelines/Outcomes Committee. American Academy of Dermatology. J Am Acad Dermatol 1996; 34 (2 Pt 1): 290–4PubMedCrossRef
42.
go back to reference Honig PJ. Tinea capitis: recommendations for school attendance. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1999; 18 (2): 211–4PubMedCrossRef Honig PJ. Tinea capitis: recommendations for school attendance. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1999; 18 (2): 211–4PubMedCrossRef
43.
go back to reference Crespo Erchiga V, Delgado Florencio V. Malassezia species in skin diseases. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2002; 15: 133–42PubMedCrossRef Crespo Erchiga V, Delgado Florencio V. Malassezia species in skin diseases. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2002; 15: 133–42PubMedCrossRef
44.
go back to reference Guého E, Midgley G, Guillot J. The genus Malassezia with description of four new species. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 1996; 69: 337–55PubMedCrossRef Guého E, Midgley G, Guillot J. The genus Malassezia with description of four new species. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 1996; 69: 337–55PubMedCrossRef
45.
go back to reference Sugita T, Takashima M, Shinoda T, et al. New yeast species, Malassezia dermatis, isolated from patients with atopic dermatitis. J Clin Microbiol 2002; 40: 1363–7PubMedCrossRef Sugita T, Takashima M, Shinoda T, et al. New yeast species, Malassezia dermatis, isolated from patients with atopic dermatitis. J Clin Microbiol 2002; 40: 1363–7PubMedCrossRef
46.
go back to reference Nell A, James SA, Bond CJ, et al. Identification and distribution of a novel Malassezia species yeast on normal equine skin. Vet Rec 2002; 150: 395–8PubMedCrossRef Nell A, James SA, Bond CJ, et al. Identification and distribution of a novel Malassezia species yeast on normal equine skin. Vet Rec 2002; 150: 395–8PubMedCrossRef
47.
48.
49.
go back to reference El Euch D, Riahi I, Mokni M, et al. Ketoconazole forming gel in tinea versicolor (about 60 cases) [in French]. Tunis Med 1999; 77: 38–40PubMed El Euch D, Riahi I, Mokni M, et al. Ketoconazole forming gel in tinea versicolor (about 60 cases) [in French]. Tunis Med 1999; 77: 38–40PubMed
50.
go back to reference Lange DS, Richards HM, Guarnieri J, et al. Ketoconazole 2% shampoo in the treatment of tinea versicolor: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Am Acad Dermatol 1998; 39: 944–50PubMedCrossRef Lange DS, Richards HM, Guarnieri J, et al. Ketoconazole 2% shampoo in the treatment of tinea versicolor: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Am Acad Dermatol 1998; 39: 944–50PubMedCrossRef
51.
go back to reference Farschian M, Yaghoobi R, Samadi K. Fluconazole versus ketoconazole in the treatment of tinea versicolor. J Dermatolog Treat 2002; 13: 73–6PubMedCrossRef Farschian M, Yaghoobi R, Samadi K. Fluconazole versus ketoconazole in the treatment of tinea versicolor. J Dermatolog Treat 2002; 13: 73–6PubMedCrossRef
52.
go back to reference Shemer A, Nathansohn N, Kaplan B, et al. Itraconazole versus ketoconazole in the treatment of tinea versicolor. J Dermatolog Treat 1999; 10: 19–23CrossRef Shemer A, Nathansohn N, Kaplan B, et al. Itraconazole versus ketoconazole in the treatment of tinea versicolor. J Dermatolog Treat 1999; 10: 19–23CrossRef
53.
go back to reference Fernandez-Nava HD, Laya-Cuadra B, Tianco EAV. Comparison of single dose 400mg versus 10-day 200mg daily dose ketoconazole in the treatment of tinea versicolor. Int J Dermatol 1997; 36: 64–6PubMedCrossRef Fernandez-Nava HD, Laya-Cuadra B, Tianco EAV. Comparison of single dose 400mg versus 10-day 200mg daily dose ketoconazole in the treatment of tinea versicolor. Int J Dermatol 1997; 36: 64–6PubMedCrossRef
55.
go back to reference Hay RJ, Midgeley G. Short course ketoconazole therapy in pityriasis versicolor. Clin Exp Dermatol 1984; 9: 571–3PubMedCrossRef Hay RJ, Midgeley G. Short course ketoconazole therapy in pityriasis versicolor. Clin Exp Dermatol 1984; 9: 571–3PubMedCrossRef
56.
go back to reference Savin RC. Systemic ketoconazole in tinea versicolor: a double-blind evaluation and 1-year follow-up. J Am Acad Dermatol 1984; 10: 824–30PubMedCrossRef Savin RC. Systemic ketoconazole in tinea versicolor: a double-blind evaluation and 1-year follow-up. J Am Acad Dermatol 1984; 10: 824–30PubMedCrossRef
57.
go back to reference Urcuyo FG, Zaias N. The successful treatment of pityriasis versicolor by systemic ketoconazole. J Am Acad Dermatol 1982; 6: 24–5PubMedCrossRef Urcuyo FG, Zaias N. The successful treatment of pityriasis versicolor by systemic ketoconazole. J Am Acad Dermatol 1982; 6: 24–5PubMedCrossRef
58.
go back to reference Faergemann J, Djarv L. Tinea versicolor: treatment and prophylaxis with ketoconazole. Cutis 1982; 30: 542–50PubMed Faergemann J, Djarv L. Tinea versicolor: treatment and prophylaxis with ketoconazole. Cutis 1982; 30: 542–50PubMed
59.
go back to reference Köse O, Bülent Tastan H, Riza Gür A, et al. Comparison of a single 400mg dose versus a 7-day 200mg daily dose of itraconazole in the treatment of tinea versicolor. J Dermatolog Treat 2002; 13: 77–9PubMedCrossRef Köse O, Bülent Tastan H, Riza Gür A, et al. Comparison of a single 400mg dose versus a 7-day 200mg daily dose of itraconazole in the treatment of tinea versicolor. J Dermatolog Treat 2002; 13: 77–9PubMedCrossRef
60.
