Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress 2023 EHA Congress 2023 ASCO Annual Meeting
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

At a glance: The ONWARDS insulin icodec trials

A round-up of the ONWARDS phase 3 clinical trials evaluating the novel weekly insulin icodec in people with diabetes.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome
Published in: Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome 1/2016

Open Access 01-12-2016 | Review

Interactions between kidney disease and diabetes: dangerous liaisons

Authors: Roberto Pecoits-Filho, Hugo Abensur, Carolina C. R. Betônico, Alisson Diego Machado, Erika B. Parente, Márcia Queiroz, João Eduardo Nunes Salles, Silvia Titan, Sergio Vencio

Published in: Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome | Issue 1/2016

Login to get access

Abstract

Background

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) globally affects 18–20 % of adults over the age of 65 years. Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is one of the most frequent and dangerous complications of DM2, affecting about one-third of the patients with DM2. In addition to the pancreas, adipocytes, liver, and intestines, the kidneys also play an important role in glycemic control, particularly due to renal contribution to gluconeogenesis and tubular reabsorption of glucose.

Methods

In this review article, based on a report of discussions from an interdisciplinary group of experts in the areas of endocrinology, diabetology and nephrology, we detail the relationship between diabetes and kidney disease, addressing the care in the diagnosis, the difficulties in achieving glycemic control and possible treatments that can be applied according to the different degrees of impairment.

Discussion

Glucose homeostasis is extremely altered in patients with DKD, who are exposed to a high risk of both hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia. Both high and low glycemic levels are associated with increased morbidity and shortened survival in this group of patients. Factors that are associated with an increased risk of hypoglycemia in DKD patients include decreased renal gluconeogenesis, deranged metabolic pathways (including altered metabolism of medications) and decreased insulin clearance. On the other hand, decrease glucose filtration and excretion, and inflammation-induce insulin resistance are predisposing factors to hyperglycemic episodes.

