Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress 2023 EHA Congress 2023 ASCO Annual Meeting
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

At a glance: The ONWARDS insulin icodec trials

A round-up of the ONWARDS phase 3 clinical trials evaluating the novel weekly insulin icodec in people with diabetes.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine
Published in: Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine 1/2016

Open Access 01-12-2016 | Review

Prehospital control of life-threatening truncal and junctional haemorrhage is the ultimate challenge in optimizing trauma care; a review of treatment options and their applicability in the civilian trauma setting

Authors: S. E. van Oostendorp, E. C. T. H. Tan, L. M. G. Geeraedts Jr

Published in: Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine | Issue 1/2016

Login to get access

Abstract

Introduction

Exsanguination following trauma is potentially preventable. Extremity tourniquets have been successfully implemented in military and civilian prehospital care. Prehospital control of bleeding from the torso and junctional area’s remains challenging but offers a great potential to improve survival rates. This review aims to provide an overview of potential treatment options in both clinical as preclinical state of research on truncal and junctional bleeding. Since many options have been developed for application in the military primarily, translation to the civilian situation is discussed.

Methods

Medline (via Pubmed) and Embase were searched to identify known and potential prehospital treatment options. Search terms were|: haemorrhage/hemorrhage, exsanguination, junctional, truncal, intra-abdominal, intrathoracic, intervention, haemostasis/hemostasis, prehospital, en route, junctional tourniquet, REBOA, resuscitative thoracotomy, emergency thoracotomy, pelvic binder, pelvic sheet, circumferential. Treatment options were listed per anatomical site: axilla, groin, thorax, abdomen and pelvis Also, the available evidence was graded in (pre) clinical stadia of research.

Results

Identified treatment options were wound clamps, injectable haemostatic sponges, pelvic circumferential stabilizers, resuscitative thoracotomy, resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta (REBOA), intra-abdominal gas insufflation, intra-abdominal self-expanding foam, junctional and truncal tourniquets. A total of 70 papers on these aforementioned options was retrieved. No clinical reports on injectable haemostatic sponges, intra-abdominal insufflation or self-expanding foam injections and one type of junctional tourniquets were available.