go back to reference Hickman JG. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled evaluation of short-term treatment with oral itraconazole in patients with tinea versicolor. J Am Acad Dermatol 1996; 34: 785–7PubMedCrossRef Hickman JG. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled evaluation of short-term treatment with oral itraconazole in patients with tinea versicolor. J Am Acad Dermatol 1996; 34: 785–7PubMedCrossRef
61.
go back to reference Montero-Gei F, Robles ME, Suchil P. Fluconazole vs itraconazole in the treatment of tinea versicolor. Int J Dermatol 1999; 38: 601–3PubMedCrossRef Montero-Gei F, Robles ME, Suchil P. Fluconazole vs itraconazole in the treatment of tinea versicolor. Int J Dermatol 1999; 38: 601–3PubMedCrossRef
62.
go back to reference Massone L, Pestarino A, Borghi S, et al. Oral itraconazole in the treatment of pityriasis versicolor: a comparison of two different dosage regimens. Micologia Dermatologica 1991; 5: 90–2 Massone L, Pestarino A, Borghi S, et al. Oral itraconazole in the treatment of pityriasis versicolor: a comparison of two different dosage regimens. Micologia Dermatologica 1991; 5: 90–2
63.
go back to reference Del Palacio Hernanz A, Delgado Vicente S, Menendez Ramos F, et al. Randomized comparative clinical trial of itraconazole and selenium sulfide shampoo for the treatment of pityriasis versicolor. Rev Infect Dis 1987; 9: S121–7CrossRef Del Palacio Hernanz A, Delgado Vicente S, Menendez Ramos F, et al. Randomized comparative clinical trial of itraconazole and selenium sulfide shampoo for the treatment of pityriasis versicolor. Rev Infect Dis 1987; 9: S121–7CrossRef
64.
go back to reference Estrada RA. Itraconazole in pityriasis versicolor. Rev Infect Dis 1987; 9: S128–30CrossRef Estrada RA. Itraconazole in pityriasis versicolor. Rev Infect Dis 1987; 9: S128–30CrossRef
65.
go back to reference Galimberti RL, Villalba I, Galarza S, et al. Itraconazole in pityriasis versicolor: ultrastructural changes in Malassezia furfur produced during treatment. Rev Infect Dis 1987; 9: S134–8CrossRef Galimberti RL, Villalba I, Galarza S, et al. Itraconazole in pityriasis versicolor: ultrastructural changes in Malassezia furfur produced during treatment. Rev Infect Dis 1987; 9: S134–8CrossRef
66.
go back to reference Morales-Doria M. Pityriasis versicolor: efficacy of two five-day regimens of itraconazole. Rev Infect Dis 1987; 9: S131–3CrossRef Morales-Doria M. Pityriasis versicolor: efficacy of two five-day regimens of itraconazole. Rev Infect Dis 1987; 9: S131–3CrossRef
67.
go back to reference Del Palacio-Hernanz A, Frias-Iniesta J, Gonzalez-Valle O, et al. Itraconazole therapy in pityriasis versicolor. Br J Dermatol 1986; 115: 217–25PubMedCrossRef Del Palacio-Hernanz A, Frias-Iniesta J, Gonzalez-Valle O, et al. Itraconazole therapy in pityriasis versicolor. Br J Dermatol 1986; 115: 217–25PubMedCrossRef
68.
go back to reference Simoni S, Cilli P. Itraconazole in the treatment of pityriasis versicolor: results obtained in 30 patients. G Ital Dermatol Venereol 1991; 126: 41–3 Simoni S, Cilli P. Itraconazole in the treatment of pityriasis versicolor: results obtained in 30 patients. G Ital Dermatol Venereol 1991; 126: 41–3
69.
go back to reference Cuce LC, Belda W, Barbosa de Oliveira Ribeiro E. Itraconazole in the treatment of pityriasis versicolor: comparison between 5 and 7 days of treatment. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 1990; 32: 181–4PubMed Cuce LC, Belda W, Barbosa de Oliveira Ribeiro E. Itraconazole in the treatment of pityriasis versicolor: comparison between 5 and 7 days of treatment. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 1990; 32: 181–4PubMed
70.
go back to reference Panconesi E, Difonzo E. Treatment of dermatophytoses and pityriasis versicolor with itraconazole. Rev Infect Dis 1987; 9: S109–13CrossRef Panconesi E, Difonzo E. Treatment of dermatophytoses and pityriasis versicolor with itraconazole. Rev Infect Dis 1987; 9: S109–13CrossRef
71.
go back to reference Faergemann J. Treatment of pityriasis versicolor with itraconazole: a double-blind placebo controlled study. Mycoses 1988; 31: 377–9PubMedCrossRef Faergemann J. Treatment of pityriasis versicolor with itraconazole: a double-blind placebo controlled study. Mycoses 1988; 31: 377–9PubMedCrossRef
72.
go back to reference Faergemann J. Treatment of pityriasis versicolor with a single dose of fluconazole. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 1992; 72: 74–5 Faergemann J. Treatment of pityriasis versicolor with a single dose of fluconazole. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 1992; 72: 74–5
73.
go back to reference Shahid J, Ihsan Z, Khan S. Oral fluconazole in the treatment of pityriasis versicolor. J Dermatolog Treat 2000; 11: 101–3CrossRef Shahid J, Ihsan Z, Khan S. Oral fluconazole in the treatment of pityriasis versicolor. J Dermatolog Treat 2000; 11: 101–3CrossRef
74.
go back to reference Amer MA, Abdallah MA, Abdel-Aal MA, et al. Fluconazole in the treatment of tinea versicolor. Int J Dermatol 1997; 36: 938–46CrossRef Amer MA, Abdallah MA, Abdel-Aal MA, et al. Fluconazole in the treatment of tinea versicolor. Int J Dermatol 1997; 36: 938–46CrossRef
75.
go back to reference Cullen SI, Frost P, Jacobson C, et al. Treatment of tinea versicolor with a new antifungal agent, ciclopirox olamine cream 1%. Clin Ther 1985; 7: 574–83 Cullen SI, Frost P, Jacobson C, et al. Treatment of tinea versicolor with a new antifungal agent, ciclopirox olamine cream 1%. Clin Ther 1985; 7: 574–83
76.
