Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Insights into Imaging 1/2022

Open Access 01-12-2022 | Lymphoma | Educational Review

Imaging findings of gastrointestinal tract tumors in children and adolescents

Authors: H. Nursun Özcan, Özlem Özkale Yavuz, Saniye Ekinci, Berna Oguz, Tezer Kutluk, Mithat Haliloglu

Published in: Insights into Imaging | Issue 1/2022

Login to get access

Abstract

Gastrointestinal (GI) tract tumors are rarely seen in children and adolescents, and can easily be misdiagnosed. Lymphoma is the most frequent GI tract tumor, and the common locations are ileum and ileocecal area. GI tract tumors may present as large heterogeneous mass lesions. For gastric and colonic tumors, increased wall thickening usually prompts the diagnosis of GI tract tumors. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging might be used in clinically suspected cases for correct/appropriate diagnosis and management. Awareness as regards the most common tumors and their locations is paramount for radiologists. Likewise, the aim of this article was to define the imaging findings of primary benign and malignant GI tract tumors in children and adolescents.
Literature
1.
go back to reference Ladd AP, Grosfeld JL (2006) Gastrointestinal tumors in children and adolescents. Semin Pediatr Surg 15:37–47PubMedCrossRef Ladd AP, Grosfeld JL (2006) Gastrointestinal tumors in children and adolescents. Semin Pediatr Surg 15:37–47PubMedCrossRef
2.
go back to reference Theilen TM, Chou AJ, Klimstra DS, LaQuaglia MP (2016) Esophageal adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma in children and adolescents: report of 3 cases and comprehensive literature review. J Pediatr Surg Case Rep 5:23–29PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Theilen TM, Chou AJ, Klimstra DS, LaQuaglia MP (2016) Esophageal adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma in children and adolescents: report of 3 cases and comprehensive literature review. J Pediatr Surg Case Rep 5:23–29PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
3.
go back to reference Issaivanan M, Redner A, Weinstein T et al (2012) Esophageal carcinoma in children and adolescents. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 34:63–67PubMedCrossRef Issaivanan M, Redner A, Weinstein T et al (2012) Esophageal carcinoma in children and adolescents. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 34:63–67PubMedCrossRef
4.
go back to reference Salas-Valverde S, Lizano A, Gamboa Y et al (2009) Colon carcinoma in children and adolescents: prognostic factors and outcome-a review of 11 cases. Pediatr Surg Int 25:1073–1076PubMedCrossRef Salas-Valverde S, Lizano A, Gamboa Y et al (2009) Colon carcinoma in children and adolescents: prognostic factors and outcome-a review of 11 cases. Pediatr Surg Int 25:1073–1076PubMedCrossRef
5.
go back to reference Chantada GL, Perelli VB, Lombardi MG et al (2005) Colorectal carcinoma in children, adolescents and young adults. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 27:39–41PubMedCrossRef Chantada GL, Perelli VB, Lombardi MG et al (2005) Colorectal carcinoma in children, adolescents and young adults. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 27:39–41PubMedCrossRef
6.
go back to reference McPhee SJ, Tierney LM, Papadakis MA (2007) Current medical diagnosis and treatment. McGraw-Hill, New York McPhee SJ, Tierney LM, Papadakis MA (2007) Current medical diagnosis and treatment. McGraw-Hill, New York
7.
go back to reference Xie X, Yin J, Zhou Z, Dang C, Zhang H, Zhang Y (2019) Young age increases the risk for lymph node metastasis in patients with early Colon Cancer. BMC Cancer 19:803PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Xie X, Yin J, Zhou Z, Dang C, Zhang H, Zhang Y (2019) Young age increases the risk for lymph node metastasis in patients with early Colon Cancer. BMC Cancer 19:803PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
