Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress 2023 EHA Congress 2023 ASCO Annual Meeting
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

At a glance: The ONWARDS insulin icodec trials

A round-up of the ONWARDS phase 3 clinical trials evaluating the novel weekly insulin icodec in people with diabetes.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
Virology Journal
Published in: Virology Journal 1/2016

Open Access 01-12-2016 | Research

Vector competence of Aedes aegypti in transmitting Chikungunya virus: effects and implications of extrinsic incubation temperature on dissemination and infection rates

Authors: Sophiah Mbaika, Joel Lutomiah, Edith Chepkorir, Francis Mulwa, Christopher Khayeka-Wandabwa, Caroline Tigoi, Elijah Oyoo-Okoth, James Mutisya, Zipporah Ng’ang’a, Rosemary Sang

Published in: Virology Journal | Issue 1/2016

Login to get access

Abstract

Background

Aedes aegypti is a competent arthropod vector of chikungunya virus (CHIKV). The rate at which the virus disseminate in the vector is limited by temperature of their environment which can be an important determinant of geographical and seasonal limits to transmission by the arthropods in the tropics. This study investigated the vector competence of Ae. aegypti for CHIKV at ambient temperature of 32 and 26 °C (Coastal and Western Kenya respectively) reared at Extrinsic Incubation Temperature (EIT) of 32 and 26 °C that resembles those in the two regions.

Methods

Ae. aegypti eggs were collected from coastal and Western Kenya, hatched in the insectary and reared to F1 generation. Four-day old mosquitoes were exposed to CHIKV through a membrane feeding. They were then incubated in temperatures mimicking the mean annual temperatures for Trans-Nzoia (26 °C) and Lamu (32 °C). After every 7, 10 and 13 days post infection (DPI); one third of exposed mosquitoes were sampled and assayed for virus infection and dissemination.

Results

The midgut infection rates (MIR) of Ae. aegypti sampled from Coastal Region was significantly (p < 0.05) higher than those sampled from Western Kenya, with no statistical differences observed for the coastal Ae. aegypti at EIT 26 and at 32 °C. The MIR of Ae. aegypti from the Western Region was significantly (p < 0.05) affected by the EIT, with mosquito reared at EIT 32 °C exhibiting higher MIR than those reared at EIT 26 °C. There was a significant (p < 0.05) interactive effects of the region, EIT and DPI on MIR. The disseminated infection rates for the CHIKV in Ae. aegypti in the legs (DIR-L) was higher in mosquitoes sampled from Coast regardless of the EIT while those from Western Kenya, dissemination rates were significantly higher at higher EIT of 32 °C.