go back to reference Savin R, Eisen D, Fradin MS, et al. Tinea versicolor treated with terbinafine 1% solution. Int J Dermatol 1999; 38: 863–5PubMedCrossRef Savin R, Eisen D, Fradin MS, et al. Tinea versicolor treated with terbinafine 1% solution. Int J Dermatol 1999; 38: 863–5PubMedCrossRef
77.
go back to reference Vermeer BJ, Staats CCG. The efficacy of a topical application of terbinafine 1% solution in subjects with pityriasis versicolor: a placebo-controlled study. Dermatology 1997; 194: 22–4PubMedCrossRef Vermeer BJ, Staats CCG. The efficacy of a topical application of terbinafine 1% solution in subjects with pityriasis versicolor: a placebo-controlled study. Dermatology 1997; 194: 22–4PubMedCrossRef
78.
go back to reference Faergemann J, Hersle K, Nordin P. Pityriasis versicolor: clinical experience with Lamisil cream and Lamisil dermgel. Dermatology 1997; 197: 19–21CrossRef Faergemann J, Hersle K, Nordin P. Pityriasis versicolor: clinical experience with Lamisil cream and Lamisil dermgel. Dermatology 1997; 197: 19–21CrossRef
79.
go back to reference Aste N, Pau M, Pinna AL, et al. Clinical efficacy and tolerability of terbinafine in patients with pityriasis versicolor. Mycoses 1991; 34: 353–7PubMedCrossRef Aste N, Pau M, Pinna AL, et al. Clinical efficacy and tolerability of terbinafine in patients with pityriasis versicolor. Mycoses 1991; 34: 353–7PubMedCrossRef
80.
go back to reference Squire RA, Goode K. A randomised, single-blind, single-centre clinical trial to evaluate comparative clinical efficacy of shampoos containing ciclopirox olamine (1.5%) and salicylic acid (3%), or ketoconazole (2%, Nizoral) for the treatment of dandruff/seborrhoeic dermatitis. J Dermatolog Treat 2002; 13: 51–60PubMedCrossRef Squire RA, Goode K. A randomised, single-blind, single-centre clinical trial to evaluate comparative clinical efficacy of shampoos containing ciclopirox olamine (1.5%) and salicylic acid (3%), or ketoconazole (2%, Nizoral) for the treatment of dandruff/seborrhoeic dermatitis. J Dermatolog Treat 2002; 13: 51–60PubMedCrossRef
81.
go back to reference Danby FW, Maddin WS, Margesson LJ, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of ketoconazole 2% shampoo versus selenium sulfide 2.5% shampoo in the treatment of moderate to severe dandruff. J Am Acad Dermatol 1993; 29: 1008–12PubMedCrossRef Danby FW, Maddin WS, Margesson LJ, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of ketoconazole 2% shampoo versus selenium sulfide 2.5% shampoo in the treatment of moderate to severe dandruff. J Am Acad Dermatol 1993; 29: 1008–12PubMedCrossRef
82.
go back to reference Pierard-Franchimont C, Pierard GE, Arrese JE, et al. Effect of ketoconazole 1% and 2% shampoos on severe dandruff and seborrhoeic dermatitis: clinical, squamometric and mycological assessments. Dermatology 2001; 202: 171–6PubMedCrossRef Pierard-Franchimont C, Pierard GE, Arrese JE, et al. Effect of ketoconazole 1% and 2% shampoos on severe dandruff and seborrhoeic dermatitis: clinical, squamometric and mycological assessments. Dermatology 2001; 202: 171–6PubMedCrossRef
83.
go back to reference Carr MM, Pryce DM, Ive FA. Treatment of seborrhoeic dermatitis with ketoconazole: I. response of seborrhoeic dermatitis of the scalp to topical ketoconazole. Br J Dermatol 1987; 116: 213–6PubMedCrossRef Carr MM, Pryce DM, Ive FA. Treatment of seborrhoeic dermatitis with ketoconazole: I. response of seborrhoeic dermatitis of the scalp to topical ketoconazole. Br J Dermatol 1987; 116: 213–6PubMedCrossRef
84.
go back to reference Pierard GE, Pierard-Franchimont C, Van Cutsem J, et al. Ketoconazole 2% emulsion in the treatment of seborrheic dermatitis. Int J Dermatol 1991; 30: 806–9PubMedCrossRef Pierard GE, Pierard-Franchimont C, Van Cutsem J, et al. Ketoconazole 2% emulsion in the treatment of seborrheic dermatitis. Int J Dermatol 1991; 30: 806–9PubMedCrossRef
85.
go back to reference Stratigos J, Antoniou C, Katsambas A, et al. Ketoconazole 2% cream versus hydrocortisone 1% cream in the treatment of seborrheic dermatitis. J Am Acad Dermatol 1988; 19: 850–3PubMedCrossRef Stratigos J, Antoniou C, Katsambas A, et al. Ketoconazole 2% cream versus hydrocortisone 1% cream in the treatment of seborrheic dermatitis. J Am Acad Dermatol 1988; 19: 850–3PubMedCrossRef
86.
go back to reference Skinner RB, Noah PW, Taylor RM, et al. Double-blind treatment of seborrheic dermatitis with 2% ketoconazole cream. J Am Acad Dermatol 1985; 12: 852–6PubMedCrossRef Skinner RB, Noah PW, Taylor RM, et al. Double-blind treatment of seborrheic dermatitis with 2% ketoconazole cream. J Am Acad Dermatol 1985; 12: 852–6PubMedCrossRef
87.
go back to reference Ford GP, Farr PM, Ive FA, et al. The response of seborrhoeic dermatitis to ketoconazole. Br J Dermatol 1984; 111: 603–7PubMedCrossRef Ford GP, Farr PM, Ive FA, et al. The response of seborrhoeic dermatitis to ketoconazole. Br J Dermatol 1984; 111: 603–7PubMedCrossRef
88.