Conclusion

Appropriate glycaemic monitoring and control tailored for diabetic patients is required to avoid hypoglycaemia and other glycaemic disarrays in patients with DM2 and kidney disease. Understanding the renal physiology and pathophysiology of DKD has become essential to all specialties treating diabetic patients. Disseminating this knowledge and detailing the evidence will be important to initiate breakthrough research and to encourage proper treatment of this group of patients.
Literature
1.
American Diabetes Association. Standards of care in diabetes 2014. Diabetes Care. 2014;37:S14–80.CrossRef
2.
3.
Porte D. Central regulation of energy homeostasis. Diabetes. 2006;55(Suppl 2):S155–60.CrossRef
4.
Schwartz MW, Woods SC, Porte D, Seeley RJ, Baskin DC. Central nervous system control of food intake. Nature. 2000;404:661–71.PubMed
5.
6.
Bonadonna RC, Groop L, Kraemer N, Ferrannini E, Del Prato S, DeFronzo RA. Obesity and insulin resistance in humans: a dose-response study. Metabolism. 1990;39:452–9.PubMedCrossRef
7.
8.
Parente EB, Pereira PHGR, Nunes VS, Lottenberg AMP, Lima CSLM, Rochitte CE, et al. The effects of high-fat or high-carbohydrate diet on intramyocellular lipids. J Food Nutr Disord. 2014;3:6.
9.
DeFronzo RA, Tobin JD, Andres R. Glucose clamp technique: a method for quantifying insulin secretion and resistance. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab Gastrointest Physiol. 1979;237:E214–23.
10.
Matthews DR, Hosker JP, Rudenski AS, Naylor BA, Treacher DF, Turner RC. Homeostasis model assessment: insulin resistance and beta-cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentration in man. Diabetologia. 1985;28:412–9.PubMedCrossRef
11.
Matsuda M, DeFronzo RA. Insulin sensitivity indices obtained from oral glucose tolerance testing: comparison with the euglycemic insulin clamp. Diabetes Care. 1999;22:1462–70.PubMedCrossRef
12.
Perley MJ, Kipnis DM. Plasma insulin responses to oral and intravenous glucose: studies in normal and diabetic subjects. J Clin Invest. 1967;46:1954–62.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
13.
Druker DJ. Enhancing incretin action for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2003;26:2929–40.CrossRef
14.
Ozaki N, Shibasaki T, Kashima Y, Miki T, Takahashi K, Ueno H, et al. cAMP-GEFII is a direct target of cAMP in regulated exocytosis. Nat Cell Biol. 2000;2:805–11.PubMedCrossRef
15.
Sivertsen J, Rosenmeier J, Holst JJ, Vilsbøll T. The effect of glucagon-like peptide 1 on cardiovascular risk. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2012;9:209–22.PubMedCrossRef
16.
Bergman H, Drury DR. The relationship of kidney function to the glucose utilization of the extra abdominal tissues. Am J Physiol. 1938;124:279–84.
17.
Meriel P, Galinier F, Suc J, et al. Le metabolisme duRein humaian. Rev Franc Etudes Clin Biol. 1958;3:332–4.PubMed
18.
19.
Björkman O, Felig P. Role of the kidney in the metabolism of fructose in 60-h fasted humans. Diabetes. 1982;31:516–20.PubMedCrossRef
20.
21.
Meyer C, Dostou J, Nadkarni V, Gerich J. Effects of physiological hyperinsulinemia on systemic, renal and hepatic substrate metabolism. Am J Physiol. 1998;275:F915–21.PubMed
22.
Cersosimo E, Garlick P, Ferretti J. Insulin regulation of renal glucose metabolism in humans. Am J Physiol. 1999;276:E78–84.PubMed
23.
Stumvoll M, Chintalapudi U, Perriello G, Welle S, Gutierrez O, Gerich J. Uptake and release of glucose by the human kidney: postabsorptive rates and responses to epinephrine. J Clin Invest. 1995;96:2528–33.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
24.
Stumvoll M, Meyer C, Kreider M, Perriello G, Gerich J. Effects of glucagon on renal and hepatic glutamine gluconeogenesis in normal postabsorptive humans. Metabolism. 1998;47:1227–32.PubMedCrossRef
25.
Schoolwerth A, Smith B, Culpepper R. Renal gluconeogenesis. Miner Electrolyte Metab. 1988;14:347–61.PubMed
26.
Wirthensohn G, Guder W. Renal substrate metabolism. Physiol Rev. 1986;66:469–97.PubMed
27.
Meyer C, Gerich JE. Role of the kidney in hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes. Curr Diab Rep. 2002;2:237–41.PubMedCrossRef
28.
Abe M, Kalantar-Zadeh K. Hemodialysis induced hypoglycemia and glucose disarrays. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2015;11:302–13.PubMedCrossRef
29.