Conclusion

Options to stop truncal and junctional traumatic haemorrhage in the prehospital arena are evolving and may offer a potentially great survival advantage. Because of differences in injury pattern, time to definitive care, different prehospital scenario’s and level of proficiency of care providers; successful translation of various military applications to the civilian situation has to be awaited. Overall, the level of evidence on the retrieved adjuncts is extremely low.
Literature
1.
Bellamy RF. The causes of death in conventional land warfare: implications for combat casualty care research. Mil Med. 1984;149:55–62.PubMed
2.
Eastridge BJ, Mabry RL, Seguin P, Cantrell J, Tops T, Uribe P, et al. Death on the battlefield (2001–2011): implications for the future of combat casualty care. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2012;73:S431–7.PubMedCrossRef
3.
Tien HC, Spencer F, Tremblay LN, Rizoli SB, Brenneman FD. Preventable deaths from hemorrhage at a level I Canadian trauma center. J Trauma. 2007;62:142–6.PubMedCrossRef
4.
Teixeira PGR, Inaba K, Hadjizacharia P, Brown C, Salim A, Rhee P, et al. Preventable or potentially preventable mortality at a mature trauma center. J Trauma. 2007;63:1338–46.PubMedCrossRef
5.
Sauaia A, Moore FA, Moore EE, Moser KS, Brennan R, Read RA, et al. Epidemiology of trauma deaths: a reassessment. J Trauma. 1995;38:185–93.PubMedCrossRef
6.
Chaudery M, Clark J, Wilson MH, Bew D, Yang GZ, Darzi A. Traumatic intra-abdominal hemorrhage control: has current technology tipped the balance toward a role for prehospital intervention? J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2015;78:153–63.PubMedCrossRef
7.
Malone DL, Dunne J, Tracy JK, Putnam AT, Scalea TM, Napolitano LM. Blood transfusion, independent of shock severity, is associated with worse outcome in trauma. J Trauma. 2003;54:898–905.PubMedCrossRef
8.
Kauvar DS, Lefering R, Wade CE. Impact of hemorrhage on trauma outcome: an overview of epidemiology, clinical presentations, and therapeutic considerations. J Trauma. 2006;60:S3–11.PubMedCrossRef
9.
Geeraedts LMGJ, Kaasjager HAH, van Vugt AB, Frolke JPM. Exsanguination in trauma: a review of diagnostics and treatment options. Injury. 2009;40:11–20.PubMedCrossRef
10.
(NAEMT) NAoEMT. PHTLS: Prehospital Trauma Life Support, 8th Edition. 8th Revised edition ed. Sudbury, United States: Jones and Barlett Publishers, Inc; 2015.
11.
Beekley AC, Sebesta JA, Blackbourne LH, Herbert GS, Kauvar DS, Baer DG, et al. Prehospital tourniquet use in operation Iraqi freedom: effect on hemorrhage control and outcomes. J Trauma. 2008;64:S28–37.PubMedCrossRef
12.
Kragh JFJ. Use of tourniquets and their effects on limb function in the modern combat environment. Foot Ankle Clin. 2010;15:23–40.PubMedCrossRef
13.
Inaba K, Siboni S, Resnick S, Zhu J, Wong MD, Haltmeier T, et al. Tourniquet use for civilian extremity trauma. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2015;79:232–7.PubMedCrossRef
14.
Kue RC, Temin ES, Weiner SG, Gates J, Coleman MH, Fisher J, et al. Tourniquet use in a civilian emergency medical services setting: a descriptive analysis of the Boston EMS experience. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2015;19:399–404.PubMedCrossRef
15.
Schroll R, Smith A, McSwain Jr NE, Myers J, Rocchi K, Inaba K, et al. A multi-institutional analysis of prehospital tourniquet use. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2015;79:10–4.PubMedCrossRef
16.
Ode G, Studnek J, Seymour R, Bosse MJ, Hsu JR. Emergency tourniquets for civilians: can military lessons in extremity hemorrhage be translated? J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2015;79:586–91.PubMedCrossRef
17.
Dean NR, Ledgard JP, Katsaros J. Massive hemorrhage in facial fracture patients: definition, incidence, and management. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2009;123:680–90.PubMedCrossRef
18.
Rezende-Neto J, Marques AC, Guedes LJ, Teixeira LC. Damage control principles applied to penetrating neck and mandibular injury. J Trauma. 2008;64:1142–3.PubMedCrossRef
19.
Arne BC. Management of scalp hemorrhage and lacerations. J Spec Oper Med. 2012;12:11–6.PubMed
20.