go back to reference Caputo R, Barbareschi M. Itraconazole: new horizons. G Ital Dermatol Venereol 2002; 137: 1–7 Caputo R, Barbareschi M. Itraconazole: new horizons. G Ital Dermatol Venereol 2002; 137: 1–7
89.
go back to reference Dupuy P, Maurette C, Amoric JC, et al. Randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study on clinical efficacy of ciclopiroxolamine 1% cream in facial seborrhoeic dermatitis. Br J Dermatol 2001; 144: 1033–7PubMedCrossRef Dupuy P, Maurette C, Amoric JC, et al. Randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study on clinical efficacy of ciclopiroxolamine 1% cream in facial seborrhoeic dermatitis. Br J Dermatol 2001; 144: 1033–7PubMedCrossRef
90.
go back to reference Scaparro E, Quadri G, Virno G, et al. Evaluation of the efficacy and tolerability of oral terbinafine (Daskil) in patients with seborrhoeic dermatitis: a multicentre, randomized, investigator-blinded, placebo-controlled trial. Br J Dermatol 2001; 144: 854–7PubMedCrossRef Scaparro E, Quadri G, Virno G, et al. Evaluation of the efficacy and tolerability of oral terbinafine (Daskil) in patients with seborrhoeic dermatitis: a multicentre, randomized, investigator-blinded, placebo-controlled trial. Br J Dermatol 2001; 144: 854–7PubMedCrossRef
91.
go back to reference Faergemann J, Fredriksson T. Tinea versicolor: some new aspects on etiology, pathogenesis, and treatment. Int J Dermatol 1982; 21: 8–11PubMedCrossRef Faergemann J, Fredriksson T. Tinea versicolor: some new aspects on etiology, pathogenesis, and treatment. Int J Dermatol 1982; 21: 8–11PubMedCrossRef
92.
go back to reference Gupta AK, Kohli Y, Li A, et al. In vitro susceptibility of the seven Malassezia species to ketoconazole, voriconazole, itraconazole, and terbinafine. Br J Dermatol 2000; 142: 758–65PubMedCrossRef Gupta AK, Kohli Y, Li A, et al. In vitro susceptibility of the seven Malassezia species to ketoconazole, voriconazole, itraconazole, and terbinafine. Br J Dermatol 2000; 142: 758–65PubMedCrossRef
93.
go back to reference Faergemann J, Gupta AK, Al Mofadi A, et al. Efficacy of itraconazole in the prophylactic treatment of pityriasis (tinea) versicolor. Arch Dermatol 2002; 138: 69–73PubMedCrossRef Faergemann J, Gupta AK, Al Mofadi A, et al. Efficacy of itraconazole in the prophylactic treatment of pityriasis (tinea) versicolor. Arch Dermatol 2002; 138: 69–73PubMedCrossRef
94.
go back to reference Gupta AK, Chaudhry M, Elewski B. Tinea corporis, tinea cruris, tinea nigra, and piedra. Dermatol Clin 2003; 21 (3): 431–62PubMedCrossRef Gupta AK, Chaudhry M, Elewski B. Tinea corporis, tinea cruris, tinea nigra, and piedra. Dermatol Clin 2003; 21 (3): 431–62PubMedCrossRef
95.
go back to reference Drake LA, Dinehart SM, Farmer ER, et al. Guidelines of care for superficial mycotic infections of the skin: tinea corporis, tinea cruris, tinea faciei, tinea manuum, and tinea pedis. J Am Acad Dermatol 1996; 34: 282–6PubMedCrossRef Drake LA, Dinehart SM, Farmer ER, et al. Guidelines of care for superficial mycotic infections of the skin: tinea corporis, tinea cruris, tinea faciei, tinea manuum, and tinea pedis. J Am Acad Dermatol 1996; 34: 282–6PubMedCrossRef
96.
go back to reference Physicians’ desk reference. 57th ed. Montvale (NJ): Thomson PDR, 2003 Physicians’ desk reference. 57th ed. Montvale (NJ): Thomson PDR, 2003
97.
go back to reference Hay RJ, Moore M. Mycology. In: Champion RH, Burton JL, Burns DA, et al., editors. Textbook of dermatology. 6th ed. Oxford: Blackwell Science, 1998: 1290–312 Hay RJ, Moore M. Mycology. In: Champion RH, Burton JL, Burns DA, et al., editors. Textbook of dermatology. 6th ed. Oxford: Blackwell Science, 1998: 1290–312
98.
go back to reference Burke WA: Tinea nigra: treatment with topical ketoconazole. Cutis 1993; 52: 209–11PubMed Burke WA: Tinea nigra: treatment with topical ketoconazole. Cutis 1993; 52: 209–11PubMed
99.
go back to reference Gip L. Black piedra: the first case treated with terbinafine (Lamisil®). Br J Dermatol 1994; 130 Suppl. 43: 26–8PubMedCrossRef Gip L. Black piedra: the first case treated with terbinafine (Lamisil®). Br J Dermatol 1994; 130 Suppl. 43: 26–8PubMedCrossRef
100.
go back to reference Drake LA, Dinehart SM, Farmer ER, et al. Guidelines of care for superficial mycotic infections of the skin: Piedra. J Am Acad Dermatol 1996; 34: 122–4CrossRef Drake LA, Dinehart SM, Farmer ER, et al. Guidelines of care for superficial mycotic infections of the skin: Piedra. J Am Acad Dermatol 1996; 34: 122–4CrossRef
101.
go back to reference Odom R. Pathophysiology of dermatophyte infections. J Am Acad Dermatol 1993; 28: S2–7CrossRef Odom R. Pathophysiology of dermatophyte infections. J Am Acad Dermatol 1993; 28: S2–7CrossRef
102.
go back to reference Gupta AK, Chow M, Daniel CR, et al. Treatments of tinea pedis. Dermatol Clin 2003; 21 (3): 431–62PubMedCrossRef Gupta AK, Chow M, Daniel CR, et al. Treatments of tinea pedis. Dermatol Clin 2003; 21 (3): 431–62PubMedCrossRef
103.