Conclusions

Vector competence was higher in mosquito populations reared under high temperatures which weakens the midgut infection barrier. Hence, suggesting Lamu population is more susceptible to CHIKV therefore having a weaker mid gut infection barrier than the Trans Nzoia population. These underscores importance of examining the course of infection at various ambient temperatures and EIT between regions mosquito populations.
Appendix
Available only for authorised users
Literature
1.
2.
Robinson MC. An epidemic of virus disease in Southern Province, Tanganyika territory, in 1952–1953. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1955;49(1):28–32.CrossRefPubMed
3.
Lumsden W. An epidemic of virus disease in Southern Province, Tanganyika territory, in 1952–1953 II. General description and epidemiology. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1955;49(1):33–57.CrossRefPubMed
4.
Gérardin P, Fianu A, Malvy D, Mussard C, Boussaïd K, Rollot O, Michault A, Gaüzere B-A, Bréart G, Favier F. Perceived morbidity and community burden after a Chikungunya outbreak: the TELECHIK survey, a population-based cohort study. BMC Medicine. 2011;9(1):5.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
5.
Moro M, Grilli E, Corvetta A, Silvi G, Angelini R, Mascella F, Miserocchi F, Sambo P, Finarelli A, Sambri V. Long-term chikungunya infection clinical manifestations after an outbreak in Italy: a prognostic cohort study. J Infect. 2012;65(2):165–72.CrossRefPubMed
6.
Pialoux G, Gaüzère B-A, Jauréguiberry S, Strobel M. Chikungunya, an epidemic arbovirosis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2007;7(5):319–27.CrossRefPubMed
7.
Nunes MR, Faria NR, de Vasconcelos JM, Golding N, Kraemer MU, de Oliveira LF, Azevedo RS, da Silva DE, da Silva EV, da Silva SP. Emergence and potential for spread of Chikungunya virus in Brazil. BMC Medicine. 2015;13(1):102.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
8.
Schilte C, Staikowsky F, Couderc T, Madec Y, Carpentier F, Kassab S, Albert ML, Lecuit M, Michault A. Chikungunya virus-associated long-term arthralgia: a 36-month prospective longitudinal study. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2013;7(3):e2137.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
9.
Staples JE, Breiman RF, Powers AM. Chikungunya fever: an epidemiological review of a re-emerging infectious disease. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;49(6):942–8.CrossRefPubMed
10.
Mohan A, Kiran D, Manohar IC, Kumar DP. Epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and diagnosis of Chikungunya fever: lessons learned from the re-emerging epidemic. Indian J Dermatol. 2010;55(1):54.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
11.
Powers AM, Logue CH. Changing patterns of chikungunya virus: re-emergence of a zoonotic arbovirus. J Gen Virol. 2007;88(9):2363–77.CrossRefPubMed
12.
Pastorino B, Muyembe‐Tamfum J, Bessaud M, Tock F, Tolou H, Durand J, Peyrefitte C. Epidemic resurgence of Chikungunya virus in democratic Republic of the Congo: identification of a new central African strain. J Med Virol. 2004;74(2):277–82.CrossRefPubMed
13.
Nur YA, Groen J, Heuvelmans H, Tuynman W, Copra C, Osterhaus A. An outbreak of West Nile fever among migrants in Kisangani, Democratic Republic of Congo. AmJTrop Med Hyg. 1999;61(6):885–8.
14.
Njenga MK, Nderitu L, Ledermann J, Ndirangu A, Logue C, Kelly C, Sang R, Sergon K, Breiman R, Powers A. Tracking epidemic chikungunya virus into the Indian Ocean from East Africa. J Gen Virol. 2008;89(11):2754–60.CrossRef
15.
16.
Sergon K, Njuguna C, Kalani R, Ofula V, Onyango C, Konongoi LS, Bedno S, Burke H, Dumilla AM, Konde J. Seroprevalence of chikungunya virus (CHIKV) infection on Lamu Island, Kenya, October 2004. AmJTrop Med Hyg. 2008;78(2):333–7.
17.
Anyamba A, Small JL, Britch SC, Tucker CJ, Pak EW, Reynolds CA,Crutchfield J, Linthicum KJ. Recent weather extremes and impacts on agricultural production and vector-borne disease outbreak patterns. PLoS One. 2014;9(3):e92538.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
18.