8.
go back to reference Rollvén E, Blomqvist L, Öistämö E, Hjern F, Csanaky G, Abraham-Nordling M (2019) Morphological predictors for lymph node metastases on computed tomography in colon cancer. Abdom Radiol (NY) 44:1712–1721CrossRef Rollvén E, Blomqvist L, Öistämö E, Hjern F, Csanaky G, Abraham-Nordling M (2019) Morphological predictors for lymph node metastases on computed tomography in colon cancer. Abdom Radiol (NY) 44:1712–1721CrossRef
9.
go back to reference Horton KM, Abrams RA, Fishman EK (2000) Spiral CT of colon cancer: imaging features and role in management. Radiographics 20:419–430PubMedCrossRef Horton KM, Abrams RA, Fishman EK (2000) Spiral CT of colon cancer: imaging features and role in management. Radiographics 20:419–430PubMedCrossRef
10.
go back to reference Dähnert W (2017) Radiology review manual. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia Dähnert W (2017) Radiology review manual. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia
11.
go back to reference Patnana M, Sevrukov AB, Elsayes KM, Viswanathan C, Lubner M, Menias CO (2012) Inflammatory pseudotumor: the great mimicker. AJR Am J Roentgenol 198:217–227CrossRef Patnana M, Sevrukov AB, Elsayes KM, Viswanathan C, Lubner M, Menias CO (2012) Inflammatory pseudotumor: the great mimicker. AJR Am J Roentgenol 198:217–227CrossRef
12.
go back to reference Sanders BM, West KW, Gingalewski C, Engum S, Davis M, Grosfeld JL (2001) Inflammatory pseudotumour of the alimentary tract: clinical and surgical experience. J Pediatr Surg 36:169–173PubMedCrossRef Sanders BM, West KW, Gingalewski C, Engum S, Davis M, Grosfeld JL (2001) Inflammatory pseudotumour of the alimentary tract: clinical and surgical experience. J Pediatr Surg 36:169–173PubMedCrossRef
13.
go back to reference Biko DM, Anupindi SA, Hernandez A, Kersun L, Bellah R (2009) Childhood Burkitt lymphoma: abdominal and pelvic imaging findings. AJR Am J Roentgenol 192:1304–1315PubMedCrossRef Biko DM, Anupindi SA, Hernandez A, Kersun L, Bellah R (2009) Childhood Burkitt lymphoma: abdominal and pelvic imaging findings. AJR Am J Roentgenol 192:1304–1315PubMedCrossRef
14.
go back to reference Golden CB, Feusner JH (2002) Malignant abdominal masses in children: quick guide to evaluation and diagnosis. Pediatr Clin North Am 49:1369–1392PubMedCrossRef Golden CB, Feusner JH (2002) Malignant abdominal masses in children: quick guide to evaluation and diagnosis. Pediatr Clin North Am 49:1369–1392PubMedCrossRef
15.
go back to reference O’Malley ME, Wilson SR (2003) US of gastrointestinal tract abnormalities with CT correlation. Radiographics 23:59–72PubMedCrossRef O’Malley ME, Wilson SR (2003) US of gastrointestinal tract abnormalities with CT correlation. Radiographics 23:59–72PubMedCrossRef
16.
go back to reference Toma P, Granata C, Rossi A, Garaventa A (2007) Multimodality imaging of Hodgkin disease and non-Hodgkin lymphomas in children. Radiographics 27:1335–1354PubMedCrossRef Toma P, Granata C, Rossi A, Garaventa A (2007) Multimodality imaging of Hodgkin disease and non-Hodgkin lymphomas in children. Radiographics 27:1335–1354PubMedCrossRef
17.
go back to reference Chung EM, Biko DM, Arzamendi AM, Meldrum JT, Stocker JT (2015) Solid tumors of the peritoneum, omentum, and mesentery in children: radiologic-pathologic correlation: from the radiologic pathology archives. Radiographics 35:521–546PubMedCrossRef Chung EM, Biko DM, Arzamendi AM, Meldrum JT, Stocker JT (2015) Solid tumors of the peritoneum, omentum, and mesentery in children: radiologic-pathologic correlation: from the radiologic pathology archives. Radiographics 35:521–546PubMedCrossRef