104.
go back to reference Brooks KE, Bender JF. Tinea pedis: diagnosis and treatment. Clin Podiatr Med Surg 1996; 13: 31–46PubMed Brooks KE, Bender JF. Tinea pedis: diagnosis and treatment. Clin Podiatr Med Surg 1996; 13: 31–46PubMed
107.
go back to reference Gupta AK, Lynde CW, Jain HC, et al. A higher prevalence of onychomycosis in psoriatics compared with non-psoriatics: a multicenter study. Br J Dermatol 1997; 136: 786–9PubMedCrossRef Gupta AK, Lynde CW, Jain HC, et al. A higher prevalence of onychomycosis in psoriatics compared with non-psoriatics: a multicenter study. Br J Dermatol 1997; 136: 786–9PubMedCrossRef
108.
go back to reference Gupta AK, Taborda P, Taborda V, et al. Epidemiology and prevalence of onychomycosis in HIV-positive individuals. Int J Dermatol 2000; 39 (10): 746–53PubMedCrossRef Gupta AK, Taborda P, Taborda V, et al. Epidemiology and prevalence of onychomycosis in HIV-positive individuals. Int J Dermatol 2000; 39 (10): 746–53PubMedCrossRef
109.
go back to reference Gupta AK, Gupta MA, Summerbell RC, et al. The epidemiology of onychomycosis: possible role of smoking and peripheral arterial disease. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2000; 14 (6): 466–9PubMedCrossRef Gupta AK, Gupta MA, Summerbell RC, et al. The epidemiology of onychomycosis: possible role of smoking and peripheral arterial disease. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2000; 14 (6): 466–9PubMedCrossRef
110.
go back to reference Gupta AK, Jain HC, Lynde CW, et al. Prevalence and epidemiology of onychomycosis in patients visiting physicians’ offices: a multicenter Canadian survey of 15,000 patients. J Am Acad Dermatol 2000; 43: 244–8PubMedCrossRef Gupta AK, Jain HC, Lynde CW, et al. Prevalence and epidemiology of onychomycosis in patients visiting physicians’ offices: a multicenter Canadian survey of 15,000 patients. J Am Acad Dermatol 2000; 43: 244–8PubMedCrossRef
111.
go back to reference De Cuyper C, Hindryckx PHFB. Long-term outcomes in the treatment of toenail onychomycosis. Br J Dermatol 1999; 141 Suppl. 56: 15–20PubMedCrossRef De Cuyper C, Hindryckx PHFB. Long-term outcomes in the treatment of toenail onychomycosis. Br J Dermatol 1999; 141 Suppl. 56: 15–20PubMedCrossRef
112.
go back to reference Goodfield MJ. Short-duration therapy with terbinafine for dermatophyte onychomycosis: a multicentre trial. Br J Dermatol 1992; 126 Suppl. 39: 33–5PubMedCrossRef Goodfield MJ. Short-duration therapy with terbinafine for dermatophyte onychomycosis: a multicentre trial. Br J Dermatol 1992; 126 Suppl. 39: 33–5PubMedCrossRef
113.
go back to reference van der Schroeff JG, Cirkel PK, Crijns MB, et al. A randomized treatment duration-finding study of terbinafine in onychomycosis. Br J Dermatol 1992; 126 Suppl. 39: 36–9PubMedCrossRef van der Schroeff JG, Cirkel PK, Crijns MB, et al. A randomized treatment duration-finding study of terbinafine in onychomycosis. Br J Dermatol 1992; 126 Suppl. 39: 36–9PubMedCrossRef
114.
go back to reference De Backer M, De Keyser P, Massart DL, et al. Terbinafine (Lamisil) 250 mg/day and 500 mg/day are equally effective in a 16-week oral treatment of toenail onychomycosis: a double-blind multicentre trial. In: Hay RJ, editor. International perspective on Lamisil. London: CCT Healthcare Communications, 1994: 39–43 De Backer M, De Keyser P, Massart DL, et al. Terbinafine (Lamisil) 250 mg/day and 500 mg/day are equally effective in a 16-week oral treatment of toenail onychomycosis: a double-blind multicentre trial. In: Hay RJ, editor. International perspective on Lamisil. London: CCT Healthcare Communications, 1994: 39–43
115.
go back to reference Brautigam M, Nolting S, Schopf RE, et al. Randomised double blind comparison of terbinafine and itraconazole for treatment of toenail tinea infection. Seventh Lamisil German Onychomycosis Study Group. BMJ 1995; 311: 919–22PubMedCrossRef Brautigam M, Nolting S, Schopf RE, et al. Randomised double blind comparison of terbinafine and itraconazole for treatment of toenail tinea infection. Seventh Lamisil German Onychomycosis Study Group. BMJ 1995; 311: 919–22PubMedCrossRef
116.
go back to reference Faergemann J, Anderson C, Hersle K, et al. Double-blind, parallel-group comparison of terbinafine and griseofulvin in the treatment of toenail onychomycosis. J Am Acad Dermatol 1995; 32: 750–3PubMedCrossRef Faergemann J, Anderson C, Hersle K, et al. Double-blind, parallel-group comparison of terbinafine and griseofulvin in the treatment of toenail onychomycosis. J Am Acad Dermatol 1995; 32: 750–3PubMedCrossRef
117.
go back to reference Drake LA, Shear NH, Arlette JP, et al. Oral terbinafine in the treatment of toenail onychomycosis: North American multicenter trial. J Am Acad Dermatol 1997; 37: 740–5PubMedCrossRef Drake LA, Shear NH, Arlette JP, et al. Oral terbinafine in the treatment of toenail onychomycosis: North American multicenter trial. J Am Acad Dermatol 1997; 37: 740–5PubMedCrossRef
118.
go back to reference Svejgaard EL, Brandrup F, Kragballe K, et al. Oral terbinafine in toenail dermatophytosis: a double-blind, placebo-controlled multicenter study with 12 months’ follow-up. Acta Derm Venereol 1997; 77: 66–9PubMed Svejgaard EL, Brandrup F, Kragballe K, et al. Oral terbinafine in toenail dermatophytosis: a double-blind, placebo-controlled multicenter study with 12 months’ follow-up. Acta Derm Venereol 1997; 77: 66–9PubMed
119.
