Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

LIVE: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)
Join our expert panel to discover why you need to understand the drivers of non-adherence in your patients, and how you can optimize medication adherence in your clinics to drastically improve patient outcomes.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
International Journal of Mental Health Systems
Published in: International Journal of Mental Health Systems 1/2019

Open Access 01-12-2019 | Mood Disorders | Research

Factors associated with depression among HIV/AIDS children in China

Authors: Enpeng Zhou, Zhengxue Qiao, Yuewu Cheng, Jiawei Zhou, Wenbo Wang, Mingzhe Zhao, Xiaohui Qiu, Lin Wang, Xuejia Song, Erying Zhao, Ruopeng Wang, Xueyan Zhao, Yanjie Yang, Xiuxian Yang

Published in: International Journal of Mental Health Systems | Issue 1/2019

Login to get access

Abstract

Background

Depression in HIV/AIDS children not only worsens the progression and outcome of illness, but also impacts their quality of life, having a negative influence on society. The present study was conducted from a psychosocial perspective, considering children’s social desirability, cognitive emotion regulation, and perceived social support to identify the factors influencing depression in HIV-infected children in China.

Methods

Participants were 155 children aged 8–18 years who were eligible to participate in this study assessing depression and associated risk factors using the Children’s Depression Inventory, Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire, Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support, and Children’s Social Desirability scale. Hierarchical linear regression analysis was conducted to model the effects of social desirability, perceived social support, and cognitive emotion regulation on depression in HIV/AIDS children.

Results

Statistically significant linear relationships were found among social desirability, perceived social support, partial dimensions of cognitive emotion regulation, and children’s depression scores. Perceived social support, planning and positive reappraisal were negatively related to the depression. Conversely, social desirability, catastrophizing and other-blame were positively associated with the depression. Linear regression analysis indicated that children’s social desirability, perceived social support, and one dimension of cognitive emotion regulation (catastrophizing) were found to significantly predict depression.

