Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Insights into Imaging 1/2019

Open Access 01-12-2019 | Hematoma | Educational Review

Imaging findings of cesarean delivery complications: cesarean scar disease and much more

Authors: F. Rosa, G. Perugin, D. Schettini, N. Romano, S. Romeo, R. Podestà, A. Guastavino, A. Casaleggio, N. Gandolfo

Published in: Insights into Imaging | Issue 1/2019

Login to get access

Abstract

In the last years, there has been a significant increase in the number of cesarean deliveries and, with it, of the number of complications following the procedure. They can be divided into early and late ones. We will illustrate herein the most common complications following cesarean section to help radiologists to recognize them. To familiarize with these various pathologic conditions is crucial to alert referring clinicians for a prompt and appropriate maternal and fetal management. Special attention will be given to the cesarean scar defect (CSD), the most common but also the most unknown of such conditions. Although often asymptomatic, a severe CSD represents a predisposing factor for subsequent complications especially in future pregnancies.
Literature
2.
go back to reference Nielsen TF, Hökegård KH (1983) Postoperative cesarean section morbidity: a prospective study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 146(8):911–916CrossRef Nielsen TF, Hökegård KH (1983) Postoperative cesarean section morbidity: a prospective study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 146(8):911–916CrossRef
3.
go back to reference diFlorio-Alexander R, Harris RD (2011) Postpartum complications. In: Fielding JR, Brown DL, Thurmond AS (eds) Gynecologic imaging. Pa Elsevier, Philadelphia, pp 381–398CrossRef diFlorio-Alexander R, Harris RD (2011) Postpartum complications. In: Fielding JR, Brown DL, Thurmond AS (eds) Gynecologic imaging. Pa Elsevier, Philadelphia, pp 381–398CrossRef
4.
go back to reference Maldjian C, Adam R, Maldjian J, Smith R (1999) MRI appearance of the pelvis in the post cesarean-section patient. Magn Reson Imaging. 17(2):223–227CrossRef Maldjian C, Adam R, Maldjian J, Smith R (1999) MRI appearance of the pelvis in the post cesarean-section patient. Magn Reson Imaging. 17(2):223–227CrossRef
5.
go back to reference Motomura K, Ganchimeg T, Nagata C et al (2017) Incidence and outcomes of uterine rupture among women with prior caesarean section: WHO Multicountry Survey on Maternal and Newborn Health. Sci Rep 7:44093 Motomura K, Ganchimeg T, Nagata C et al (2017) Incidence and outcomes of uterine rupture among women with prior caesarean section: WHO Multicountry Survey on Maternal and Newborn Health. Sci Rep 7:44093
6.
go back to reference Maldjian C, Milestone B, Schnall M, Smith R (1998) MR appearance of uterine dehiscence in the post-cesarean section patient. J Comput Assist Tomogr 22(5):738–774CrossRef Maldjian C, Milestone B, Schnall M, Smith R (1998) MR appearance of uterine dehiscence in the post-cesarean section patient. J Comput Assist Tomogr 22(5):738–774CrossRef
7.
go back to reference Vikhareva Osser O, Valentin L (2010) Risk factors for incomplete healing of the uterine incision after caesarean section. BJOG 117:1119–1126CrossRef Vikhareva Osser O, Valentin L (2010) Risk factors for incomplete healing of the uterine incision after caesarean section. BJOG 117:1119–1126CrossRef
8.
go back to reference Vervoort AJ, Uittenbogaard LB, Hehenkamp WJ, Brölmann HA, Mol BW, Huirne JA (2015) Why do niches develop in Caesarean uterine scars? Hypotheses on the aetiology of niche development. Hum Reprod 30:2695–2702PubMedPubMedCentral Vervoort AJ, Uittenbogaard LB, Hehenkamp WJ, Brölmann HA, Mol BW, Huirne JA (2015) Why do niches develop in Caesarean uterine scars? Hypotheses on the aetiology of niche development. Hum Reprod 30:2695–2702PubMedPubMedCentral
