Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Journal of Translational Medicine 1/2017

Open Access 01-12-2017 | Review

Molecular targeting in acute myeloid leukemia

Authors: Seah H. Lim, Patrycja M. Dubielecka, Vikram M. Raghunathan

Published in: Journal of Translational Medicine | Issue 1/2017

Login to get access

Abstract

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a heterogenous disease associated with distinct genetic and molecular abnormalities. Somatic mutations result in dysregulation of intracellular signaling pathways, epigenetics, and apoptosis of the leukemia cells. Understanding the basis for the dysregulated processes provides the platform for the design of novel targeted therapy for AML patients. The effort to devise new targeted therapy has been helped by recent advances in methods for high-throughput genomic screening and the availability of computer-assisted techniques for the design of novel agents that are predicted to specifically inhibit the mutant molecules involved in these intracellular events. In this review, we will provide the scientific basis for targeting the dysregulated molecular mechanisms and discuss the agents currently being investigated, alone or in combination with chemotherapy, for treating patients with AML. Successes in molecular targeting will ultimately change the treatment paradigm for the disease.
Literature
1.
go back to reference Hann IM, Stevens RF, Goldstone AH, Rees JKH, Wheatley K, Gray RG, et al. Randomized comparison of DAT versus ADE as induction chemotherapy in children and younger adults with acute myeloid leukemia. Results of the Medical Research Council’s 10th AML Trial (MRC AML10). Blood. 1997;89:2311–8.PubMed Hann IM, Stevens RF, Goldstone AH, Rees JKH, Wheatley K, Gray RG, et al. Randomized comparison of DAT versus ADE as induction chemotherapy in children and younger adults with acute myeloid leukemia. Results of the Medical Research Council’s 10th AML Trial (MRC AML10). Blood. 1997;89:2311–8.PubMed
2.
go back to reference Grimwade D, Hills RK, Moorman AV, Walker H, Chatters S, Goldstone AH, et al. Refinement of cytogenetic classification in acute myeloid leukemia: determination of prognostic significance of rare recurring chromosomal abnormalities among 5876 younger adult patients treated in the United Kingdom Medical Research Council trials. Blood. 2010;116:354–65.PubMed Grimwade D, Hills RK, Moorman AV, Walker H, Chatters S, Goldstone AH, et al. Refinement of cytogenetic classification in acute myeloid leukemia: determination of prognostic significance of rare recurring chromosomal abnormalities among 5876 younger adult patients treated in the United Kingdom Medical Research Council trials. Blood. 2010;116:354–65.PubMed
3.
go back to reference Chan SM, Thomas D, Corces-Zimmerman MR, Xavy S, Rastogi S, Hong WJ, et al. Isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 and 2 mutations induce BCL-2 dependence in acute myeloid leukemia. Nat Med. 2015;21:178–84.PubMedPubMedCentral Chan SM, Thomas D, Corces-Zimmerman MR, Xavy S, Rastogi S, Hong WJ, et al. Isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 and 2 mutations induce BCL-2 dependence in acute myeloid leukemia. Nat Med. 2015;21:178–84.PubMedPubMedCentral
4.
go back to reference Takahashi S. Inhibition of the MEK/MAPK signal transduction pathway strongly impairs the growth of Flt3-ITD cells. Am J Hematol. 2006;81:154–5.PubMed Takahashi S. Inhibition of the MEK/MAPK signal transduction pathway strongly impairs the growth of Flt3-ITD cells. Am J Hematol. 2006;81:154–5.PubMed
5.
go back to reference Hayakawa F, Towatari M, Kiyoi H, Tanimoto M, Kitamura T, Saito H, et al. Tandem-duplicated Flt3 constitutively activates STAT5 and MAP kinase and introduces autonomous cell growth in IL-3-dependent cell lines. Oncogene. 2000;19:624–31.PubMed Hayakawa F, Towatari M, Kiyoi H, Tanimoto M, Kitamura T, Saito H, et al. Tandem-duplicated Flt3 constitutively activates STAT5 and MAP kinase and introduces autonomous cell growth in IL-3-dependent cell lines. Oncogene. 2000;19:624–31.PubMed
6.
go back to reference Fu L, Fu H, Wu Q, Pang Y, Xu K, Zhou L, et al. High expression of ETS2 predicts poor prognosis in acute myeloid leukemia and may guide treatment decisions. J Transl Med. 2017;15:159.PubMedPubMedCentral Fu L, Fu H, Wu Q, Pang Y, Xu K, Zhou L, et al. High expression of ETS2 predicts poor prognosis in acute myeloid leukemia and may guide treatment decisions. J Transl Med. 2017;15:159.PubMedPubMedCentral
