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Molecular Autism
Published in: Molecular Autism 1/2017

Open Access 01-12-2017 | Research

The EU-AIMS Longitudinal European Autism Project (LEAP): clinical characterisation

Authors: Tony Charman, Eva Loth, Julian Tillmann, Daisy Crawley, Caroline Wooldridge, David Goyard, Jumana Ahmad, Bonnie Auyeung, Sara Ambrosino, Tobias Banaschewski, Simon Baron-Cohen, Sarah Baumeister, Christian Beckmann, Sven Bölte, Thomas Bourgeron, Carsten Bours, Michael Brammer, Daniel Brandeis, Claudia Brogna, Yvette de Bruijn, Bhismadev Chakrabarti, Ineke Cornelissen, Flavio Dell’ Acqua, Guillaume Dumas, Sarah Durston, Christine Ecker, Jessica Faulkner, Vincent Frouin, Pilar Garcés, Lindsay Ham, Hannah Hayward, Joerg Hipp, Rosemary J. Holt, Johan Isaksson, Mark H. Johnson, Emily J. H. Jones, Prantik Kundu, Meng-Chuan Lai, Xavier Liogier D’ardhuy, Michael V. Lombardo, David J Lythgoe, René Mandl, Luke Mason, Andreas Meyer-Lindenberg, Carolin Moessnang, Nico Mueller, Laurence O’Dwyer, Marianne Oldehinkel, Bob Oranje, Gahan Pandina, Antonio M. Persico, Barbara Ruggeri, Amber N. V. Ruigrok, Jessica Sabet, Roberto Sacco, Antonia San Jóse Cáceres, Emily Simonoff, Roberto Toro, Heike Tost, Jack Waldman, Steve C. R. Williams, Marcel P. Zwiers, Will Spooren, Declan G. M. Murphy, Jan K. Buitelaar

Published in: Molecular Autism | Issue 1/2017

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Abstract

Background

The EU-AIMS Longitudinal European Autism Project (LEAP) is to date the largest multi-centre, multi-disciplinary observational study on biomarkers for autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The current paper describes the clinical characteristics of the LEAP cohort and examines age, sex and IQ differences in ASD core symptoms and common co-occurring psychiatric symptoms. A companion paper describes the overall design and experimental protocol and outlines the strategy to identify stratification biomarkers.

Methods

From six research centres in four European countries, we recruited 437 children and adults with ASD and 300 controls between the ages of 6 and 30 years with IQs varying between 50 and 148. We conducted in-depth clinical characterisation including a wide range of observational, interview and questionnaire measures of the ASD phenotype, as well as co-occurring psychiatric symptoms.

Results

The cohort showed heterogeneity in ASD symptom presentation, with only minimal to moderate site differences on core clinical and cognitive measures. On both parent-report interview and questionnaire measures, ASD symptom severity was lower in adults compared to children and adolescents. The precise pattern of differences varied across measures, but there was some evidence of both lower social symptoms and lower repetitive behaviour severity in adults. Males had higher ASD symptom scores than females on clinician-rated and parent interview diagnostic measures but not on parent-reported dimensional measures of ASD symptoms. In contrast, self-reported ASD symptom severity was higher in adults compared to adolescents, and in adult females compared to males. Higher scores on ASD symptom measures were moderately associated with lower IQ. Both inattentive and hyperactive/impulsive ADHD symptoms were lower in adults than in children and adolescents, and males with ASD had higher levels of inattentive and hyperactive/impulsive ADHD symptoms than females.

Conclusions

The established phenotypic heterogeneity in ASD is well captured in the LEAP cohort. Variation both in core ASD symptom severity and in commonly co-occurring psychiatric symptoms were systematically associated with sex, age and IQ. The pattern of ASD symptom differences with age and sex also varied by whether these were clinician ratings or parent- or self-reported which has important implications for establishing stratification biomarkers and for their potential use as outcome measures in clinical trials.
Appendix
Available only for authorised users
Footnotes
1
At four additional sites (UCAM, CIMH, UCBM and UMCU) following assessment, a minority of participants with ASD were allocated to the Mild ID group due to measured IQ falling in the 50–74 range (see Table 1).
 
2
There are three individuals with a Full-scale IQ <50 in the sample (all ASD).
 
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Metadata
Title
The EU-AIMS Longitudinal European Autism Project (LEAP): clinical characterisation
Authors
Tony Charman
Eva Loth
Julian Tillmann
Daisy Crawley
Caroline Wooldridge
David Goyard
Jumana Ahmad
Bonnie Auyeung
Sara Ambrosino
Tobias Banaschewski
Simon Baron-Cohen
Sarah Baumeister
Christian Beckmann
Sven Bölte
Thomas Bourgeron
Carsten Bours
Michael Brammer
Daniel Brandeis
Claudia Brogna
Yvette de Bruijn
Bhismadev Chakrabarti
Ineke Cornelissen
Flavio Dell’ Acqua
Guillaume Dumas
Sarah Durston
Christine Ecker
Jessica Faulkner
Vincent Frouin
Pilar Garcés
Lindsay Ham
Hannah Hayward
Joerg Hipp
Rosemary J. Holt
Johan Isaksson
Mark H. Johnson
Emily J. H. Jones
Prantik Kundu
Meng-Chuan Lai
Xavier Liogier D’ardhuy
Michael V. Lombardo
David J Lythgoe
René Mandl
Luke Mason
Andreas Meyer-Lindenberg
Carolin Moessnang
Nico Mueller
Laurence O’Dwyer
Marianne Oldehinkel
Bob Oranje
Gahan Pandina
Antonio M. Persico
Barbara Ruggeri
Amber N. V. Ruigrok
Jessica Sabet
Roberto Sacco
Antonia San Jóse Cáceres
Emily Simonoff
Roberto Toro
Heike Tost
Jack Waldman
Steve C. R. Williams
Marcel P. Zwiers
Will Spooren
Declan G. M. Murphy
Jan K. Buitelaar
Publication date
01-12-2017
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
Molecular Autism / Issue 1/2017
Electronic ISSN: 2040-2392
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13229-017-0145-9

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