9.
go back to reference Ofili-Yebovi D, Ben-Nagi J, Sawyer E et al (2008) Deficient lower-segment cesarean section scars: prevalence and risk factors. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 31:72–77CrossRef Ofili-Yebovi D, Ben-Nagi J, Sawyer E et al (2008) Deficient lower-segment cesarean section scars: prevalence and risk factors. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 31:72–77CrossRef
10.
go back to reference Uppal T, Lanzarone V, Mongelli M (2011) Sonographically detected caesarean section scar defects and menstrual irregularity. J Obstet Gynaecol. 31:413–416CrossRef Uppal T, Lanzarone V, Mongelli M (2011) Sonographically detected caesarean section scar defects and menstrual irregularity. J Obstet Gynaecol. 31:413–416CrossRef
11.
go back to reference Fabres C, Arriagada P, Fernández C, Mackenna A, Zegers F, Fernández E (2005) Surgical treatment and follow-up of women with intermenstrual bleeding due to cesarean section scar defect. J Minim Invasive Gynecol. 12:25–28CrossRef Fabres C, Arriagada P, Fernández C, Mackenna A, Zegers F, Fernández E (2005) Surgical treatment and follow-up of women with intermenstrual bleeding due to cesarean section scar defect. J Minim Invasive Gynecol. 12:25–28CrossRef
12.
go back to reference Armstrong V, Hansen WF, Van Voorhis BJ, Syrop CH (2003) Detection of cesarean scars by transvaginal ultrasound. Obstet Gynecol. 101:61–65PubMed Armstrong V, Hansen WF, Van Voorhis BJ, Syrop CH (2003) Detection of cesarean scars by transvaginal ultrasound. Obstet Gynecol. 101:61–65PubMed
14.
go back to reference Regnard C, Nosbusch M, Fellemans C et al (2004) Cesarean section scar evaluation by saline contrast sonohysterography. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 23:289–292CrossRef Regnard C, Nosbusch M, Fellemans C et al (2004) Cesarean section scar evaluation by saline contrast sonohysterography. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 23:289–292CrossRef
15.
go back to reference Thurmond AS, Harvey WJ, Smith SA (1999) Cesarean section scar as a cause of abnormal vaginal bleeding: diagnosis by sonohysterography. J Ultrasound Med 18:13–16.9CrossRef Thurmond AS, Harvey WJ, Smith SA (1999) Cesarean section scar as a cause of abnormal vaginal bleeding: diagnosis by sonohysterography. J Ultrasound Med 18:13–16.9CrossRef
16.
go back to reference Bij de Vaate AJ, Brölmann HA, van der Voet LF, van der Slikke JW, Veersema S, Huirne JA (2011) Ultrasound evaluation of the cesarean scar: relation between a niche and postmenstrual spotting. Ultrasound ObstetGynecol 37:93–99 Bij de Vaate AJ, Brölmann HA, van der Voet LF, van der Slikke JW, Veersema S, Huirne JA (2011) Ultrasound evaluation of the cesarean scar: relation between a niche and postmenstrual spotting. Ultrasound ObstetGynecol 37:93–99
17.
go back to reference Gubbini G, Centini G, Nascetti D et al (2011) Surgical hysteroscopic treatment of cesarean-induced isthmocele in restoring fertility: prospective study. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 18:234–237CrossRef Gubbini G, Centini G, Nascetti D et al (2011) Surgical hysteroscopic treatment of cesarean-induced isthmocele in restoring fertility: prospective study. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 18:234–237CrossRef
18.
go back to reference Fabres C, Aviles G, De La Jara C et al (2003) The cesarean delivery scar pouch: clinical implications and diagnostic correlation between transvaginal sonography and hysteroscopy. J Ultrasound Med 22:695–700CrossRef Fabres C, Aviles G, De La Jara C et al (2003) The cesarean delivery scar pouch: clinical implications and diagnostic correlation between transvaginal sonography and hysteroscopy. J Ultrasound Med 22:695–700CrossRef