go back to reference Tausch I, Brautigam M, Weidinger G, et al. Evaluation of 6 weeks treatment of terbinafine in tinea unguium in a double-blind trial comparing 6 and 12 weeks therapy: the Lagos V Study Group. Br J Dermatol 1997; 136: 737–42PubMedCrossRef Tausch I, Brautigam M, Weidinger G, et al. Evaluation of 6 weeks treatment of terbinafine in tinea unguium in a double-blind trial comparing 6 and 12 weeks therapy: the Lagos V Study Group. Br J Dermatol 1997; 136: 737–42PubMedCrossRef
120.
go back to reference De Backer M, De Vroey C, Lesaffre E, et al. Twelve weeks of continuous oral therapy for toenail onychomycosis caused by dermatophytes: a double-blind comparative trial of terbinafine 250 mg/day versus itraconazole 200 mg/day. J Am Acad Dermatol 1998; 38: S57–63CrossRef De Backer M, De Vroey C, Lesaffre E, et al. Twelve weeks of continuous oral therapy for toenail onychomycosis caused by dermatophytes: a double-blind comparative trial of terbinafine 250 mg/day versus itraconazole 200 mg/day. J Am Acad Dermatol 1998; 38: S57–63CrossRef
121.
go back to reference Billstein S, Kianifard F, Justice A. Terbinafine vs placebo for onychomycosis in black patients. Int J Dermatol 1999; 38: 377–9PubMedCrossRef Billstein S, Kianifard F, Justice A. Terbinafine vs placebo for onychomycosis in black patients. Int J Dermatol 1999; 38: 377–9PubMedCrossRef
122.
go back to reference Degreef H, del Palacio A, Mygind S, et al. Randomized double-blind comparison of short-term itraconazole and terbinafine therapy for toenail onychomycosis. Acta Derm Venereol 1999; 79: 221–3PubMedCrossRef Degreef H, del Palacio A, Mygind S, et al. Randomized double-blind comparison of short-term itraconazole and terbinafine therapy for toenail onychomycosis. Acta Derm Venereol 1999; 79: 221–3PubMedCrossRef
123.
go back to reference Evans EG, Sigurgeirsson B. Double blind, randomised study of continuous terbinafine compared with intermittent itraconazole in treatment of toenail onychomycosis: the LION Study Group. BMJ 1999; 318: 1031–5PubMedCrossRef Evans EG, Sigurgeirsson B. Double blind, randomised study of continuous terbinafine compared with intermittent itraconazole in treatment of toenail onychomycosis: the LION Study Group. BMJ 1999; 318: 1031–5PubMedCrossRef
124.
go back to reference Kejda J. Itraconazole pulse therapy vs continuous terbinafine dosing for toenail onychomycosis. Postgrad Med 1999; Spec No: 12–5 Kejda J. Itraconazole pulse therapy vs continuous terbinafine dosing for toenail onychomycosis. Postgrad Med 1999; Spec No: 12–5
125.
go back to reference Havu V, Heikkila H, Kuokkanen K, et al. A double-blind, randomized study to compare the efficacy and safety of terbinafine (Lamisil) with fluconazole (Diflucan) in the treatment of onychomycosis. Br J Dermatol 2000; 142: 97–102PubMedCrossRef Havu V, Heikkila H, Kuokkanen K, et al. A double-blind, randomized study to compare the efficacy and safety of terbinafine (Lamisil) with fluconazole (Diflucan) in the treatment of onychomycosis. Br J Dermatol 2000; 142: 97–102PubMedCrossRef
126.
go back to reference Warshaw EM, Carver SM, Zielke GR, et al. Intermittent terbinafine for toenail onychomycosis: is it effective? Results of a randomized pilot trial. Arch Dermatol 2001; 137: 1253PubMed Warshaw EM, Carver SM, Zielke GR, et al. Intermittent terbinafine for toenail onychomycosis: is it effective? Results of a randomized pilot trial. Arch Dermatol 2001; 137: 1253PubMed
127.
go back to reference Heikkila H, Stubb S. Long-term results in patients with onychomycosis treated with terbinafine or itraconazole. Br J Dermatol 2002; 146: 250–3PubMedCrossRef Heikkila H, Stubb S. Long-term results in patients with onychomycosis treated with terbinafine or itraconazole. Br J Dermatol 2002; 146: 250–3PubMedCrossRef
128.
go back to reference Sigurgeirsson B, Olafsson JH, Steinsson JB, et al. Long-term effectiveness of treatment with terbinafine vs itraconazole in onychomycosis: a 5-year blinded prospective follow-up study. Arch Dermatol 2002; 138: 353–7PubMedCrossRef Sigurgeirsson B, Olafsson JH, Steinsson JB, et al. Long-term effectiveness of treatment with terbinafine vs itraconazole in onychomycosis: a 5-year blinded prospective follow-up study. Arch Dermatol 2002; 138: 353–7PubMedCrossRef
129.
go back to reference De Doncker P, Decroix J, Pierard GE, et al. Antifungal pulse therapy for onychomycosis: a pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic investigation of monthly cycles of 1-week pulse therapy with itraconazole. Arch Dermatol 1996; 132: 34–41PubMedCrossRef De Doncker P, Decroix J, Pierard GE, et al. Antifungal pulse therapy for onychomycosis: a pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic investigation of monthly cycles of 1-week pulse therapy with itraconazole. Arch Dermatol 1996; 132: 34–41PubMedCrossRef
130.
go back to reference Havu V, Brandt H, Heikkila H, et al. A double-blind, randomized study comparing itraconazole pulse therapy with continuous dosing for the treatment of toe-nail onychomycosis. Br J Dermatol 1997; 136: 230–4PubMedCrossRef Havu V, Brandt H, Heikkila H, et al. A double-blind, randomized study comparing itraconazole pulse therapy with continuous dosing for the treatment of toe-nail onychomycosis. Br J Dermatol 1997; 136: 230–4PubMedCrossRef
131.