Fitzpatrick MO, Seex K. Scalp lacerations demand careful attention before interhospital transfer of head injured patients. J Accid Emerg Med. 1996;13:207–8.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
21.
Lemos MJ, Clark DE. Scalp lacerations resulting in hemorrhagic shock: case reports and recommended management. J Emerg Med. 1988;6:377–9.PubMedCrossRef
22.
Granville-Chapman J, Jacobs N, Midwinter MJ. Pre-hospital haemostatic dressings: a systematic review. Injury. 2011;42:447–59.PubMedCrossRef
23.
Bennett BL, Littlejohn LF, Kheirabadi BS, Butler FK, Kotwal RS, Dubick MA, et al. Management of external hemorrhage in tactical combat casualty care: Chitosan-Based Hemostatic Gauze Dressings - TCCC Guidelines-Change 13–05. J Spec Oper Med. 2014;14:40–57.PubMed
24.
Smith AH, Laird C, Porter K, Bloch M. Haemostatic dressings in prehospital care. Emerg Med J. 2013;30:784–9.PubMedCrossRef
25.
Zietlow JM, Zietlow SP, Morris DS, Berns KS, Jenkins DH. Prehospital use of hemostatic bandages and tourniquets: translation from military experience to implementation in civilian trauma care. J Spec Oper Med. 2015;15:48–53.PubMed
26.
Travers S, Lefort H, Ramdani E, Lemoine S, Jost D, Bignand M, et al. Hemostatic dressings in civil prehospital practice: 30 uses of QuikClot Combat Gauze. Eur J Emerg Med. 2016;23:391–4.PubMedCrossRef
27.
Bulger EM, Snyder D, Schoelles K, Gotschall C, Dawson D, Lang E, et al. An evidence-based prehospital guideline for external hemorrhage control: American College of Surgeons Committee on Trauma. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2014;18:163–73.PubMedCrossRef
28.
Haider AH, Piper LC, Zogg CK, Schneider EB, Orman JA, Butler FK, et al. Military-to-civilian translation of battlefield innovations in operative trauma care. Surgery. 2015;158:1686–95.PubMedCrossRef
29.
Jacobs LM, Wade DS, McSwain NE, Butler FK, Fabbri WP, Eastman AL, et al. The Hartford Consensus: THREAT, a medical disaster preparedness concept. J Am Coll Surg. 2013;217:947–53.PubMedCrossRef
30.
Jacobs LM, Wade D, McSwain NE, Butler FK, Fabbri W, Eastman A, et al. Hartford Consensus: a call to action for THREAT, a medical disaster preparedness concept. J Am Coll Surg. 2014;218:467–75.PubMedCrossRef
31.
Pons PT, Jerome J, McMullen J, Manson J, Robinson J, Chapleau W. The Hartford Consensus on active shooters: implementing the continuum of prehospital trauma response. J Emerg Med. 2015;49:878–85.PubMedCrossRef
32.
33.
Kotwal RS, Butler FK, Gross KR, Kheirabadi BS, Baer DG, Dubick MA, et al. Management of junctional hemorrhage in tactical combat casualty care: TCCC guidelines?proposed change 13–03. J Spec Oper Med. 2013;13:85–93.PubMed
34.
Kragh Jr JF, Aden JK, Steinbaugh J, Bullard M, Dubick MA. Gauze vs XSTAT in wound packing for hemorrhage control. Am J Emerg Med. 2015;33:974–6.PubMedCrossRef
35.
36.
MacIntyre AD, Quick JA, Barnes SL. Hemostatic dressings reduce tourniquet time while maintaining hemorrhage control. Am Surg. 2011;77:162–5.PubMed
37.
Kragh JFJ, Johnson JE, Henkel CK, Dubick MA. Technique of axillary use of a Combat Ready Clamp to stop junctional bleeding. Am J Emerg Med. 2013;31:1274–6.PubMedCrossRef
38.
Kheirabadi BS, Terrazas IB, Hanson MA, Kragh JFJ, Dubick MA, Blackbourne LH. In vivo assessment of the Combat Ready Clamp to control junctional hemorrhage in swine. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2013;74:1260–5.PubMedCrossRef
39.
Croushorn J, Thomas G, McCord SR. Abdominal aortic tourniquet controls junctional hemorrhage from a gunshot wound of the axilla. J Spec Oper Med. 2013;13:1–4.PubMed
40.
Lyon M, Johnson D, Gordon R. Use of a Novel Abdominal Aortic and Junctional Tourniquet to Reduce or Eliminate Flow in the Brachial and Popliteal Arteries in Human Subjects. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2015;19:405–8.PubMedCrossRef
41.
Kirkpatrick AW, McKee JL. Tactical Hemorrhage Control Case Studies Using a Point-of-Care Mechanical Direct Pressure Device. J Spec Oper Med. 2014;14:7–10.PubMed
42.
43.
Kragh JFJ, Parsons DL, Kotwal RS, Kheirabadi BS, Aden JK, Gerhardt RT, et al. Testing of junctional tourniquets by military medics to control simulated groin hemorrhage. J Spec Oper Med. 2014;14:58–63.PubMed
44.