U.S. Renal Data System. Incidence, prevalence, patient characteristics and treatment modalities. National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Kidney Diseases. In: USRDS 2011 Annual data report. Bethesda; 2011.
30.
UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group. Effect of intensive blood glucose control with metformin on complications in overweight patients with type 2 diabetes: UKPDS 34. Lancet. 1998;352:854–65.CrossRef
31.
Koenig RJ, Peterson CM, Jones RL, et al. Correlation of glucose regulation and hemoglobin AIc in diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 1976;295:417–20.PubMedCrossRef
32.
Herman WH, Cohen RM. Racial and ethnic differences in the relationship between HbA1c and blood glucose: implications for the diagnosis of diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012;97:1067–72.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
33.
The American Diabetes Association, European Association for the Study of Diabetes, International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, International Diabetes Federation. Consensus statement on the worldwide standardization of the HbA1c measurement. Diabetologia. 2007;50:2042–3.CrossRef
34.
Kilpatrick ES, Rigby AS, Atkin SL. Variability in the relationship between mean plasma glucose and HbA1c: implications for the assessment of glycemic control. Clin Chem. 2007;53:897–901.PubMedCrossRef
35.
Miller WG, Myers GL, Ashwood ER, Killeen AA, Wang E, Ehlers GW, et al. State of the art in trueness and interlaboratory harmonization for ten analytes in general clinical chemistry. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2008;132:838–46.PubMed
36.
Selvin E, Crainiceanu CM, Brancati FL, Coresh J. Short-term variability in measures of glycemia and implications for the classification of diabetes. Arch Intern Med. 2007;167:1545–51.PubMedCrossRef
37.
Pimazoni-Netto A, Rodbard D, Zanella MT. Rapid improvement of glycemic control in type 2 diabetes using weekly intensive multifactorial interventions: structured glucose monitoring, patient education, and adjustment of therapy—a randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2011;13(10):997–1004. doi:10.​1089/​dia.​2011.​0054.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
38.
Nathan D, Davidson MB, Defronzo RA, Heine RJ, Henry RR, Pratley R, American Diabetes Association, et al. Impaired fasting glucose and impaired glucose tolerance: implications for care. Diabetes Care. 2007;30:753–9.PubMedCrossRef
39.
Lenters-Westra E, Schindhelm RK, Bilo HJ, et al. Haemoglobin A1c: historical overview and current concepts. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2013;99:75–84.PubMedCrossRef
40.
Chen HS, Wu TE, Lin HD, Jap TS, Hsiao LC, Lee SH, et al. Hemoglobin A(1c) and fructosamine for assessing glycemic control in diabetic patients with CKD stages 3 and 4. Am J Kidney Dis. 2010;55:867–74.PubMedCrossRef
41.
Little RR, Rohlfing CL, Wiedmeyer HM, Myers GL, Sacks DB, Goldstein DE. The national glycohemoglobin standardization program: a 5-year progress report. Clin Chem. 2001;47:1985–92.PubMed
42.
Gallagher EJ, Le Roith D, Bloomgarden Z. Review of hemoglobin A(1c) in the management of diabetes. J Diabetes. 2009;1:9–17.PubMedCrossRef
43.
Uzu T, Hatta T, Deji N, Izumiya T, Ueda H, Miyazawa I, et al. Target for glycemic control in type 2 diabetic patients on hemodialysis: effects of anemia and erythropoietin injection on hemoglobin A(1c). Ther Apher Dial. 2009;13:89–94.PubMedCrossRef
44.
Speeckaert M, Biesen WV, Delanghe J, Slingerland R, Wiecek A, Heaf J, The European Renal Best Practice Guideline Development Group on Diabetes in Advanced CKD, et al. Are there better alternatives than haemoglobin A1c to estimate glycaemic control in the chronic kidney disease population? Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2014;0:1–11.
45.
Mackenzie T, Brooks B, O’Connor G. Beverage intake, diabetes, and glucose control of adults in America. Ann Epidemiol. 2006;16:688–91.PubMedCrossRef
46.
Okada T, Nakao T, Matsumoto H, Yamanaka T, Nagaoka Y, Tamekuni T. Influence of age and nutritional status on glycated albumin values in hemodialysis patients. Intern Med. 2009;48:1495–9.PubMedCrossRef
47.
Cohen RM, Holmes YR, Chenier TC, Joiner CH. Discordance between HbA1c and fructosamine: evidence for a glycosylation gap and its relation to diabetic nephropathy. Diabetes Care. 2003;26:163–7.PubMedCrossRef
48.