18.
go back to reference Karmazyn B, Ash S, Goshen Y, Yaniv I, Horev G, Kornreich L (2001) Significance of residual abdominal masses in children with abdominal Burkitt’s lymphoma. Pediatr Radiol 31:801–805PubMedCrossRef Karmazyn B, Ash S, Goshen Y, Yaniv I, Horev G, Kornreich L (2001) Significance of residual abdominal masses in children with abdominal Burkitt’s lymphoma. Pediatr Radiol 31:801–805PubMedCrossRef
19.
go back to reference Avcu S, Arslan H, Unal O, Kotan C, Izmirli M (2012) The role of diffusion-weighted MR imaging and ADC values in the diagnosis of gastric tumors. JBR-BTR 95:1–5PubMed Avcu S, Arslan H, Unal O, Kotan C, Izmirli M (2012) The role of diffusion-weighted MR imaging and ADC values in the diagnosis of gastric tumors. JBR-BTR 95:1–5PubMed
20.
go back to reference Kennedy AP Jr, Cameron B, Dorion RP, McGill C (1997) Pediatric intestinal leiomyosarcomas: case report and review of the literature. J Pediatr Surg 32:1234–1236PubMedCrossRef Kennedy AP Jr, Cameron B, Dorion RP, McGill C (1997) Pediatric intestinal leiomyosarcomas: case report and review of the literature. J Pediatr Surg 32:1234–1236PubMedCrossRef
21.
go back to reference Bruneton JN, Drouillard J, Roux P (1981) Leiomyoma and leiomyosarcoma of the digestive tract: a report of 45 cases and review of the literature. Eur J Radiol 1:291–300PubMed Bruneton JN, Drouillard J, Roux P (1981) Leiomyoma and leiomyosarcoma of the digestive tract: a report of 45 cases and review of the literature. Eur J Radiol 1:291–300PubMed
22.
go back to reference Hartman DS, Hayes WS, Choyke PL, Tibbetts GP (1992) Leiomyosarcoma of the retroperitoneum and inferior vena cava: radiologic-pathologic correlation. Radiographics 12:1203–1220PubMedCrossRef Hartman DS, Hayes WS, Choyke PL, Tibbetts GP (1992) Leiomyosarcoma of the retroperitoneum and inferior vena cava: radiologic-pathologic correlation. Radiographics 12:1203–1220PubMedCrossRef
23.
go back to reference Cummings SP, Lally KP, Pineiro-Carrero V, Beck DE (1990) Colonic leiomyoma: an unusual cause of gastrointestinal hemorrhage in childhood. Dis Col Rect 33:511–514CrossRef Cummings SP, Lally KP, Pineiro-Carrero V, Beck DE (1990) Colonic leiomyoma: an unusual cause of gastrointestinal hemorrhage in childhood. Dis Col Rect 33:511–514CrossRef
24.
go back to reference Wang LM, Chetty R (2012) Selected unusual tumors of the gastric: a review. Int J Surg Pathol 20:5–14PubMedCrossRef Wang LM, Chetty R (2012) Selected unusual tumors of the gastric: a review. Int J Surg Pathol 20:5–14PubMedCrossRef
25.
go back to reference Curtis JL, Burns RC, Wang L, Mahour GH, Ford HR (2008) Primary gastric tumors of infancy and childhood: 54-year experience at a single institution. J Pediatr Surg 43:1487–1493PubMedCrossRef Curtis JL, Burns RC, Wang L, Mahour GH, Ford HR (2008) Primary gastric tumors of infancy and childhood: 54-year experience at a single institution. J Pediatr Surg 43:1487–1493PubMedCrossRef
26.
go back to reference Nakamura N, Yamamoto H, Yao T et al (2005) Prognostic significance of expressions of cell-cycle regulatory proteins in gastrointestinal stromal tumor and the relevance of the risk grade. Hum Pathol 36:828–837PubMedCrossRef Nakamura N, Yamamoto H, Yao T et al (2005) Prognostic significance of expressions of cell-cycle regulatory proteins in gastrointestinal stromal tumor and the relevance of the risk grade. Hum Pathol 36:828–837PubMedCrossRef
27.
go back to reference Esposito F, Di Serafino M, Mercogliano C et al (2019) The pediatric gastrointestinal tract: ultrasound findings in acute diseases. J Ultrasound 22:409–422PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Esposito F, Di Serafino M, Mercogliano C et al (2019) The pediatric gastrointestinal tract: ultrasound findings in acute diseases. J Ultrasound 22:409–422PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