Mease LE, Coldren RL, Musila LA, Prosser T, Ogolla F, Ofula VO, Schoepp RJ, Rossi CA, Adungo N. Seroprevalence and distribution of arboviral infections among rural Kenyan adults: A cross-sectional study. Virol J. 2011;8(1):371.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
19.
Jupp P, McIntosh B. Chikungunya virus disease. In: The Arboviruses: Epidemiology and Ecology, vol. 2. 1988. p. 137–57.
20.
Jupp P, McIntosh B. Aedes furcifer and other mosquitoes as vectors of chikungunya virus at Mica, northeastern Transvaal, South Africa. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 1990;6(3):415–20.PubMed
21.
Reiter P. Yellow fever and dengue: a threat to Europe. Euro Surveill. 2010;15(10):19509.PubMed
22.
Lambrechts L, Scott TW, Gubler DJ. Consequences of the expanding global distribution of Aedes albopictus for dengue virus transmission. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2010;4(5):e646.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
23.
Vanlandingham DL, Hong C, Klingler K, Tsetsarkin K, McElroy KL, Powers AM, Lehane MJ, Higgs S. Differential infectivities of o’nyong-nyong and chikungunya virus isolates in Anopheles gambiae and Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. AmJTrop Med Hyg. 2005;72(5):616–21.
24.
McCrae A, Henderson B, Kirya B, Sempala S. Chikungunya virus in the Entebbe area of Uganda: isolations and epidemiology. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1971;65(2):152–68.CrossRefPubMed
25.
Diallo M, Thonnon J, Traore-Lamizana M, Fontenille D. Vectors of Chikungunya virus in Senegal: current data and transmission cycles. AmJTrop Med Hyg. 1999;60(2):281–6.
26.
WHO, Research SPf, Diseases TiT, Diseases WHODoCoNT, Epidemic WHO, Alert P. Dengue: guidelines for diagnosis, treatment, prevention and control. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2009.
27.
Samuel PP, Krishnamoorthi R, Hamzakoya K, Aggarwal C. Entomo-epidemiological investigations on chikungunya outbreak in the Lakshadweep islands, Indian Ocean. Indian J Med Res. 2009;129(4):442.PubMed
28.
Chamberlain RW, Sudia WD. The effects of temperature upon the extrinsion incubation of eastern equine encephalitis in mosquitoes. Am J Epidemiol. 1955;62(3):295–305.
29.
Patz JA, Epstein PR, Burke TA, Balbus JM. Global climate change and emerging infectious diseases. JAMA. 1996;275(3):217–23.CrossRefPubMed
30.
Scott TW, Burrage TG. Rapid infection of salivary glands in Culiseta melanura with eastern equine encephalitis virus: an electron microscopic study. AmJTrop Med Hyg. 1984;33(5):961–4.
31.
Rudolph KE, Lessler J, Moloney RM, Kmush B, Cummings DA. Incubation periods of mosquito-borne viral infections: a systematic review. AmJTrop Med Hyg. 2014;90(5):882–91.CrossRef
32.
Harrington LC, Edman JD, Scott TW. Why do female Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) feed preferentially and frequently on human blood? J Med Entomol. 2001;38(3):411–22.CrossRefPubMed
33.
Sang RC, Ahmed O, Faye O, Kelly CL, Yahaya AA, Mmadi I, Toilibou A, Sergon K, Brown J, Agata N. Entomologic investigations of a chikungunya virus epidemic in the Union of the Comoros, 2005. AmJTrop Med Hyg. 2008;78(1):77–82.
34.
Charrel RN, de Lamballerie X, Raoult D. Chikungunya outbreaks-the globalization of vectorborne diseases. N Engl J Med. 2007;356(8):769.CrossRefPubMed
35.
Zouache K, Fontaine A, Vega-Rua A, Mousson L, Thiberge J-M, Lourenco-De-Oliveira R, Caro V, Lambrechts L, Failloux A-B . Three-way interactions between mosquito population, viral strain and temperature underlying chikungunya virus transmission potential. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2014;281(1792):20141078.CrossRef
36.
Talbalaghi A, Moutailler S, Vazeille M, FAILLOUX AB. Are Aedes albopictus or other mosquito species from northern Italy competent to sustain new arboviral outbreaks? Med Vet Entomol. 2010;24(1):83–7.CrossRefPubMed
37.
Wikan N, Sakoonwatanyoo P, Ubol S, Yoksan S, Smith DR. Chikungunya virus infection of cell lines: analysis of the East, Central and South African lineage. PLoS One. 2012;7(1):e31102.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
38.
Cui J, Gao M, Ren X. Phylogeny and homologous recombination in Chikungunya viruses. Infect Genet Evol. 2011;11(8):1957–63.CrossRefPubMed