Lyon M, Shiver SA, Greenfield EM, Reynolds BZ, Lerner EB, Wedmore IS, et al. Use of a novel abdominal aortic tourniquet to reduce or eliminate flow in the common femoral artery in human subjects. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2012;73:S103–5.PubMedCrossRef
45.
Tovmassian RV, Kragh JFJ, Dubick MA, Baer DG, Blackbourne LH. Combat ready clamp medic technique. J Spec Oper Med. 2012;12:72–8.PubMed
46.
Taylor DM, Coleman M, Parker PJ. The evaluation of an abdominal aortic tourniquet for the control of pelvic and lower limb hemorrhage. Mil Med. 2013;178:1196–201.PubMedCrossRef
47.
Gates KS, Baer L, Holcomb JB. Prehospital emergency care: evaluation of the junctional emergency tourniquet tool with a perfused cadaver model. J Spec Oper Med. 2014;14:40–4.PubMed
48.
Klotz JK, Leo M, Anderson BL, Nkodo AA, Garcia G, Wichern AM, et al. First case report of SAM? Junctional tourniquet use in Afghanistan to control inguinal hemorrhage on the battlefield. J Spec Oper Med. 2014;14:1–5.PubMed
49.
Anonymous. Abdominal aortic tourniquet? Use in afghanistan. J Spec Oper Med. 2013;13:1–2.PubMed
50.
Croushorn J. Abdominal aortic and junctional tourniquet controls hemorrhage from a gunshot wound of the left groin. J Spec Oper Med. 2014;14:6–8.PubMed
51.
Filips D, Logsetty S, Tan J, Atkinson I, Mottet K. The iTClamp controls junctional bleeding in a lethal swine exsanguination model. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2013;17:526–32.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
52.
Mottet K, Filips D, Logsetty S, Atkinson I. Evaluation of the iTClamp 50 in a human cadaver model of severe compressible bleeding. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2014;76:791–7.PubMedCrossRef
53.
Barnung S, Steinmetz J. A prehospital use of ITClamp for haemostatic control and fixation of a chest tube. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2014;58:251–3.PubMedCrossRef
54.
Brenner ML, Moore LJ, DuBose JJ, Tyson GH, McNutt MK, Albarado RP, et al. A clinical series of resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta for hemorrhage control and resuscitation. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2013;75:506–11.PubMedCrossRef
55.
HUGHES CW. Use of an intra-aortic balloon catheter tamponade for controlling intra-abdominal hemorrhage in man. Surgery. 1954;36:65–8.PubMed
56.
Gupta BK, Khaneja SC, Flores L, Eastlick L, Longmore W, Shaftan GW. The role of intra-aortic balloon occlusion in penetrating abdominal trauma. J Trauma. 1989;29:861–5.PubMedCrossRef
57.
Long KN, Houston R, Watson JD, Morrison JJ, Rasmussen TE, Propper BW, et al. Functional outcome after resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta of the proximal and distal thoracic aorta in a swine model of controlled hemorrhage. Ann Vasc Surg. 2015;29:114–21.PubMedCrossRef
58.
Morrison JJ, Ross JD, Houston R, Watson JD, Sokol KK, Rasmussen TE. Use of resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta in a highly lethal model of noncompressible torso hemorrhage. Shock. 2014;41:130–7.PubMedCrossRef
59.
Stannard A, Eliason JL, Rasmussen TE. Resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta (REBOA) as an adjunct for hemorrhagic shock. J Trauma. 2011;71:1869–72.PubMedCrossRef
60.
Martinelli T, Thony F, Declety P, Sengel C, Broux C, Tonetti J, et al. Intra-aortic balloon occlusion to salvage patients with life-threatening hemorrhagic shocks from pelvic fractures. J Trauma. 2010;68:942–8.PubMed
61.
Saito N, Matsumoto H, Yagi T, Hara Y, Hayashida K, Motomura T, et al. Evaluation of the safety and feasibility of resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2015;78:897–903.PubMedCrossRef
62.
Moore LJ, Brenner M, Kozar RA, Pasley J, Wade CE, Baraniuk MS, et al. Implementation of resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta as an alternative to resuscitative thoracotomy for noncompressible truncal hemorrhage. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2015;79:523–30.PubMedCrossRef
63.
Russo RM, Williams TK, Grayson JK, Lamb CM, Cannon JW, Clement NF, et al. Extending the golden hour: Partial resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta (P-REBOA) in a highly lethal swine liver injury model. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2016;80(3):372–8.
64.