28.
29.
go back to reference Giganti F, Ambrosi A, Chiari D et al (2017) Apparent diffusion coefficient by diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging as a sole bio- marker for staging and prognosis of gastric cancer. Chin J Cancer Res 29:118–126PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Giganti F, Ambrosi A, Chiari D et al (2017) Apparent diffusion coefficient by diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging as a sole bio- marker for staging and prognosis of gastric cancer. Chin J Cancer Res 29:118–126PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
30.
go back to reference Liu S, Wang H, Guan W et al (2015) Preoperative apparent diffusion coefficient value of gastric cancer by diffusion-weighted imaging: Correlations with postoperative TNM staging. J Magn Reson Imaging 42:837–843PubMedCrossRef Liu S, Wang H, Guan W et al (2015) Preoperative apparent diffusion coefficient value of gastric cancer by diffusion-weighted imaging: Correlations with postoperative TNM staging. J Magn Reson Imaging 42:837–843PubMedCrossRef
31.
go back to reference Zheng N, Xiao XM, Dong KR, Chen L, Ma YY, Li K (2016) Primary gastric tumors in infants and children: 15 cases of 20-year report. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 142:1061–1067PubMedCrossRef Zheng N, Xiao XM, Dong KR, Chen L, Ma YY, Li K (2016) Primary gastric tumors in infants and children: 15 cases of 20-year report. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 142:1061–1067PubMedCrossRef
32.
go back to reference Price VE, Zielenska M, Chilton-MacNeill S, Smith CR, Pappo AS (2005) Clinical and molecular characteristics of pediatric gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs). Pediatr Blood Cancer 45:20–24PubMedCrossRef Price VE, Zielenska M, Chilton-MacNeill S, Smith CR, Pappo AS (2005) Clinical and molecular characteristics of pediatric gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs). Pediatr Blood Cancer 45:20–24PubMedCrossRef
33.
go back to reference Miettinen M, Lasota J, Sobin LH (2005) Gastrointestinal stromal tumors of the gastric in children and young adults: a clinicopathologic, immunohistochemical, and molecular genetic study of 44 cases with long-term follow-up and review of the literature. Am J Surg Pathol 29:1373–1381PubMedCrossRef Miettinen M, Lasota J, Sobin LH (2005) Gastrointestinal stromal tumors of the gastric in children and young adults: a clinicopathologic, immunohistochemical, and molecular genetic study of 44 cases with long-term follow-up and review of the literature. Am J Surg Pathol 29:1373–1381PubMedCrossRef
34.
go back to reference Furman MS, Connolly SA, Brown SD, Callahan MJ (2020) The pediatric stomach - masses and mass-like pathology. Pediatr Radiol 50:1180–1190PubMedCrossRef Furman MS, Connolly SA, Brown SD, Callahan MJ (2020) The pediatric stomach - masses and mass-like pathology. Pediatr Radiol 50:1180–1190PubMedCrossRef
35.
go back to reference Gill AJ, Chou A, Vilain R et al (2010) Immunohistochemistry for SDHB divides gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) into 2 distinct types. Am J Surg Pathol 34:636–644PubMedCrossRef Gill AJ, Chou A, Vilain R et al (2010) Immunohistochemistry for SDHB divides gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) into 2 distinct types. Am J Surg Pathol 34:636–644PubMedCrossRef
36.
go back to reference Bano S, Puri SK, Upreti L, Chaudhary V, Sant HK, Gondal R (2012) Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs): an imaging perspective. Jpn J Radiol 30:105–115PubMedCrossRef Bano S, Puri SK, Upreti L, Chaudhary V, Sant HK, Gondal R (2012) Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs): an imaging perspective. Jpn J Radiol 30:105–115PubMedCrossRef