Conclusions

Psychosocial factors have an important influence on the depression experienced by HIV-infected children. Interventions from personal subjective psychosocial to reduce depression in HIV-infected children in China are warranted.
Literature
1.
2.
3.
Maria Giulia N, Rosangela C, Mitchell AJ, Elena M, Luigi G. Depression in HIV infected patients: a review. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2015;17:530.CrossRef
4.
Safren SA, Radomsky AS, Otto MW, Salomon E. Predictors of psychological well-being in a diverse sample of HIV-positive patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy. Psychosomatics. 2002;43:478–85.CrossRef
5.
René B. The mental health of people living with HIV/AIDS in Africa: a systematic review. Afr J AIDS Res. 2009;8:123–33.CrossRef
6.
Sherr L, Clucas C, Harding R, Sibley E, Catalan J. HIV and depression: a systematic review of interventions. Psychol Health Med. 2011;16:493–527.CrossRef
7.
Fellows RP, Byrd DA, Susan M. Major depressive disorder, cognitive symptoms, and neuropsychological performance among ethnically diverse HIV+ men and women. J Int Neuropsychol Soc JINS. 2013;19:216–25.CrossRef
8.
Nakimuli-Mpungu E, et al. Depression, alcohol use and adherence to antiretroviral therapy in Sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review. AIDS Behav. 2012;16:2101–18.CrossRef
9.
Caroline K, et al. Impact of internalized stigma on HIV prevention behaviors among HIV-infected individuals seeking HIV care in Kenya. AIDS Patient Care STDs. 2012;26:761–8.CrossRef
10.
Martin S, et al. Hepatitis C infection, antiviral treatment and mental health: a European expert consensus statement. J Hepatol. 2012;57:1379–90.CrossRef
11.
Bruce D, Jane Ferguson B. Health for the world’s adolescents: a second chance in the second decade. J Adolesc Health. 2015;56:3–6.CrossRef
12.
Holzemer WL, et al. Exploring HIV stigma and quality of life for persons living with HIV infection. J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care. 2009;20:161–8.CrossRef
13.
Penzak S, Reddy Y Sr. Depression in patients with HIV infection. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2000;57:376–86.PubMed
14.
Mwamwenda TS. Age differences in social desirability. Psychol Rep. 1995;76:825–6.CrossRef
15.
Logan DE, Claar RL, Scharff L. Social desirability response bias and self-report of psychological distress in pediatric chronic pain patients. Pain. 2008;136:366.CrossRef
16.
Cao XB, et al. A study of HIV/AIDS-related stigma and discrimination among former plasma donors in rural areas. Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2009;43:1022–5.PubMed
17.
Cao X, Sullivan S, Xu J, Wu Z. Understanding HIV-related stigma and discrimination in a “blameless” population. AIDS Educ Prev. 2006;18:518.CrossRef
18.
Cluver L, Bowes L, Gardner F. Risk and protective factors for bullying victimization among AIDS-affected and vulnerable children in South Africa☆. Child Abuse Negl. 2010;34:793–803.CrossRef
19.
Tao X, et al. Psychosocial well-being of children in HIV/AIDS-affected families in Southwest China: a qualitative study. J Child Fam Stud. 2009;18:21–30.CrossRef
20.
Crowne DP, Marlowe D. A new scale of social desirability independent of psychopathology. J Consult Psychol. 1960;24:349–54.CrossRef
21.
Krebs D, Denton K, Higgins NC. On the evolution of self-knowledge and self-deception. New York: Springer; 1988.CrossRef
22.
Miotto P, Coppi MD, Frezza M, Rossi M, Preti A. Social desirability and eating disorders A community study of an Italian school-aged sample. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2010;105:372–7.CrossRef
23.
Cohen S, Wills TA. Stress, social support, and the buffering hypothesis. Psychol Bull. 1985;98:310–57.CrossRef
24.
Tsegaye B, et al. Direct and indirect effects of perceived social support on health-related quality of life in persons living with HIV/AIDS. AIDS Care. 2013;25:337–46.CrossRef
25.
Soykan A, Arapaslan B, Kumbasar H. Suicidal behavior, satisfaction with life, and perceived social support in end-stage renal disease. Transpl Proc. 2003;35:1290–1.CrossRef
26.
Muris P, Fokke M, Kwik D. The ruminative response style in adolescents: an examination of its specific link to symptoms of depression. Cogn Ther Res. 2009;33:21–32.CrossRef
27.
Noël VA, Francis SE, Williams-Outerbridge K, Fung SL. Catastrophizing as a predictor of depressive and anxious symptoms in children. Cogn Ther Res. 2012;36:311–20.CrossRef
28.
Thompson RA. Emotional regulation and emotional development. Educ Psychol Rev. 1991;3:269–307.CrossRef
29.
Garnefski N, Kraaij V. Relationships between cognitive emotion regulation strategies and depressive symptoms: a comparative study of five specific samples. Pers Individ Differ. 2006;40:1659–69.CrossRef
30.
Anderson CA, Miller RS, Riger AL, Dill JC, Sedikides C. Behavioral and characterological attributional styles as predictors of depression and loneliness: review, refinement, and test. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1994;66:549–58.CrossRef
31.
Kraaij V, et al. Negative life events and depressive symptoms in late adolescence: bonding and cognitive coping as vulnerability factors? J Youth Adolesc. 2003;32:185–93.CrossRef
32.
Garnefski N, Teerds J, Kraaij V, Legerstee J, Kommer TVD. Cognitive emotion regulation strategies and depressive symptoms: differences between males and females. Pers Individ Differ. 2004;36:267–76.CrossRef
33.
Garnefski N, Boon S, Kraaij V. Relationships between cognitive strategies of adolescents and depressive symptomatology across different types of life event. J Youth Adolesc. 2003;32:401–8.CrossRef
34.
Garnefski N, Legerstee J, Kraaij VV, Van DKT, Teerds J. Cognitive coping strategies and symptoms of depression and anxiety: a comparison between adolescents and adults. J Adolesc. 2002;25:603–11.CrossRef
35.
Saylor CF Jr, Finch AJ, Spirito A, Bennett B. The children’s depression inventory: a systematic evaluation of psychometric properties. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1984;52:955–67.CrossRef
36.
Tsai CH, Wu PC. Factor structure of the children’s depression inventory: evidences from Asian children and adolescents. Child Indic Res. 2013;6:559–77.CrossRef
37.
Kovacs M. Rating scales to assess depression in school-aged children. Acta Paedopsychiatr. 1981;46:305–15.PubMed
38.