21.
go back to reference Simpson WL Jr, Beitia LG, Mester J (2006) Hysterosalpingography: a reemerging study. Radiographics 26(2):419–431CrossRef Simpson WL Jr, Beitia LG, Mester J (2006) Hysterosalpingography: a reemerging study. Radiographics 26(2):419–431CrossRef
22.
go back to reference Wong WSF, Fung WT (2018) Magnetic resonance imaging in the evaluation of cesarean scar defect. Gynecol Minim Invasive Ther. 7(3):104–107CrossRef Wong WSF, Fung WT (2018) Magnetic resonance imaging in the evaluation of cesarean scar defect. Gynecol Minim Invasive Ther. 7(3):104–107CrossRef
23.
go back to reference Borges LM, Scapinelli A, de Baptista Depes D, Lippi UG, Coelho Lopes RG (2010) Findings in patients with postmenstrual spotting with prior cesarean section. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 17:361–364CrossRef Borges LM, Scapinelli A, de Baptista Depes D, Lippi UG, Coelho Lopes RG (2010) Findings in patients with postmenstrual spotting with prior cesarean section. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 17:361–364CrossRef
24.
go back to reference Wang CB, Chiu WW, Lee CY, Sun YL, Lin YH, Tseng CJ (2009) Cesarean scar defect: correlation between cesarean section number, defect size, clinical symptoms and uterine position. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 34:85–89CrossRef Wang CB, Chiu WW, Lee CY, Sun YL, Lin YH, Tseng CJ (2009) Cesarean scar defect: correlation between cesarean section number, defect size, clinical symptoms and uterine position. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 34:85–89CrossRef
25.
go back to reference Balleyguier C, Chapron C, Chopin N, Hélénon O, Menu Y (2003) Abdominal wall and surgical scar endometriosis: results of magnetic resonance imaging. Gynecol Obstet Invest 55:220–224CrossRef Balleyguier C, Chapron C, Chopin N, Hélénon O, Menu Y (2003) Abdominal wall and surgical scar endometriosis: results of magnetic resonance imaging. Gynecol Obstet Invest 55:220–224CrossRef
29.
go back to reference De Cian F, Delay E, Rudigoz RC, Ranchère D, Rivoire M (1999) Desmoid tumor arising in a cesarean section scar during pregnancy: monitoring and management. Gynecol Oncol 75(1):145–148CrossRef De Cian F, Delay E, Rudigoz RC, Ranchère D, Rivoire M (1999) Desmoid tumor arising in a cesarean section scar during pregnancy: monitoring and management. Gynecol Oncol 75(1):145–148CrossRef
30.
go back to reference Seow KM, Hwang JL, Tsai YL, Huang LW, Lin YH, Hsieh BC (2004) Subsequent pregnancy outcome after conservative treatment of a previous caesarean scar pregnancy. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 83(12):1167–1172CrossRef Seow KM, Hwang JL, Tsai YL, Huang LW, Lin YH, Hsieh BC (2004) Subsequent pregnancy outcome after conservative treatment of a previous caesarean scar pregnancy. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 83(12):1167–1172CrossRef
32.
go back to reference Wolman I, Altman E, Faith G et al (2009) Combined clinical and ultrasonographic work-up for the diagnosis of retained products of conception. Fertil Steril. 92:1162–1164CrossRef Wolman I, Altman E, Faith G et al (2009) Combined clinical and ultrasonographic work-up for the diagnosis of retained products of conception. Fertil Steril. 92:1162–1164CrossRef
33.
go back to reference Kamaya A, Petrovitch I, Chen B, Frederick CE, Jeffrey RB (2009) Retained products of conception: spectrum of color Doppler findings. J Ultrasound Med 28(8):1031–1041CrossRef Kamaya A, Petrovitch I, Chen B, Frederick CE, Jeffrey RB (2009) Retained products of conception: spectrum of color Doppler findings. J Ultrasound Med 28(8):1031–1041CrossRef