Mittman N, Desiraju B, Fazil I, Kapupara H, Chattopadhyay J, Jani CM, et al. Serum fructosamine versus glycosylated hemoglobin as an index of glycemic control, hospitalization, and infection in diabetic hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int Suppl. 2010;117:S41–5.PubMedCrossRef
49.
Yamanouchi T, Akanuma Y. Serum 1,5-anhydroglucitol (1,5 AG): new clinical marker for glycemic control. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 1994;24:S261–8.PubMedCrossRef
50.
Nerby CL, Stickle DF. 1,5-anhydroglucitol monitoring in diabetes: a mass balance perspective. Clin Biochem. 2009;42:158–67.PubMedCrossRef
51.
Ricks J, Molnar MZ, Kovesdy CP, Shah A, Nissenson AR, Williams M, et al. Glycemic control and cardiovascular mortality in hemodialysis patients with diabetes: a 6-year cohort study. Diabetes. 2012;61:708–15.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
52.
Hill CJ, Maxwell AP, Cardwell CR, Freedman BI, Tonelli M, Emoto M, et al. Glycated hemoglobin and risk of death in diabetic patients treated with hemodialysis: a meta-analysis. Am J Kidney Dis. 2014;63:84–94.PubMedCrossRef
53.
Spiegel DM, Breyer JA. Serum albumin: a predictor of long-term outcome in peritoneal dialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis. 1994;23:283–5.PubMedCrossRef
54.
Freedman BI. A critical evaluation of glycated protein parameters in advanced nephropathy: a matter of life or death: time to dispense with the hemoglobin A1C in end-stage kidney disease. Diabetes Care. 2012;35:1621–4.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
55.
Little RR, Rohlfing CL, Tennill AL, Hanson SE, Connolly S, Higgins T, et al. Measurement of Hba(1C) in patients with chronic renal failure. Clin Chim Acta. 2013;418:73–6.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
56.
UK Prospective Diabetes Study. UKPDS) Group. Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33. Lancet. 1998;352(9131):837–53.CrossRef
57.
The Diabets Control and Complications Trial Resesarch Group. The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 1993;329:977–86.CrossRef
58.
de Diabetes SB. Diretrizes da Sociedade Brasileira de. Diabetes. 2014;2013–2014:147–65.
59.
Grant RW, Donner TW, Fradkin JE, et al. Professional practice committee for the standards of medical care in diabetes-2015. Diabetes Care. 2015;38(Suppl 1):S88–9. doi:10.​2337/​dc15-S018.
60.
Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes Study Group, Gerstein HC, Miller ME, Byington RP, Goff DC, Bigger JT, et al. Effects of intensive glucose lowering in type 2 diabetes. New Engl J Med. 2008;358:2545–59.CrossRef
61.
Gosmanov AR, Gosmanova EO. Long-term renal outcomes of patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus and microalbuminuria: an analysis of the DCCT/EDIC cohort. Arch Intern Med. 2011;171(5):412–20.CrossRef
62.
Perkins BA, Ficociello LH, Silva KH, Finkelstein DM, Warram JH, Krolewski AS. Regression of microalbuminuria in type 1 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2003;348:2285–93.PubMedCrossRef
63.
ADVANCE Collaborative Group, Patel A, MacMahon S, Chalmers J, Neal B, Billot L, et al. Intensive blood glucose control and vascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2008;358(24):2560–72. doi:10.​1056/​NEJMoa0802987.CrossRef
64.
65.
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
71.
72.
73.
74.
75.
76.
Andrassy KM. Comments on ‘KDIGO 2012 clinical practice guideline for the evaluation and management of chronic kidney disease’. Kidney Int. 2013;84(3):622–3.PubMedCrossRef
77.
ACCORD study group, Cushman WC, Evans GW, Byington RP, Goff DC, Grimm RH, et al. Effects of intensive blood-pressure control in type 2 diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 2010;29(362):1575–85.
78.
Parving H, Hommel E, Smidt UM. Protection of kidney function and decrease in albuminuria by captopril in insulin dependent diabetics with nephropathy. BMJ. 1988;297(6656):1086–91.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
79.
James PA, Oparil S, Carter BL, Cushman WC, Dennison-Himmelfarb C, Handler J, et al. 2014 evidence-based guideline for the management of high blood pressure in adults: report from the panel members appointed to the Eighth Joint National Committee (JNC 8). JAMA. 2014;311(5):507–20. doi:10.​1001/​jama.​2013.​284427.PubMedCrossRef
80.
81.
PalmerSuetonia C, et al. Comparative efficacy and safety of blood pressure-lowering agents in adults with diabetes and kidney disease: a network meta-analysis. Lancet. 2015;385(9982):2047–56.CrossRef