go back to reference Chen J, Liao W, Wen H, et al. A comparison among four regimens of itraconazole treatment in onychomycosis. Mycoses 1999; 42: 93–6PubMedCrossRef Chen J, Liao W, Wen H, et al. A comparison among four regimens of itraconazole treatment in onychomycosis. Mycoses 1999; 42: 93–6PubMedCrossRef
132.
go back to reference Gupta AK, Maddin S, Arlette J, et al. Itraconazole pulse therapy is effective in dermatophyte onychomycosis of the toenail: a double-blind placebo-controlled study. J Dermatolog Treat 2000; 11: 33–7CrossRef Gupta AK, Maddin S, Arlette J, et al. Itraconazole pulse therapy is effective in dermatophyte onychomycosis of the toenail: a double-blind placebo-controlled study. J Dermatolog Treat 2000; 11: 33–7CrossRef
133.
go back to reference Odom R, Daniel CR, Aly R. A double-blind, randomized comparison of itraconazole capsules and placebo in the treatment of onychomycosis of the toenail. J Am Acad Dermatol 1996; 35: 110–1PubMedCrossRef Odom R, Daniel CR, Aly R. A double-blind, randomized comparison of itraconazole capsules and placebo in the treatment of onychomycosis of the toenail. J Am Acad Dermatol 1996; 35: 110–1PubMedCrossRef
134.
go back to reference Elewski BE, Scher RK, Aly R, et al. Double-blind, randomized comparison of itraconazole capsules vs placebo in the treatment of toenail onychomycosis. Cutis 1997; 59: 217–20PubMed Elewski BE, Scher RK, Aly R, et al. Double-blind, randomized comparison of itraconazole capsules vs placebo in the treatment of toenail onychomycosis. Cutis 1997; 59: 217–20PubMed
135.
go back to reference Haneke E, Tajerbashi M, De Doncker P, et al. Itraconazole in the treatment of onychomycosis: a double-blind comparison with miconazole. Dermatology 1998; 196: 323–9PubMedCrossRef Haneke E, Tajerbashi M, De Doncker P, et al. Itraconazole in the treatment of onychomycosis: a double-blind comparison with miconazole. Dermatology 1998; 196: 323–9PubMedCrossRef
136.
go back to reference Scher RK, Breneman D, Rich P, et al. Once-weekly fluconazole (150, 300, or 450mg) in the treatment of distal subungual onychomycosis of the toenail. J Am Acad Dermatol 1998; 38: S77–86CrossRef Scher RK, Breneman D, Rich P, et al. Once-weekly fluconazole (150, 300, or 450mg) in the treatment of distal subungual onychomycosis of the toenail. J Am Acad Dermatol 1998; 38: S77–86CrossRef
137.
go back to reference Hofmann H, Brautigam M, Weidinger G, et al. Treatment of toenail onychomycosis: a randomized, double-blind study with terbinafine and griseofulvin: LAGOS II Study Group. Arch Dermatol 1995; 131: 919–22PubMedCrossRef Hofmann H, Brautigam M, Weidinger G, et al. Treatment of toenail onychomycosis: a randomized, double-blind study with terbinafine and griseofulvin: LAGOS II Study Group. Arch Dermatol 1995; 131: 919–22PubMedCrossRef
138.
go back to reference Baran R. Topical amorolfine for 15 months combined with 12 weeks of oral terbinafine, a cost-effective treatment for onychomycosis. Br J Dermatol 2001; 145 Suppl. 60: 15–9PubMed Baran R. Topical amorolfine for 15 months combined with 12 weeks of oral terbinafine, a cost-effective treatment for onychomycosis. Br J Dermatol 2001; 145 Suppl. 60: 15–9PubMed
139.
go back to reference Baran R, Feuilhade M, Datry A, et al. A randomized trial of amorolfine 5% solution nail lacquer combined with oral terbinafine compared with terbinafine alone in the treatment of dermatophytic toenail onychomycoses affecting the matrix region. Br J Dermatol 2000; 142: 1177–83PubMedCrossRef Baran R, Feuilhade M, Datry A, et al. A randomized trial of amorolfine 5% solution nail lacquer combined with oral terbinafine compared with terbinafine alone in the treatment of dermatophytic toenail onychomycoses affecting the matrix region. Br J Dermatol 2000; 142: 1177–83PubMedCrossRef
140.
go back to reference Lecha M. Amorolfine and itraconazole combination for severe toenail onychomycosis; results of an open randomized trial in Spain. Br J Dermatol 2001; 145 Suppl. 60: 21–6PubMed Lecha M. Amorolfine and itraconazole combination for severe toenail onychomycosis; results of an open randomized trial in Spain. Br J Dermatol 2001; 145 Suppl. 60: 21–6PubMed
141.
go back to reference Gupta AK. P400: Evaluation of the mycological cure rates when ciclopirox nail lacquer is used in combination with oral terbinafine to treat onychomycosis: six month interim results [abstract]. JAAD 2004; 50 (3): 104 Gupta AK. P400: Evaluation of the mycological cure rates when ciclopirox nail lacquer is used in combination with oral terbinafine to treat onychomycosis: six month interim results [abstract]. JAAD 2004; 50 (3): 104
142.
go back to reference Gupta AK, De Doncker P, Scher RK, et al. Itraconazole for the treatment of onychomycosis. Int J Dermatol 1998; 37: 303–8PubMedCrossRef Gupta AK, De Doncker P, Scher RK, et al. Itraconazole for the treatment of onychomycosis. Int J Dermatol 1998; 37: 303–8PubMedCrossRef
143.
go back to reference Gupta AK, De Doncker P, Haneke E. Itraconazole pulse therapy for the treatment of Candida onychomycosis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2000; 15: 112–5CrossRef Gupta AK, De Doncker P, Haneke E. Itraconazole pulse therapy for the treatment of Candida onychomycosis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2000; 15: 112–5CrossRef
144.