39.
Volk SM, Chen R, Tsetsarkin KA, Adams AP, Garcia TI, Sall AA, Nasar F, Schuh AJ, Holmes EC, Higgs S. Genome-scale phylogenetic analyses of chikungunya virus reveal independent emergences of recent epidemics and various evolutionary rates. J Virol. 2010;84(13):6497–504.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
40.
Clements A. The physiology of mosquitoes. In: International series of monographs on pure and applied biology, vol. 17. New York: Macmillan Co; 1963.
41.
McFarlane M, Arias-Goeta C, Martin E, O'Hara Z, Lulla A, Mousson L, Rainey SM, Misbah S, Schnettler E, Donald CL. Characterization of Aedes aegypti innate-immune pathways that limit Chikungunya virus replication. 2014.
42.
Shang C-S, Fang C-T, Liu C-M, Wen T-H, Tsai K-H, King C-C. The role of imported cases and favorable meteorological conditions in the onset of dengue epidemics. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2010;4(8):e775.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
43.
Organization WH. Outbreak and spread of chikungunya. Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 2007;82(47):409–15.
44.
Steinly B, Novak R, Webb D. A new method for monitoring mosquito oviposition in artificial and natural containers. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 1991;7(4):649–50.PubMed
45.
Chepkorir E, Lutomiah J, Mutisya J, Mulwa F, Limbaso K, Orindi B, Sang R. Vector competence of Aedes aegypti populations from Kilifi and Nairobi for dengue 2 virus and the influence of temperature. Parasites Vectors. 2014;7(1):1–8.CrossRef
46.
Edwards FW. Mosquitoes of the Ethiopian Region. III.-Culicine adults and pupae. In: Mosquitoes of the Ethiopian Region III-Culicine Adults and Pupae. 1941.
47.
Gerberg EJ, Barnard DR, Ward RA. Manual for mosquito rearing and experimental techniques. Lake Charles: American Mosquito Control Association Inc; 1994.
48.
Reiskind MH, Pesko K, Westbrook CJ, Mores CN. Susceptibility of Florida mosquitoes to infection with chikungunya virus. AmJTrop Med Hyg. 2008;78(3):422–5.
49.
Novak M, Berry W, Rowley W. Comparison of four membranes for artificially bloodfeeding mosquitoes. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 1991;7(2):327–9.PubMed
50.
Cosgrove J, Wood R, Petrić D, Evans D, Abbott R. A convenient mosquito membrane feeding system. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 1994;10(3):434–6.PubMed
51.
Hagen H, Grunewald J. Routine blood-feeding of Aedes aegypti via a new membrane. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 1990;6(3):535–6.PubMed
52.
Foggie T, Achee N. Standard operating procedures: rearing Aedes aegypti for the HITSS and Box laboratory assays. USUHS [Internet]. 2009.
53.
Dupont-Rouzeyrol M, Caro V, Guillaumot L, Vazeille M, D'Ortenzio E, Thiberge J-M, Baroux N, Gourinat A-C, Grandadam M, Failloux A-B. Chikungunya virus and the mosquito vector Aedes aegypti in New Caledonia (South Pacific Region). Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2012;12(12):1036–41.CrossRefPubMed
54.
Dubrulle M, Mousson L, Moutailler S, Vazeille M, Failloux A-B. Chikungunya virus and Aedes mosquitoes: saliva is infectious as soon as two days after oral infection. PLoS One. 2009;4(6):e5895.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
55.
Vazeille M, Moutailler S, Coudrier D, Rousseaux C, Khun H, Huerre M, Thiria J, Dehecq J-S, Fontenille D, Schuffenecker I. Two Chikungunya isolates from the outbreak of La Reunion (Indian Ocean) exhibit different patterns of infection in the mosquito, Aedes albopictus. PloS One. 2007;2(11):e1168.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
56.
Turell MJ, Beaman JR, Tammariello RF. Susceptibility of selected strains of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) to chikungunya virus. J Med Entomol. 1992;29(1):49–53.CrossRefPubMed
57.
Mourya D, Thakare J, Gokhale M, Powers A, Hundekar S, Jayakumar P, Bondre V, Shouche Y, Padbidri V. Isolation of chikungunya virus from Aedes aegypti mosquitoes collected in the town of Yawat, Pune District, Maharashtra State, India. Acta Virol. 2000;45(5–6):305–9.
58.