82.
Pepine CJ, Handberg EM, Cooper-DeHoff RM, Marks RG, Kowey P, Messerli FH, et al. A calcium antagonist vs a non-calcium antagonist hypertension treatment strategy for patients with coronary artery disease. The International Verapamil-Trandolapril study (INVEST): a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2003;290(21):2805–16. doi:10.​1001/​jama.​290.​21.​2805.PubMedCrossRef
83.
Fineberg D, Jandeleit-Dahm KA, Cooper ME. Diabetic nephropathy: diagnosis and treatment. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2013;9(12):713–23.PubMedCrossRef
84.
KDIGO. Clinical practice guideline for lipid management in chronic kidney disease. Kidney Inter. 2013;3(3):259–305.CrossRef
85.
86.
87.
88.
Moriya T, Tanaka S, Kawasaki R, Ohashi Y, Akanuma Y, Yamada N, Japan Diabetes Complications Study, et al. Diabetic retinopathy and microalbuminuria can predict macroalbuminuria and renal function decline in Japanese type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes Care. 2013;36(9):2803–9. doi:10.​2337/​dc12-2327.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
89.
Klein R, Zinman B, Gardiner R, Suissa S, Donnellly SM, Sinaiko AR, et al. The relationship of diabetic retinopathy to preclinical diabetic glomerulopathy lesions in type 1 diabetic patients. Diabetes. 2005;54(2):527–33.PubMedCrossRef
90.
91.
92.
Ewing DJ, Campbell IW, Clarke BF. The natural history of diabetic autonomic neuropathy. Q J Med. 1980;49(193):95–108.PubMed
93.
Spallone V, Ziegler D, Freeman R, Bernardi L, Frontoni S, Pop-Busui R, et al. Cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy in diabetes: clinical impact, assessment, diagnosis, and management. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2011;27(7):639–53. doi:10.​1002/​dmrr.​1239.PubMedCrossRef
94.
Tahrani AA, Dubb K, Raymond NT, Begum S, Altaf QA, Sadiqi H, et al. Cardiac autonomic neuropathy predicts renal function decline in patients with type 2 diabetes: a cohort study. Diabetologia. 2014;57(6):1249–56. doi:10.​1007/​s00125-014-3211-2.PubMedCrossRef
95.
96.
Foss-Freitas MC, MarquesJunior W, Foss MC. Autonomic neuropathy: a high risk complication for type 1 diabetes mellitus. Arq Bras Endrocrinol Metab. 2008;52(2):398–406.CrossRef
97.
98.
Procci WR, Goldstein DA, Adelstein J, Massry SG. Sexual dysfunction in the male patient with uremia: a reappraisal. Kidney Int. 1981;19(2):317–23.PubMedCrossRef
99.
Vinik AI, Maser RE, Mitchell BD, Freeman R. Diabetic autonomic neuropathy. Diabetes Care. 2003;26(5):1553–79.PubMedCrossRef
100.
Cárdenas C, Bordiu E, Bagazoitia J, Calle-Pascual AL, Diabetes and Nutrition Study Group, Spanish Diabetes Association. Polyunsaturated fatty acid consumption may play role in the onset and regression of microalbuminúria in well-controlled type 1 and type 2 diabetic people: a 7-year, prospective, population-based, observational multicenter study. Diabetes Care. 2004;27(6):1454–7.PubMedCrossRef
101.
Houlihan CA, Allen TJ, Baxter AL, Panangiotopoulos S, Casley DJ, Cooper ME, et al. A low-sodium diet potentiates the effects of losartan in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2002;25(4):663–71.PubMedCrossRef
102.
Moen MF, Zhan M, Hsu VD, Walker LD, Einhorn LM, Seliger SL, et al. Frequency of hypoglycemia and its significance in chronic kidney disease. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2009;4(6):1121–7.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
103.
Gómez-Huelgas R, Martínez-Castelao A, Artola S, Górriz JL, Menéndez E. Consensus document on treatment of type 2 diabetes in patients with chronic kidney diseases. Nefrologia. 2014;34(1):34–45.PubMed
104.
Garg R, Williams ME. Diabetes management in the kidney patient. Med Clin North Am. 2013;97(1):135–56.PubMedCrossRef
105.
Stratton IM, Adler AI, Neil HA, Matthews DR, Manley SE, Cull CA, et al. Association of glycaemia with macrovascular and microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 35): prospective observational study. BMJ. 2000;321(7258):405–12.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
106.
Duckworth W, Abraira C, Moritz T, Reda D, Emanuele N, Reaven PD, et al. Glucose control and vascular complications in veterans with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2009;360(2):129–39.PubMedCrossRef
107.