go back to reference Gupta AK, Scher RK, Rich P. Fluconazole for the treatment of onychomycosis: an update. Int J Dermatol 1998; 37: 815–20PubMedCrossRef Gupta AK, Scher RK, Rich P. Fluconazole for the treatment of onychomycosis: an update. Int J Dermatol 1998; 37: 815–20PubMedCrossRef
145.
go back to reference English MP, Atkinson R. An improved method for the isolation of fungi in onychomycosis. Br J Dermatol 1973; 88: 237–41PubMedCrossRef English MP, Atkinson R. An improved method for the isolation of fungi in onychomycosis. Br J Dermatol 1973; 88: 237–41PubMedCrossRef
146.
go back to reference Gupta AK, Cooper EA, MacDonald P, et al. Utility of inoculum counting (Walshe and English criteria) in clinical diagnosis of onychomycosis caused by nondermatophytic filamentous fungi. J Clin Microbiol 2001; 39: 2115–21PubMedCrossRef Gupta AK, Cooper EA, MacDonald P, et al. Utility of inoculum counting (Walshe and English criteria) in clinical diagnosis of onychomycosis caused by nondermatophytic filamentous fungi. J Clin Microbiol 2001; 39: 2115–21PubMedCrossRef
147.
go back to reference Gupta AK, Gregurek-Novak T, Konnikov N, et al. Itraconazole and terbinafine treatment of some nondermatophyte molds causing onychomycosis of the toes and a review of the literature. J Cutan Med Surg 2001; 5: 206–10PubMedCrossRef Gupta AK, Gregurek-Novak T, Konnikov N, et al. Itraconazole and terbinafine treatment of some nondermatophyte molds causing onychomycosis of the toes and a review of the literature. J Cutan Med Surg 2001; 5: 206–10PubMedCrossRef
148.
go back to reference Gupta AK, Gregurek-Novak T. Efficacy of itraconazole, terbinafine, fluconazole, griseofulvin and ketoconazole in the treatment of Scopulariopsis brevicaulis causing onychomycosis of the toes. Dermatology 2001; 202: 235–8PubMedCrossRef Gupta AK, Gregurek-Novak T. Efficacy of itraconazole, terbinafine, fluconazole, griseofulvin and ketoconazole in the treatment of Scopulariopsis brevicaulis causing onychomycosis of the toes. Dermatology 2001; 202: 235–8PubMedCrossRef
149.
go back to reference Tosti A, Piraccini BM, Lorenzi S. Onychomycosis caused by nondermatophytic molds: clinical features and response to treatment of 59 cases. J Am Acad Dermatol 2000; 42: 217–24PubMedCrossRef Tosti A, Piraccini BM, Lorenzi S. Onychomycosis caused by nondermatophytic molds: clinical features and response to treatment of 59 cases. J Am Acad Dermatol 2000; 42: 217–24PubMedCrossRef
150.
go back to reference Baran R, Feuilhade M, Combernale P, et al. A randomized trial of amorolfine 5% solution nail lacquer combined with oral terbinafine compared with terbinafine alone in the treatment of dermatophytic toenail onychomycoses affecting the matrix region. Br J Dermatol 2000; 142: 1177–83PubMedCrossRef Baran R, Feuilhade M, Combernale P, et al. A randomized trial of amorolfine 5% solution nail lacquer combined with oral terbinafine compared with terbinafine alone in the treatment of dermatophytic toenail onychomycoses affecting the matrix region. Br J Dermatol 2000; 142: 1177–83PubMedCrossRef
151.
go back to reference Lauharanta J. Comparative efficacy and safety of amorolfine nail lacquer 2% versus 5% once weekly. Clin Exp Dermatol 1992; 17 Suppl. 1: 41–3PubMedCrossRef Lauharanta J. Comparative efficacy and safety of amorolfine nail lacquer 2% versus 5% once weekly. Clin Exp Dermatol 1992; 17 Suppl. 1: 41–3PubMedCrossRef
152.
go back to reference Lecha M. Amorolfine and itraconazole combination for severe toenail onychomycosis; results of an open randomized trial in Spain. Br J Dermatol 2001; 145 Suppl. 60: 21–6PubMed Lecha M. Amorolfine and itraconazole combination for severe toenail onychomycosis; results of an open randomized trial in Spain. Br J Dermatol 2001; 145 Suppl. 60: 21–6PubMed
153.
go back to reference Gupta AK, Shear NH. A risk-benefit assessment of the newer oral antifungal agents used to treat onychomycosis. Drug Saf 2000; 22: 33–52PubMedCrossRef Gupta AK, Shear NH. A risk-benefit assessment of the newer oral antifungal agents used to treat onychomycosis. Drug Saf 2000; 22: 33–52PubMedCrossRef
154.
go back to reference Gupta AK, Horgan-Bell CB, Summerbell RC. Onychomycosis associated with Onychocola canadensis: ten case reports and a review of the literature. J Am Acad Dermatol 1998; 39: 410–7PubMedCrossRef Gupta AK, Horgan-Bell CB, Summerbell RC. Onychomycosis associated with Onychocola canadensis: ten case reports and a review of the literature. J Am Acad Dermatol 1998; 39: 410–7PubMedCrossRef
155.
go back to reference Gupta AK, Daniel III CR. Onychomycosis: strategies to reduce failure and recurrence. Cutis 1998; 62: 189–91PubMed Gupta AK, Daniel III CR. Onychomycosis: strategies to reduce failure and recurrence. Cutis 1998; 62: 189–91PubMed
Metadata
Title
Optimal Management of Fungal Infections of the Skin, Hair, and Nails
Authors
Dr Aditya K. Gupta
Elizabeth A. Cooper
Jennifer E. Ryder
Karyn A. Nicol
Melody Chow
Maria M. Chaudhry
Publication date
01-08-2004
Publisher
Springer International Publishing
Published in
American Journal of Clinical Dermatology / Issue 4/2004
Print ISSN: 1175-0561
Electronic ISSN: 1179-1888
DOI
https://doi.org/10.2165/00128071-200405040-00003

Other articles of this Issue 4/2004

American Journal of Clinical Dermatology 4/2004 Go to the issue