37.
go back to reference Zhou HY, Zhang XM, Zeng NL, Jian SH, Tang W (2012) Use of conventional MR imaging and diffusion- weighted imaging for evaluating the risk grade of gastrointestinal stromal tumors. J Magn Reson Imaging 36:1395–1401PubMedCrossRef Zhou HY, Zhang XM, Zeng NL, Jian SH, Tang W (2012) Use of conventional MR imaging and diffusion- weighted imaging for evaluating the risk grade of gastrointestinal stromal tumors. J Magn Reson Imaging 36:1395–1401PubMedCrossRef
38.
go back to reference Dietrich CF, Jenssen C, Hocke M, Cui XW, Woenckhaus M, Ignee A (2012) Imaging of gastrointestinal stromal tumours with modern ultrasound techniques - a pictorial essay. Z Gastroenterol 50:457–467PubMedCrossRef Dietrich CF, Jenssen C, Hocke M, Cui XW, Woenckhaus M, Ignee A (2012) Imaging of gastrointestinal stromal tumours with modern ultrasound techniques - a pictorial essay. Z Gastroenterol 50:457–467PubMedCrossRef
39.
go back to reference Gupta DK, Srinivas M, Dave S, Agarwala S, Bajpai M, Mitra DK (2000) Gastric teratoma in children. Pediatr Surg Int 16:329–323PubMedCrossRef Gupta DK, Srinivas M, Dave S, Agarwala S, Bajpai M, Mitra DK (2000) Gastric teratoma in children. Pediatr Surg Int 16:329–323PubMedCrossRef
41.
go back to reference Saha M (2010) Malignant gastric teratoma: report of two cases from a single center. Pediatr Surg Int 26:931–934PubMedCrossRef Saha M (2010) Malignant gastric teratoma: report of two cases from a single center. Pediatr Surg Int 26:931–934PubMedCrossRef
42.
go back to reference Beavers AJ, Khan A, Uddin N, Weakley DL, Setoodeh S, Pfeifer CM (2019) Multimodal depiction of a rare immature gastric teratoma from fetus to infant. Radiol Case Rep 14:372–376PubMedCrossRef Beavers AJ, Khan A, Uddin N, Weakley DL, Setoodeh S, Pfeifer CM (2019) Multimodal depiction of a rare immature gastric teratoma from fetus to infant. Radiol Case Rep 14:372–376PubMedCrossRef
43.
go back to reference Gupta S, Levine MS, Rubesin SE, Katzka DA, Laufer I (2003) Usefulness of barium studies for differentiating benign and malignant strictures of the esophagus. AJR Am J Roentgenol 180:737–744PubMedCrossRef Gupta S, Levine MS, Rubesin SE, Katzka DA, Laufer I (2003) Usefulness of barium studies for differentiating benign and malignant strictures of the esophagus. AJR Am J Roentgenol 180:737–744PubMedCrossRef
44.
go back to reference Noh HM, Fishman EK, Forastiere AA, Bliss DF, Calhoun PS (1995) CT of the esophagus: spectrum of disease with emphasis on esophageal carcinoma. Radiographics 15:1113–1134PubMedCrossRef Noh HM, Fishman EK, Forastiere AA, Bliss DF, Calhoun PS (1995) CT of the esophagus: spectrum of disease with emphasis on esophageal carcinoma. Radiographics 15:1113–1134PubMedCrossRef
45.
go back to reference Hong SJ, Kim TJ, Nam KB et al (2014) New TNM staging system for esophageal cancer: what chest radiologists need to know. Radiographics 34:1722–1740PubMedCrossRef Hong SJ, Kim TJ, Nam KB et al (2014) New TNM staging system for esophageal cancer: what chest radiologists need to know. Radiographics 34:1722–1740PubMedCrossRef
46.
go back to reference Riddell A, Hillier J, Brown G et al (2006) Potential of surface-coil MRI for staging of esophageal cancer. AJR Am J Roentgenol 187:1280–1287PubMedCrossRef Riddell A, Hillier J, Brown G et al (2006) Potential of surface-coil MRI for staging of esophageal cancer. AJR Am J Roentgenol 187:1280–1287PubMedCrossRef
Metadata
Title
Imaging findings of gastrointestinal tract tumors in children and adolescents
Authors
H. Nursun Özcan
Özlem Özkale Yavuz
Saniye Ekinci
Berna Oguz
Tezer Kutluk
Mithat Haliloglu
Publication date
01-12-2022

Other articles of this Issue 1/2022

Insights into Imaging 1/2022 Go to the issue