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Journal of Neuroinflammation

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Open Access 01-12-2014 | Research

Tumor necrosis factor alpha has an early protective effect on retinal ganglion cells after optic nerve crush

Authors: Caitlin E Mac Nair, Kimberly A Fernandes, Cassandra L Schlamp, Richard T Libby, Robert W Nickells

Published in: Journal of Neuroinflammation | Issue 1/2014

Abstract

Background

Glaucoma is an optic neuropathy that is characterized by the loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) initiated by damage to axons in the optic nerve. The degeneration and death of RGCs has been thought to occur in two waves. The first is axogenic, caused by direct insult to the axon. The second is somatic, and is thought to be caused by the production of inflammatory cytokines from the activated retinal innate immune cells. One of the cytokines consistently linked to glaucoma and RGC damage has been TNFα. Despite strong evidence implicating this protein in neurodegeneration, a direct injection of TNFα does not mimic the rapid loss of RGCs observed after acute optic nerve trauma or exposure to excitotoxins. This suggests that our understanding of TNFα signaling is incomplete.

Methods

RGC death was induced by optic nerve crush in mice. The role of TNFα in this process was examined by quantitative PCR of Tnfα gene expression, and quantification of cell loss in Tnfα ^-/- mice or in wild-type animals receiving an intraocular injection of exongenous TNFα either before or after crush. Signaling pathways downstream of TNFα were examined by immunolabeling for JUN protein accumulation or activation of EGFP expression in NFκB reporter mice.

Results

Optic nerve crush caused a modest increase in Tnfα gene expression, with kinetics similar to the activation of both macroglia and microglia. A pre-injection of TNFα attenuated ganglion cell loss after crush, while ganglion cell loss was more severe in Tnfα ^-/- mice. Conversely, over the long term, a single exposure to TNFα induced extrinsic apoptosis in RGCs. Müller cells responded to exogenous TNFα by accumulating JUN and activating NFkB.

Conclusion

Early after optic nerve crush, TNFα appears to have a protective role for RGCs, which may be mediated through Müller cells.

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Title: Tumor necrosis factor alpha has an early protective effect on retinal ganglion cells after optic nerve crush
Authors: Caitlin E Mac Nair
Kimberly A Fernandes
Cassandra L Schlamp
Richard T Libby
Robert W Nickells
Publication date: 01-12-2014
Publisher: BioMed Central
Published in: Journal of Neuroinflammation / Issue 1/2014
Electronic ISSN: 1742-2094
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12974-014-0194-3

At a glance: The STEP trials

Springer Medicine

Tumor necrosis factor alpha has an early protective effect on retinal ganglion cells after optic nerve crush

Abstract

Background

Methods

Results

Conclusion

At a glance: The STEP trials

Springer Medicine

Abstract

Background

Methods

Results

Conclusion

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