Chaudery M, Clark J, Morrison JJ, Wilson MH, Bew D, Darzi A. Can contrast-enhanced ultrasonography improve Zone III REBOA placement for prehospital care? J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2016;80:89–94.PubMedCrossRef
65.
66.
Corral E, Silva J, Suarez RM, Nunez J, Cuesta C. A successful emergency thoracotomy performed in the field. Resuscitation. 2007;75:530–3.PubMedCrossRef
67.
Van Natta TL, Smith BR, Bricker SD, Putnam BA. Hilar control in penetrating chest trauma: a simplified approach to an underutilized maneuver. J Trauma. 2009;66:1564–9.PubMedCrossRef
68.
Wilson A, Wall Jr MJ, Maxson R, Mattox K. The pulmonary hilum twist as a thoracic damage control procedure. Am J Surg. 2003;186:49–52.PubMedCrossRef
69.
Wall Jr MJ, Pepe PE, Mattox KL. Successful roadside resuscitative thoracotomy: case report and literature review. J Trauma. 1994;36:131–4.PubMedCrossRef
70.
Davies GE, Lockey DJ. Thirteen survivors of prehospital thoracotomy for penetrating trauma: a prehospital physician-performed resuscitation procedure that can yield good results. J Trauma. 2011;70:E75–8.PubMedCrossRef
71.
Lockey DJ, Davies G. Pre-hospital thoracotomy: a radical resuscitation intervention come of age? Resuscitation. 2007;75:394–5.PubMedCrossRef
72.
Matsumoto H, Mashiko K, Hara Y, Kutsukata N, Sakamoto Y, Takei K, et al. Role of resuscitative emergency field thoracotomy in the Japanese helicopter emergency medical service system. Resuscitation. 2009;80:1270–4.PubMedCrossRef
73.
Flaris AN, Simms ER, Prat N, Reynard F, Caillot J-L, Voiglio EJ. Clamshell incision versus left anterolateral thoracotomy. Which one is faster when performing a resuscitative thoracotomy? The tortoise and the hare revisited. World J Surg. 2015;39:1306–11.PubMedCrossRef
74.
Coats TJ, Keogh S, Clark H, Neal M. Prehospital resuscitative thoracotomy for cardiac arrest after penetrating trauma: rationale and case series. J Trauma. 2001;50:670–3.PubMedCrossRef
75.
Stannard A, Morrison JJ, Scott DJ, Ivatury RA, Ross JD, Rasmussen TE. The epidemiology of noncompressible torso hemorrhage in the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2013;74:830–4.PubMedCrossRef
76.
Narvestad JK, Meskinfamfard M, Soreide K. Emergency resuscitative thoracotomy performed in European civilian trauma patients with blunt or penetrating injuries: a systematic review. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg. 2015.
77.
Seamon MJ, Haut ER, Van AK, Barbosa RR, Chiu WC, Dente CJ, et al. An evidence-based approach to patient selection for emergency department thoracotomy: A practice management guideline from the Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2015;79:159–73.PubMedCrossRef
78.
Monsieurs KG, Nolan JP, Bossaert LL, Greif R, Maconochie IK, Nikolaou NI, et al. European Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation 2015: Section 1. Executive summary. Resuscitation. 2015;95:1–80.PubMedCrossRef
79.
Holcomb JB, McMullin NR, Pearse L, Caruso J, Wade CE, Oetjen-Gerdes L, et al. Causes of death in U.S. Special Operations Forces in the global war on terrorism: 2001–2004. Ann Surg. 2007;245:986–91.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
80.
Rabinovici R. Sixty-Seven Consecutive Resuscitative Thoracotomies by A Single Surgeon. Scand J Surg. 2014;103:156–60.PubMedCrossRef
81.
Seamon MJ, Pathak AS, Bradley KM, Fisher CA, Gaughan JA, Kulp H, et al. Emergency department thoracotomy: still useful after abdominal exsanguination? J Trauma. 2008;64:1–7.PubMedCrossRef
82.
Duggan M, Rago A, Sharma U, Zugates G, Freyman T, Busold R, et al. Self-expanding polyurethane polymer improves survival in a model of noncompressible massive abdominal hemorrhage. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2013;74:1462–7.PubMedCrossRef
83.
Rago AP, Marini J, Duggan MJ, Beagle J, Runyan G, Sharma U, et al. Diagnosis and deployment of a self-expanding foam for abdominal exsanguination: Translational questions for human use. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2015;78:607–13.PubMedCrossRef
84.
Jaskille A, Schechner A, Park K, Williams M, Wang D, Sava J. Abdominal insufflation decreases blood loss and mortality after porcine liver injury. J Trauma. 2005;59:1305–8.PubMedCrossRef
85.
