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Systematic Reviews
Published in: Systematic Reviews 1/2017

Open Access 01-12-2017 | Research

Renal manifestations of HIV during the antiretroviral era in South Africa: a systematic scoping review

Authors: Shirelle Assaram, Nombulelo P. Magula, Suman Mewa Kinoo, Tivani P. Mashamba-Thompson

Published in: Systematic Reviews | Issue 1/2017

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Abstract

Background

It is estimated that 650,000 patients may develop human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-related renal disease in South Africa. South Africa has recently adopted WHO policy, stipulating that all HIV-infected patients have access to antiretroviral treatment (ART) irrespective of CD4 cell count.

Methods

We searched Google Scholar, PubMed, Medline, Cochrane Library, Worldcat.​org and EBSCO host databases from July 2015 to December 2015. Eligibility criteria included articles pertaining to renal manifestations of HIV in South Africa from 2004 to 2015 in adult patients (≥ 18 years). We independently reviewed the articles for quality. Thematic content analysis was performed to identify patterns of renal manifestations from the included studies. The risk of bias (e.g. internal validity) in the included studies was evaluated using the mixed methods appraisal tool.

Results

Eleven out 21 studies were eligible for data extraction. The prevalence of urine abnormalities on urine dipsticks was high but had poor sensitivity and specificity for detecting renal impairment. Normal renal function occurred in 28.4 to 79% of patients, mild renal impairment occurred in 19 to 57.1% and moderate renal impairment in 2 to 14.4%. Severe renal impairment occurred in 1.3% of patients. Both the Cockcroft-Gault equation (after correcting for bias) and the 4-variable Modification of Diet in Renal Disease equation (without the ethnicity factor for African Americans) have been validated for the estimation of glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in Black South Africans. HIV-associated nephropathy was the most prevalent histology seen (57.2%). Older age, a lower CD4 count, a low haemoglobin and a detectable viral load were associated with renal impairment. Renal function improved in the first year of commencing ART as evidenced by the regression of proteinuria and the increase in eGFR.

Conclusion

The findings of the review have implications to the recently adopted ‘test and treat’ approach to HIV prevention and management.

Systematic review registration

PROSPERO CRD42016039270
Appendix
Available only for authorised users
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Metadata
Title
Renal manifestations of HIV during the antiretroviral era in South Africa: a systematic scoping review
Authors
Shirelle Assaram
Nombulelo P. Magula
Suman Mewa Kinoo
Tivani P. Mashamba-Thompson
Publication date
01-12-2017
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
Systematic Reviews / Issue 1/2017
Electronic ISSN: 2046-4053
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-017-0605-5

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