Myers R, Carey D, Reuben R, Jesudass E, De Ranitz C, Jadhav M. The 1964 epidemic of dengue-like fever in South India: isolation of chikungunya virus from human sera and from mosquitoes. Indian J Med Res. 1965;53(8):694.PubMed
59.
Lutomiah JL, Koka H, Mutisya J, Yalwala S, Muthoni M, Makio A, Limbaso S, Musila L, Clark JW, Turell MJ. Ability of selected Kenyan mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) species to transmit West Nile virus under laboratory conditions. J Med Entomol. 2011;48(6):1197–201.CrossRefPubMed
60.
Turell MJ, Gargan 2nd T, Bailey CL. Replication and dissemination of Rift Valley fever virus in Culex pipiens. AmJTrop Med Hyg. 1984;33(1):176–81.
61.
Purse BV, Mellor PS, Rogers DJ, Samuel AR, Mertens PP, Baylis M. Climate change and the recent emergence of bluetongue in Europe. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2005;3(2):171–81.CrossRefPubMed
62.
Davis NC. The effect of various temperatures in modifying the extrinsic incubation period of the yellow fever virus in Aedes aegypti. Am J Epidemiol. 1932;16(1):163–76.
63.
Westbrook CJ, Reiskind MH, Pesko KN, Greene KE, Lounibos LP. Larval environmental temperature and the susceptibility of Aedes albopictus Skuse (Diptera: Culicidae) to Chikungunya virus. Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2010;10(3):241–7.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
64.
Hardy J, Meyer R, Presser S, Milby M. Temporal variations in the susceptibility of a semi-isolated population of Culex tarsalis to peroral infection with western equine encephalomyelitis and St. Louis encephalitis viruses. AmJTrop Med Hyg. 1990;42(5):500–11.
65.
Lambrechts L, Paaijmans KP, Fansiri T, Carrington LB, Kramer LD, Thomas MB, Scott TW. Impact of daily temperature fluctuations on dengue virus transmission by Aedes aegypti. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2011;108(18):7460–5.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
66.
Murdock CC, Paaijmans KP, Cox-Foster D, Read AF, Thomas MB. Rethinking vector immunology: the role of environmental temperature in shaping resistance. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2012;10(12):869–76.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
67.
Lefevre T, Vantaux A, Dabire KR, Mouline K, Cohuet A. Non-genetic determinants of mosquito competence for malaria parasites. PLoS Pathog. 2013;9(6):e1003365.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
68.
Kay BH, Fanning ID, Mottram P. The vector competence of Culex annulirostris, Aedes sagax and Aedes alboannulatus for Murray Valley encephalitis virus at different temperatures. Med Vet Entomol. 1989;3(2):107–12.CrossRefPubMed
69.
Kay BH, Fanning ID, Mottram P. Rearing temperature influences flavivirus vector competence of mosquitoes. Med Vet Entomol. 1989;3(4):415–22.CrossRefPubMed
70.
Turell MJ. Effect of environmental temperature on the vector competence of Aedes taeniorhynchus for Rift Valley fever and Venezuelan equine encephalitis viruses. AmJTrop Med Hyg. 1993;49(6):672–6.
71.
Richards SL, Lord CC, Pesko K, Tabachnick WJ. Environmental and biological factors influencing Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae) vector competence for Saint Louis encephalitis virus. AmJTrop Med Hyg. 2009;81(2):264–72.
72.
Richards SL, Mores CN, Lord CC, Tabachnick WJ. Impact of extrinsic incubation temperature and virus exposure on vector competence of Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae) for West Nile virus. Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2007;7(4):629–36.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
73.
Kilpatrick AM, Meola MA, Moudy RM, Kramer LD. Temperature, viral genetics, and the transmission of West Nile virus by Culex pipiens mosquitoes. 2008.
74.
Anderson SL, Richards SL, Tabachnick WJ, Smartt CT. Effects of West Nile virus dose and extrinsic incubation temperature on temporal progression of vector competence in Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 2010;26(1):103.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
75.
Kramer LD, Hardy JL, Presser SB. Effect of temperature of extrinsic incubation on the vector competence of Culex tarsalis for western equine encephalomyelitis virus. AmJTrop Med Hyg. 1983;32(5):1130–9.