Velmahos GC, Spaniolas K, Tabbara M, Duggan M, Li Y, De Moya M, et al. Abdominal insufflation decreases blood loss without worsening the inflammatory response: implications for prehospital control of internal bleeding. Am Surg. 2008;74:297–301.PubMed
86.
Velmahos GC, Spaniolas K, Duggan M, Alam HB, Tabbara M, De Moya M, et al. Abdominal insufflation for control of bleeding after severe splenic injury. J Trauma. 2007;63:285–8.PubMedCrossRef
87.
Kasotakis G, Duggan M, Li Y, O’Dowd D, Baldwin K, De Moya MA, et al. Optimal pressure of abdominal gas insufflation for bleeding control in a severe swine splenic injury model. J Surg Res. 2013;184:931–6.PubMedCrossRef
88.
Sava J, Velmahos GC, Karaiskakis M, Kirkman P, Toutouzas K, Sarkisyan G, et al. Abdominal insufflation for prevention of exsanguination. J Trauma. 2003;54:590–4.PubMedCrossRef
89.
Peev MP, Rago A, Hwabejire JO, Duggan MJ, Beagle J, Marini J, et al. Self-expanding foam for prehospital treatment of severe intra-abdominal hemorrhage: dose finding study. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2014;76:619–23.PubMedCrossRef
90.
Rago AP, Larentzakis A, Marini J, Picard A, Duggan MJ, Busold R, et al. Efficacy of a prehospital self-expanding polyurethane foam for noncompressible hemorrhage under extreme operational conditions. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2015;78:324–9.PubMedCrossRef
91.
Rago AP, Duggan MJ, Beagle J, Peev MP, Marini J, Hwabejire JO, et al. Self-expanding foam for prehospital treatment of intra-abdominal hemorrhage: 28-day survival and safety. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2014;77:S127–33.PubMedCrossRef
92.
Rago A, Duggan MJ, Marini J, Beagle J, Velmahos G, De Moya MA, et al. Self-expanding foam improves survival following a lethal, exsanguinating iliac artery injury. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2014;77:73–7.PubMedCrossRef
93.
Vertrees A, Wakefield M, Pickett C, Greer L, Wilson A, Gillern S, et al. Outcomes of primary repair and primary anastomosis in war-related colon injuries. J Trauma. 2009;66:1286–91.PubMedCrossRef
94.
Mesar T, Martin D, Lawless R, Podbielski J, Cook M, Underwood S, et al. Human dose confirmation for self-expanding intra-abdominal foam: A translational, adaptive, multicenter trial in recently deceased human subjects. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2015;79:39–46.PubMedCrossRef
95.
White JM, Cannon JW, Stannard A, Markov NP, Spencer JR, Rasmussen TE. Endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta is superior to resuscitative thoracotomy with aortic clamping in a porcine model of hemorrhagic shock. Surgery. 2011;150:400–9.PubMedCrossRef
96.
Avaro JP, Mardelle V, Roch A, Gil C, de Biasi C, Oliver M, et al. Forty-minute endovascular aortic occlusion increases survival in an experimental model of uncontrolled hemorrhagic shock caused by abdominal trauma. J Trauma. 2011;71:720–5.PubMedCrossRef
97.
Ogura T, Lefor AT, Nakano M, Izawa Y, Morita H. Nonoperative management of hemodynamically unstable abdominal trauma patients with angioembolization and resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2015;78:132–5.PubMedCrossRef
98.
Norii T, Crandall C, Terasaka Y. Survival of severe blunt trauma patients treated with resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta compared with propensity score-adjusted untreated patients. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2015;78:721–8.PubMedCrossRef
99.
van Vugt A, van Kampen A. An unstable pelvic ring. The killing fracture. J Bone Joint Surg (Br). 2006;88:427–33.CrossRef
100.
Halawi MJ. Pelvic ring injuries: Emergency assessment and management. J Clin Orthop Trauma. 2015;6:252–8.PubMedCrossRef
101.
Papakostidis C, Giannoudis PV. Pelvic ring injuries with haemodynamic instability: efficacy of pelvic packing, a systematic review. Injury. 2009;40 Suppl 4:S53–61.PubMedCrossRef
102.
Eastridge BJ, Starr A, Minei JP, O’Keefe GE, Scalea TM. The importance of fracture pattern in guiding therapeutic decision-making in patients with hemorrhagic shock and pelvic ring disruptions. J Trauma. 2002;53:446–50.PubMedCrossRef
103.
Spanjersberg WR, Knops SP, Schep NWL, van Lieshout EMM, Patka P, Schipper IB. Effectiveness and complications of pelvic circumferential compression devices in patients with unstable pelvic fractures: a systematic review of literature. Injury. 2009;40:1031–5.PubMedCrossRef