Shurraw S, Hemmelgarn B, Lin M, Sr Majumdar, Klarenbach S, Manns B, et al. Association between glycemic control and adverse outcomes in people with diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease: a population-based cohort study. Arch Intern Med. 2011;171(21):1920–7.PubMedCrossRef
108.
Lachin JM, Viberti G, Zinman B, Haffner SM, Aftring RP, Paul G, et al. Renal function in type 2 diabetes with rosiglitazone, metformin, and glyburide monotherapy. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2011;6(5):1032–40.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
109.
Little RR, Tennill AL, Rohlfing C, Wiedmeyer HM, Khanna R, Goel S, et al. Can glycohemoglobin be used to assess glycemic control in patients with chronic renal failure? Clin Chem. 2002;48(5):784–6.PubMed
110.
American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes—2012. Diabetes Care. 2012;35(Suppl 1):S11–63.
111.
Runge S, Mayerle J, Warnke C, Robinson D, Roser M, Felix SB, et al. Metformin-associated lactic acidosis in patients with renal impairment solely due to drug accumulation? Diabetes Obes Metab. 2008;10(1):91–3.PubMed
112.
113.
Nye HJ, Herrington WG. Metformin: the safest hypoglycaemic agent in chronic kidney disease? Nephron Clin Pract. 2011;118:c380–3.PubMedCrossRef
114.
Holstein A, Plaschke A, Hammer C, Egberts EH. Characteristics and time course of severe glimepiride-versus glibenclamide induced hypoglycaemia. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2003;59(2):91–7.PubMed
115.
Hasslacher C, Multinational Repaglinide Renal Study Group. Safety and efficacy of repaglinide in type 2 diabetic patients with and without impaired renal function. Diabetes Care. 2003;26:886–91.PubMedCrossRef
116.
Nissen SE, Wolski K. Effect of rosiglitazone on the risk of myocardial infarction and death from cardiovascular causes. N Engl J Med. 2007;356(24):2457–71.PubMedCrossRef
117.
Ramirez SP, Albert JM, Blayney MJ, Tentori F, Goodkin DA, Wolfe RA, et al. Rosiglitazone is associated with mortality in chronic hemodialysis patients. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2009;20(5):1094–101.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
118.
Hsiao SH, Liao LH, Cheng PN, Wu TJ. Hepatotoxicity associated with acarbose therapy. Ann Pharmacother. 2006;40(1):151–4.PubMedCrossRef
119.
120.
Shyangdan DS, Uthman OA, Waugh N. SGLT-2 receptor inhibitors for treating patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. BMJ Open. 2016;6(2):9417.CrossRef
121.
Dubois-Laforgue D, Boutboul D, Lévy DJ, Joly D, Timsit J. Severe acute renal failure in patients treated with glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2014;103(3):e53–5.PubMedCrossRef
122.
Chan JC, Scott R, Arjona Ferreira JC, Sheng D, Gonzalez E, Davies MJ, et al. Safety and efficacy of sitagliptin in patients with type 2 diabetes and chronic renal insufficiency. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2008;10(7):545–55.PubMedCrossRef
123.
Graefe-Mody U, Friedrich C, Port A, Ring A, Retlich S, Heise T, et al. Effect of renal impairment on the pharmacokinetics of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor linagliptin(*). Diabetes Obes Metab. 2011;13(10):939–46.PubMedCrossRef
124.
Lukashevich V, Schweizer A, Shao Q, Groop PH, Kothny W. Safety and efficacy of vildagliptin versus placebo in patients with type 2 diabetes and moderate or severe renal impairment: a prospective 24-week randomized placebo-controlled trial. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2011;13(10):947–54.PubMedCrossRef
125.
Nowicki M, Rychlik I, Haller H, Warren M, Suchower L, gause-Nilsson I, et al. Long-term treatment with the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor saxagliptin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and renal impairment: a randomised controlled 52-week efficacy and safety study. Int J Clin Pract. 2011;65(12):1230–9.PubMedCrossRef
126.
Nowicki M, Rychlik I, Haller H, Warren ML, Suchower L, Gause-Nilsson I, D1680C00007 Investigators. Saxagliptin improves glycaemic control and is well tolerated in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and renal impairment. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2011;13(6):523–32.PubMedCrossRef
127.
Rabkin R, Ryan MP, Duckworth WC. The renal metabolism of insulin. Diabetologia. 1984;27(3):351–7.PubMedCrossRef
128.
129.
Duckworth WC. Insulin degradation: mechanisms, products, and significance. Endocr Rev. 1988;9(3):319–45.PubMedCrossRef
130.
131.