34.
go back to reference Siegelman ES, Outwater EK (1999) Tissue characterization in the female pelvis by means of MR imaging. Radiology 212(1):5–18CrossRef Siegelman ES, Outwater EK (1999) Tissue characterization in the female pelvis by means of MR imaging. Radiology 212(1):5–18CrossRef
35.
go back to reference Zaideh SM, Abu-Heija AT, El-Jallad MF (1998) Placenta praevia and accreta: analysis of a two-year experience. Gynecol Obstet Invest 46(2):96–98CrossRef Zaideh SM, Abu-Heija AT, El-Jallad MF (1998) Placenta praevia and accreta: analysis of a two-year experience. Gynecol Obstet Invest 46(2):96–98CrossRef
36.
go back to reference Rossi AC, Lee RH, Chmait RH (2010) Emergency postpartum hysterectomy for uncontrolled postpartum bleeding: a systematic review. Obstet Gynecol 115(3):637–644CrossRef Rossi AC, Lee RH, Chmait RH (2010) Emergency postpartum hysterectomy for uncontrolled postpartum bleeding: a systematic review. Obstet Gynecol 115(3):637–644CrossRef
37.
go back to reference Warshak CR, Eskander R, Hull AD et al (2006) Accuracy of ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of placenta accreta. Obstet Gynecol 108(3 pt 1):573–581CrossRef Warshak CR, Eskander R, Hull AD et al (2006) Accuracy of ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of placenta accreta. Obstet Gynecol 108(3 pt 1):573–581CrossRef
38.
go back to reference Lim PS, Greenberg M, Edelson MI, Bell KA, Edmonds PR, Mackey AM (2011) Utility of ultrasound and MRI in prenatal diagnosis of placenta accreta: a pilot study. AJR Am J Roentgenol 197(6):1506–1513CrossRef Lim PS, Greenberg M, Edelson MI, Bell KA, Edmonds PR, Mackey AM (2011) Utility of ultrasound and MRI in prenatal diagnosis of placenta accreta: a pilot study. AJR Am J Roentgenol 197(6):1506–1513CrossRef
39.
go back to reference Baughman WC, Corteville JE, Shah RR (2008) Placenta accreta: spectrum of US and MR imaging findings. Radiographics 28(7):1905–1916CrossRef Baughman WC, Corteville JE, Shah RR (2008) Placenta accreta: spectrum of US and MR imaging findings. Radiographics 28(7):1905–1916CrossRef
40.
go back to reference Lax A, Prince MR, Mennitt KW, Schwebach JR, Budorick NE (2007) The value of specific MRI features in the evaluation of suspected placental invasion. Magn Reson Imaging 25(1):87–93CrossRef Lax A, Prince MR, Mennitt KW, Schwebach JR, Budorick NE (2007) The value of specific MRI features in the evaluation of suspected placental invasion. Magn Reson Imaging 25(1):87–93CrossRef
41.
go back to reference Derman AY, Nikac V, Haberman S, Zelenko N, Opsha O, Flyer M (2011) MRI of placenta accreta: a new imaging perspective. AJR Am J Roentgenol 197(6):1514–1521CrossRef Derman AY, Nikac V, Haberman S, Zelenko N, Opsha O, Flyer M (2011) MRI of placenta accreta: a new imaging perspective. AJR Am J Roentgenol 197(6):1514–1521CrossRef
42.
43.
go back to reference Wu S, Kocherginsky M, Hibbard JU (2005) Abnormal placentation: twenty-year analysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 192:1458–1461CrossRef Wu S, Kocherginsky M, Hibbard JU (2005) Abnormal placentation: twenty-year analysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 192:1458–1461CrossRef
Metadata
Title
Imaging findings of cesarean delivery complications: cesarean scar disease and much more
Authors
F. Rosa
G. Perugin
D. Schettini
N. Romano
S. Romeo
R. Podestà
A. Guastavino
A. Casaleggio
N. Gandolfo
Publication date
01-12-2019
Publisher
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Keyword
Hematoma
Published in
Insights into Imaging / Issue 1/2019
Electronic ISSN: 1869-4101
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13244-019-0780-0

Other articles of this Issue 1/2019

Insights into Imaging 1/2019 Go to the issue