104.
105.
Scott I, Porter K, Laird C, Greaves I, Bloch M. The prehospital management of pelvic fractures: initial consensus statement. Emerg Med J. 2013;30:1070–2.PubMedCrossRef
106.
Knops SP, Patka P, Schepers T, Lieshout E. Bekkenbanden voor actue stabilisatie van instabiele bekkenfracturen. Nederlands tijdschrift voor Traumatologie. 2011. p. 126–31.
107.
Tan ECTH, van Stigt SFL, van Vugt AB. Effect of a new pelvic stabilizer (T-POD(R)) on reduction of pelvic volume and haemodynamic stability in unstable pelvic fractures. Injury. 2010;41:1239–43.PubMedCrossRef
108.
Croce MA, Magnotti LJ, Savage SA, Wood GW, Fabian TC. Emergent pelvic fixation in patients with exsanguinating pelvic fractures. J Am Coll Surg. 2007;204:935–9.PubMedCrossRef
109.
Krieg JC, Mohr M, Ellis TJ, Simpson TS, Madey SM, Bottlang M. Emergent stabilization of pelvic ring injuries by controlled circumferential compression: a clinical trial. J Trauma. 2005;59:659–64.PubMedCrossRef
110.
Pizanis A, Pohlemann T, Burkhardt M, Aghayev E, Holstein JH. Emergency stabilization of the pelvic ring: Clinical comparison between three different techniques. Injury. 2013;44:1760–4.PubMedCrossRef
111.
Knops SP, Schep NWL, Spoor CW, van Riel MPJM, Spanjersberg WR, Kleinrensink GJ, et al. Comparison of three different pelvic circumferential compression devices: a biomechanical cadaver study. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2011;93:230–40.PubMedCrossRef
112.
113.
Morrison JJ, Percival TJ, Markov NP, Villamaria C, Scott DJ, Saches KA, et al. Aortic balloon occlusion is effective in controlling pelvic hemorrhage. J Surg Res. 2012;177:341–7.PubMedCrossRef
114.
White JM, Cannon JW, Stannard A, Spencer JR, Hancock H, Williams K, et al. A porcine model for evaluating the management of noncompressible torso hemorrhage. J Trauma. 2011;71:S131–8.PubMedCrossRef
115.
Markov NP, Percival TJ, Morrison JJ, Ross JD, Scott DJ, Spencer JR, et al. Physiologic tolerance of descending thoracic aortic balloon occlusion in a swine model of hemorrhagic shock. Surgery. 2013;153:848–56.PubMedCrossRef
116.
117.
Biffl WL, Fox CJ, Moore EE. The role of REBOA in the control of exsanguinating torso hemorrhage. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2015;78:1054–8.PubMedCrossRef
118.
Thorson CM, DuBose JJ, Rhee P, Knuth TE, Dorlac WC, Bailey JA, et al. Military trauma training at civilian centers: a decade of advancements. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2012;73:S483–9.PubMedCrossRef
119.
Morrison JJ, Hunt N, Midwinter M, Jansen J. Associated injuries in casualties with traumatic lower extremity amputations caused by improvised explosive devices. Br J Surg. 2012;99:362–6.PubMedCrossRef
120.
121.
Philippe JM, Brahic O, Carli P, Tourtier JP, Riou B, Vallet B. French Ministry of Health’s response to Paris attacks of 13 November 2015. Crit Care. 2016;20:85.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
122.
King DR, Larentzakis A, Ramly EP. Tourniquet use at the Boston Marathon bombing: Lost in translation. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2015;78:594–9.PubMedCrossRef
123.
Glassberg E, Nadler R, Erlich T, Klien Y, Kreiss Y, Kluger Y. A Decade of Advances in Military Trauma Care. Scand J Surg. 2014;103:126–31.PubMedCrossRef
124.
Drew B, Bennett BL, Littlejohn L. Application of current hemorrhage control techniques for backcountry care: part one, tourniquets and hemorrhage control adjuncts. Wilderness Environ Med. 2015;26:236–45.PubMedCrossRef
125.
126.
Douma M, Brindley PG. Abdominal aortic and iliac artery compression following penetrating trauma: a study of feasibility. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2014;29:299–302.PubMedCrossRef
127.
Kheirabadi BS, Arnaud F, McCarron R, Murdock AD, Hodge DL, Ritter B, et al. Development of a standard swine hemorrhage model for efficacy assessment of topical hemostatic agents. J Trauma. 2011;71:S139–46.PubMedCrossRef
128.
Kragh JFJ, Murphy C, Steinbaugh J, Dubick MA, Baer DG, Johnson JE, et al. Prehospital emergency inguinal clamp controls hemorrhage in cadaver model. Mil Med. 2013;178:799–805.PubMedCrossRef