Charlesworth JA, Kriketos AD, Jones JE, Erlich JH, Campbell LV, Peake PW. Insulin resistance and postprandial triglyceride levels in primary renal disease. Metabolism. 2005;54(6):821–8.PubMedCrossRef
132.
Freeman JS. Review of insulin-dependent and insulin-independent agents for treating patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and potential role for sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors. Postgrad Med. 2013;125(3):214–26.PubMedCrossRef
133.
Niafar M, Nakhjavani M. Efficacy and safety of insulin glargine in type 2 diabetic patients with renal failure. J Diabetes Metab. 2012;03(04):1–4.CrossRef
134.
Baldwin D, Lee H, Zander J, Emanuele MA, Munoz C, Glossop V, et al. A randomized trial of two weight-based doses of insulin glargine and glulisine in hospitalized subjects with type 2 diabetes and renal insufficiency. Diabetes Care. 2012;35:1970–4.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
135.
Jones MC, Patel M. Insulin detemir: a long-acting insulin product. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2006;63(24):2466–72.PubMedCrossRef
136.
Porcellati F, Rossetti P, Busciantella NR, Marzotti S, Lucidi P, Luzio S, et al. Comparison of pharmacokinetics and dynamics of the long-acting insulin analogs glargine and detemir at steady state in type 1 diabetes: a double-blind, randomized, crossover study. Diabetes Care. 2007;30:2447–52.PubMedCrossRef
137.
Kulozik F, Hasslacher C. Insulin requirements in patients with diabetes and declining kidney function: differences between insulin analogues and human insulin? Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab. 2013;4(4):113–21.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
138.
Kiss I, Arold G, Roepstorff C, Bøttcher SG, Klim S, Haahr H. Insulin degludec: pharmacokinetics in patients with renal impairment. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2014;53(2):175–83.PubMedCrossRef
139.
Bode BW. Use of rapid-acting insulin analogues in the treatment of patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus: insulin pump therapy versus multiple daily injections. Clin Ther. 2007;29:135–44.CrossRef
140.
Ruggenenti P, Flores C, Aros C, Ene-Iordache B, Trevisan R, Ottomano C, et al. Renal and metabolic effects of insulin lispro in type 2 diabetic subjects with overt nephropathy. Diabetes Care. 2003;26(2):502–9.PubMedCrossRef
141.
Ersoy A, Ersoy C, Altinay T. Insulin analogue usage in a haemodialysis patient with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2006;21(2):553–4.PubMedCrossRef
142.
Czock D, Aisenpreis U, Rasche FM, Jehle PM. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of lispro-insulin in hemodialysis patients with diabetes mellitus. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2003;41(10):492–7.PubMedCrossRef
143.
Urata H, Mori K, Emoto M, Yamazaki Y, Motoyama K, Morioka T, et al. Advantage of insulin glulisine over regular insulin in patients with type 2 diabetes and severe renal insufficiency. J Ren Nutr. 2015;25(2):129–34.PubMedCrossRef
144.
Holmes G, Galitz L, Hu P, Lyness W. Pharmacokinetics of insulin aspart in obesity, renal impairment, or hepatic impairment. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2005;60(5):469–76.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
145.
Lubowsky ND, Siegel R, Pittas AG. Management of glycemia in patients with diabetes mellitus and CKD. Am J Kidney Dis. 2007;50(5):865–79.PubMedCrossRef
146.
147.
Ramirez SPB, McCullough KP, Thumma JR, Nelson RG, Morgenstern H, Gillespie BW, et al. Hemoglobin A(1c) levels and mortality in the diabetic hemodialysis population: findings from the Dialysis Outcomes and practice patterns study (DOPPS). Diabetes Care. 2012;35(12):2527–32.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
148.
Rhee CM, Leung AM, Kovesdy CP, Lynch KE, Brent GA, Kalantar-Zadeh K. Updates on the management of diabetes in dialysis patients. Semin Dial. 2014;27(2):135–45.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
Metadata
Title
Interactions between kidney disease and diabetes: dangerous liaisons
Authors
Roberto Pecoits-Filho
Hugo Abensur
Carolina C. R. Betônico
Alisson Diego Machado
Erika B. Parente
Márcia Queiroz
João Eduardo Nunes Salles
Silvia Titan
Sergio Vencio
Publication date
01-12-2016
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome / Issue 1/2016
Electronic ISSN: 1758-5996
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13098-016-0159-z