Garnefski N, Kraaij V. Cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire—development of a short 18-item version (CERQ-short). Pers Individ Differ. 2006;41:1045–53.CrossRef
39.
Liu W, Chen L, Blue PR. Chinese adaptation and psychometric properties of the child version of the cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire. J Norman Bethune Univ Med Sci. 2016;11:e0150206.
40.
Dahlem NW, Zimet GD, Walker RR. The multidimensional scale of perceived social support: a confirmation study. J Clin Psychol. 1991;52:756–61.CrossRef
41.
Zimet GD, Powell SS, Farley GK, Werkman S, Berkoff KA. Psychometric characteristics of the multidimensional scale of perceived social support. J Pers Assess. 1990;55:610–7.CrossRef
42.
Canty-Mitchell J, Zimet GD. Psychometric properties of the multidimensional scale of perceived social support in urban adolescents. Am J Community Psychol. 2000;28:391–400.CrossRef
43.
Crandall VC, Crandall VJ, Katkovsky W. A children’s social desirability questionnaire. J Consult Psychol. 1965;29:27–36.CrossRef
44.
Allgower A, Wardle J, Steptoe A. Depressive symptoms, social support, and personal health behaviors in young men and women. Health Psychol. 2001;20:223–7.CrossRef
45.
Decker C. Social support and adolescent cancer survivors: a review of the literature. Psycho-Oncology. 2010;16:1–11.CrossRef
46.
Bal S, Crombez G, Van OP, Debourdeaudhuij I. The role of social support in well-being and coping with self-reported stressful events in adolescents. Child Abuse Negl. 2003;27:1377–95.CrossRef
47.
Blaney NT, et al. A stress-moderator model of distress in early HIV-1 infection: concurrent analysis of life events, hardiness and social support. J Psychosom Res. 1991;35:297–305.CrossRef
48.
Mizuno Y, Purcell DRC, Parsons JT, Team TS. Correlates of depressive symptoms among HIV-positive injection drug users: the role of social support. AIDS Care. 2003;15:689–98.CrossRef
49.
Mcdowell TL, Serovich JM. The effect of perceived and actual social support on the mental health of HIV-positive persons. AIDS Care. 2007;19:1223–9.CrossRef
50.
Hong Y, et al. Perceived social support and psychosocial distress among children affected by AIDS in China. Community Ment Health J. 2010;46:33–43.CrossRef
51.
Gracious BL. Empirically based assessment of child and adolescent psychopathology: practical applications, second edition. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1998;37:336–7.CrossRef
52.
Ehring T, Fischer S, Schnülle J, Bösterling A, Tuschen-Caffier B. Characteristics of emotion regulation in recovered depressed versus never depressed individuals. Pers Individ Differ. 2008;44:1574–84.CrossRef
53.
Gross JJ, John OP. Individual differences in two emotion regulation processes: implications for affect, relationships, and well-being. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2003;85:348.CrossRef
54.
Cruess S, et al. Changes in mood and depressive symptoms and related change processes during cognitive-behavioral stress management in HIV-infected Men. Cogn Ther Res. 2002;26:373–92.CrossRef
55.
Burns EE, Jackson JL, Harding HG. Child maltreatment, emotion regulation, and posttraumatic stress: the impact of emotional abuse. J Aggress Maltreat Trauma. 2010;19:801–19.CrossRef
56.
Cicchetti D, Rogosch FA. Adaptive coping under conditions of extreme stress: multilevel influences on the determinants of resilience in maltreated children. New Dir Child Adolesc Dev. 2009;2009:47.CrossRef
57.
Shipman K, Zeman J, Penza S, Champion K. Emotion management skills in sexually maltreated and nonmaltreated girls: a developmental psychopathology perspective. Dev Psychopathol. 2000;12:47–62.CrossRef
58.
Shipman K, Edwards A, Brown A, Swisher L, Jennings E. Managing emotion in a maltreating context: a pilot study examining child neglect. Child Abuse Negl. 2005;29:1015–29.CrossRef
59.
Morris AS, Silk JS, Steinberg L, Myers SS, Robinson LR. The role of the family context in the development of emotion regulation. Soc Dev. 2010;16:361–88.CrossRef
60.
Beck AT. Cognitive therapy and the emotional disorders. Oxford: International Universities Press; 1976.
61.
Phipps S, Steele R. Repressive adaptive style in children with chronic illness. Psychosom Med. 2002;64:34.CrossRef
62.
Paulhus DL, Reid DB. Enhancement and denial in socially desirable responding. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1991;60:307–17.CrossRef
63.
Paulhus DL. Two-component models of socially desirable responding. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1984;46:598–609.CrossRef
64.
John OP, Gross JJ. Healthy and unhealthy emotion regulation: personality processes, individual differences, and life span development. J Pers. 2004;72:1301–34.CrossRef
65.
Eastabrook JM, Flynn JJ, Hollenstein T. Internalizing symptoms in female adolescents: associations with emotional awareness and emotion regulation. J Child Fam Stud. 2014;23:487–96.CrossRef
Metadata
Title
Factors associated with depression among HIV/AIDS children in China
Authors
Enpeng Zhou
Zhengxue Qiao
Yuewu Cheng
Jiawei Zhou
Wenbo Wang
Mingzhe Zhao
Xiaohui Qiu
Lin Wang
Xuejia Song
Erying Zhao
Ruopeng Wang
Xueyan Zhao
Yanjie Yang
Xiuxian Yang
Publication date
01-12-2019
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
International Journal of Mental Health Systems / Issue 1/2019
Electronic ISSN: 1752-4458
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13033-019-0263-1

Other articles of this Issue 1/2019

International Journal of Mental Health Systems 1/2019 Go to the issue

Research

Intersectoral collaboration for people-centred mental health care in Timor-Leste: a mixed-methods study using qualitative and social network analysis

Research

An evaluation of the teen and Youth Mental Health First Aid training with a CALD focus: an uncontrolled pilot study with adolescents and adults in Australia

Research

A preliminary evaluation of psychological stress amongst workers in Taiwan: a cross-sectional survey

Research

Loneliness correlates and associations with health variables in the general population in Indonesia

Research

Dementia and associated factors among the elderly in Vietnam: a cross-sectional study

Research

Implementing clinical guidelines to promote integration of mental health services in primary health care: a qualitative study of a systems policy intervention in Uganda