76.
Muturi EJ, Alto BW. Larval environmental temperature and insecticide exposure alter Aedes aegypti competence for arboviruses. Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2011;11(8):1157–63.CrossRefPubMed
77.
Muturi EJ, Lampman R, Costanzo K, Alto BW. Effect of temperature and insecticide stress on life-history traits of Culex restuans and Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae). J Med Entomol. 2011;48(2):243–50.CrossRefPubMed
78.
Hardy JL, Rosen L, Kramer LD, Presser SB, Shroyer DA, Turell MJ. Effect of rearing temperature on transovarial transmission of St. Louis encephalitis virus in mosquitoes. AmJTrop Med Hyg. 1980;29(5):963–8.
79.
Lutomiah J, Bast J, Clark J, Richardson J, Yalwala S, Oullo D, Mutisya J, Mulwa F, Musila L, Khamadi S. Abundance, diversity, and distribution of mosquito vectors in selected ecological regions of Kenya: public health implications. J Vector Ecol. 2013;38(1):134–42.CrossRefPubMed
80.
Hardy JL, Houk EJ, Kramer LD, Reeves WC. Intrinsic factors affecting vector competence of mosquitoes for arboviruses. Annu Rev Entomol. 1983;28(1):229–62.CrossRefPubMed
81.
Mercado-Curiel RF, Black WC, de L Muñoz M. A dengue receptor as possible genetic marker of vector competence in Aedes aegypti. BMC Microbiol. 2008;8(1):118.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
82.
Dohm DJ, O'Guinn ML, Turell MJ. Effect of environmental temperature on the ability of Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae) to transmit West Nile virus. J Med Entomol. 2002;39(1):221–5.CrossRefPubMed
83.
Watts DM, Burke DS, Harrison BA, Whitmire RE, Nisalak A. Effect of temperature on the vector efficiency of Aedes aegypti for dengue 2 virus. In: DTIC Document. 1986.
84.
Rohani A, Wong Y, Zamre I, Lee H, Zurainee M. The effect of extrinsic incubation temperature on development of dengue serotype 2 and 4 viruses in Aedes aegypti (L.). Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2009;40(5):942.PubMed
85.
Xiao F-Z, Zhang Y, Deng Y-Q, He S, Xie H-G, Zhou X-N, Yan Y-S. The effect of temperature on the extrinsic incubation period and infection rate of dengue virus serotype 2 infection in Aedes albopictus. Arch Virol. 2014;159(11):3053–7.CrossRefPubMed
Metadata
Title
Vector competence of Aedes aegypti in transmitting Chikungunya virus: effects and implications of extrinsic incubation temperature on dissemination and infection rates
Authors
Sophiah Mbaika
Joel Lutomiah
Edith Chepkorir
Francis Mulwa
Christopher Khayeka-Wandabwa
Caroline Tigoi
Elijah Oyoo-Okoth
James Mutisya
Zipporah Ng’ang’a
Rosemary Sang
Publication date
01-12-2016
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
Virology Journal / Issue 1/2016
Electronic ISSN: 1743-422X
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12985-016-0566-7

Other articles of this Issue 1/2016

Virology Journal 1/2016 Go to the issue

Research

Recombinant Dengue virus protein NS2B alters membrane permeability in different membrane models

Short report

Expression of importin-α isoforms in human nasal mucosa: implication for adaptation of avian influenza A viruses to human host

Short report

Epstein-Barr viral microRNAs target caspase 3

Research

Three novel bacteriophages isolated from the East African Rift Valley soda lakes

Research

Meta-analysis of the clinical and laboratory parameters of SFTS patients in China

Research

T-bet expression in CD8+ T cells associated with chronic hepatitis B virus infection

ACC 2024 Congress Coverage

Heart Failure Video

Year in Review: Heart failure and cardiomyopathies

Watch now

Watch this official video from ACC.24. Dr. Biykem Bozkurt discuss last year's major advances in heart failure and cardiomyopathies.

Semaglutide benefits people with type 2 diabetes and obesity-related heart failure

16-04-2024 Type 2 Diabetes News

Incentivised to exercise

11-04-2024 Lifestyle Modifications News

New intervention for STEMI-related cardiogenic shock

10-04-2024 Myocardial Infarction News

» View more highlights on the ACC 2024 congress hub page

Image Credits