Other articles of this Issue 1/2016

Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome 1/2016 Go to the issue

Research

β-Cell death is decreased in women with gestational diabetes mellitus

Review

Visceral adiposity syndrome

Research

Sitagliptin monotherapy has better effect on insulinogenic index than glimepiride monotherapy in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a 52-week, multicenter, parallel-group randomized controlled trial

Research

Oxidative DNA damage and oxidized low density lipoprotein in Type II diabetes mellitus among patients with Helicobacter pylori infection

Research

Impact of a 6-month treatment with intragastric balloon on body composition and psychopathological profile in obese individuals with metabolic syndrome

Research

A study for association and interaction analysis to metabolic syndrome and the ESR1 gene on cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy in a Chinese Han population

ACC 2024 Congress Coverage

Heart Failure Video

Year in Review: Heart failure and cardiomyopathies

Watch now

Watch this official video from ACC.24. Dr. Biykem Bozkurt discuss last year's major advances in heart failure and cardiomyopathies.

Semaglutide benefits people with type 2 diabetes and obesity-related heart failure

16-04-2024 Type 2 Diabetes News

Incentivised to exercise

11-04-2024 Lifestyle Modifications News

New intervention for STEMI-related cardiogenic shock

10-04-2024 Myocardial Infarction News

» View more highlights on the ACC 2024 congress hub page

Image Credits