129.
Kragh JFJ, Mann-Salinas EA, Kotwal RS, Gross KR, Gerhardt RT, Kheirabadi B, et al. Laboratory assessment of out-of-hospital interventions to control junctional bleeding from the groin in a manikin model. Am J Emerg Med. 2013;31:1276–8.PubMedCrossRef
130.
Kheirabadi BS, Terrazas IB, Miranda N, Estep JS, Corona BT, Kragh JFJ, et al. Long-term effects of Combat Ready Clamp application to control junctional hemorrhage in swine. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2014;77:S101–8.PubMedCrossRef
131.
St John AE, Wang X, Lim EB, Chien D, Stern SA, White NJ. Effects of rapid wound sealing on survival and blood loss in a swine model of lethal junctional arterial hemorrhage. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2015;79:256–62.PubMedCrossRef
132.
Park TS, Batchinsky AI, Belenkiy SM, Jordan BS, Baker WL, Necsoiu CN, et al. Resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta (REBOA): Comparison with immediate transfusion following massive hemorrhage in swine. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2015;79:930–6.PubMedCrossRef
133.
Routt MLC, Falicov A, Woodhouse E, Schildhauer TA. Circumferential pelvic antishock sheeting: a temporary resuscitation aid. J Orthop Trauma. 2006;20:S3–6.PubMedCrossRef
134.
Nunn T, Cosker TDA, Bose D, Pallister I. Immediate application of improvised pelvic binder as first step in extended resuscitation from life-threatening hypovolaemic shock in conscious patients with unstable pelvic injuries. Injury. 2007;38:125–8.PubMedCrossRef
135.
Simpson T, Krieg JC, Heuer F, Bottlang M. Stabilization of pelvic ring disruptions with a circumferential sheet. J Trauma. 2002;52:158–61.PubMedCrossRef
136.
DeAngelis NA, Wixted JJ, Drew J, Eskander MS, Eskander JP, French BG. Use of the trauma pelvic orthotic device (T-POD) for provisional stabilisation of anterior-posterior compression type pelvic fractures: a cadaveric study. Injury. 2008;39:903–6.PubMedCrossRef
137.
Prasarn ML, Conrad B, Small J, Horodyski M, Rechtine GR. Comparison of circumferential pelvic sheeting versus the T-POD on unstable pelvic injuries: A cadaveric study of stability. Injury. 2013;44:1756–9.PubMedCrossRef
138.
Knops SP, van Lieshout EMM, Spanjersberg WR, Patka P, Schipper IB. Randomised clinical trial comparing pressure characteristics of pelvic circumferential compression devices in healthy volunteers. Injury. 2011;42:1020–6.PubMedCrossRef
139.
Bottlang M, Simpson T, Sigg J, Krieg JC, Madey SM, Long WB. Noninvasive reduction of open-book pelvic fractures by circumferential compression. J Orthop Trauma. 2002;16:367–73.PubMedCrossRef
140.
Bottlang M, Krieg JC, Mohr M, Simpson TS, Madey SM. Emergent management of pelvic ring fractures with use of circumferential compression. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2002;84-A Suppl 2:43–7.PubMed
141.
Metadata
Title
Prehospital control of life-threatening truncal and junctional haemorrhage is the ultimate challenge in optimizing trauma care; a review of treatment options and their applicability in the civilian trauma setting
Authors
S. E. van Oostendorp
E. C. T. H. Tan
L. M. G. Geeraedts Jr
Publication date
01-12-2016
Publisher
BioMed Central
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13049-016-0301-9

Other articles of this Issue 1/2016

Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine 1/2016 Go to the issue

Original research

Solo emergency care by a physician assistant versus an ambulance nurse: a cross-sectional document study

Original research

Predictors of early versus late mortality in pelvic trauma patients

Original research

Head computed tomographic measurement as a predictor of outcome in patients with subdural hematoma with cerebral edema

Original research

Hyperchloremia is associated with 30-day mortality in major trauma patients: a retrospective observational study

Erratum

Erratum to: Resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta for uncontrolled haemorrahgic shock as an adjunct to haemostatic procedures in the acute care setting

Original research

What helps or hinders the transformation from a major tertiary center to a major trauma center? Identifying barriers and enablers using the Theoretical Domains Framework