7.
go back to reference Levis M, Small D. FLT3: ITDoes matter in leukemia. Leukemia. 2003;17:1738–52.PubMed Levis M, Small D. FLT3: ITDoes matter in leukemia. Leukemia. 2003;17:1738–52.PubMed
8.
go back to reference Gilliland DG, Griffin JD. The roles of FLT3 in hematopoiesis and leukemia. Blood. 2002;100:1605–9. Gilliland DG, Griffin JD. The roles of FLT3 in hematopoiesis and leukemia. Blood. 2002;100:1605–9.
9.
go back to reference Yamamoto Y, Kiyoi H, Nakano Y, Suzuki R, Kodera Y, Miyawaki S, et al. Activating mutation of D835 within the activation loop of FLT3 in human hematologic malignancies. Blood. 2001;97:2434–9.PubMed Yamamoto Y, Kiyoi H, Nakano Y, Suzuki R, Kodera Y, Miyawaki S, et al. Activating mutation of D835 within the activation loop of FLT3 in human hematologic malignancies. Blood. 2001;97:2434–9.PubMed
10.
go back to reference Zheng R, Levis M, Piloto O, Brown P, Baldwin BR, Gorin NC, et al. FLT3 ligand causes autocrine signaling in acute myeloid leukemia cells. Blood. 2004;103:267–74.PubMed Zheng R, Levis M, Piloto O, Brown P, Baldwin BR, Gorin NC, et al. FLT3 ligand causes autocrine signaling in acute myeloid leukemia cells. Blood. 2004;103:267–74.PubMed
11.
go back to reference Ozeki K, Kiyoi H, Hirose Y, Iwai M, Ninomiya M, Kodera Y, et al. Biologic and clinical significance of the FLT3 transcript level in acute myeloid leukemia. Blood. 2004;103:1901–8.PubMed Ozeki K, Kiyoi H, Hirose Y, Iwai M, Ninomiya M, Kodera Y, et al. Biologic and clinical significance of the FLT3 transcript level in acute myeloid leukemia. Blood. 2004;103:1901–8.PubMed
12.
go back to reference Choudhary C, Schwable J, Brandts C, Tickenbrock L, Sargin B, Kindler T, et al. AML-associated Flt3 kinase domain mutations show signal transduction differences compared with Flt3 ITD mutations. Blood. 2005;106:265–73.PubMed Choudhary C, Schwable J, Brandts C, Tickenbrock L, Sargin B, Kindler T, et al. AML-associated Flt3 kinase domain mutations show signal transduction differences compared with Flt3 ITD mutations. Blood. 2005;106:265–73.PubMed
13.
go back to reference Mizuki M, Schwable J, Steur C, Choudhary C, Agrawal S, Sargin B, et al. Suppression of myeloid transcription factors and induction of STAT response genes by AML-specific Flt3 mutations. Blood. 2003;101:3164–73.PubMed Mizuki M, Schwable J, Steur C, Choudhary C, Agrawal S, Sargin B, et al. Suppression of myeloid transcription factors and induction of STAT response genes by AML-specific Flt3 mutations. Blood. 2003;101:3164–73.PubMed
14.
go back to reference Grundler R, Miething C, Thiede C, Peschel C, Duyster J. FLT3-ITD and tyrosine kinase domain mutants induce 2 distinct phenotypes in a murine bone marrow transplantation model. Blood. 2005;105:4792–9.PubMed Grundler R, Miething C, Thiede C, Peschel C, Duyster J. FLT3-ITD and tyrosine kinase domain mutants induce 2 distinct phenotypes in a murine bone marrow transplantation model. Blood. 2005;105:4792–9.PubMed
15.
go back to reference Kim KT, Baird K, Ahn JY, Meltzer P, Lilly M, Levis M, et al. Pim-1 is upregulated by constitutively activated FLT3 and plays a role in FLT3-mediated cell survival. Blood. 2005;105:1759–67.PubMed Kim KT, Baird K, Ahn JY, Meltzer P, Lilly M, Levis M, et al. Pim-1 is upregulated by constitutively activated FLT3 and plays a role in FLT3-mediated cell survival. Blood. 2005;105:1759–67.PubMed
16.
go back to reference Sallmyr A, Fan J, Datta K, Kim KT, Grosu D, Shapiro P, et al. Internal tandem duplication of FLT3 (FLT3/ITD) induces increased ROS production, DNA damage, and misrepair: implications for poor prognosis in AML. Blood. 2008;111:3173–82.PubMed Sallmyr A, Fan J, Datta K, Kim KT, Grosu D, Shapiro P, et al. Internal tandem duplication of FLT3 (FLT3/ITD) induces increased ROS production, DNA damage, and misrepair: implications for poor prognosis in AML. Blood. 2008;111:3173–82.PubMed
17.
go back to reference Zhang W, Konopleva M, Shi YX, McQueen T, Harris D, Ling X, et al. Mutant FLT3: a direct target of sorafenib in acute myelogenous leukemia. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2008;100:184–98.PubMed Zhang W, Konopleva M, Shi YX, McQueen T, Harris D, Ling X, et al. Mutant FLT3: a direct target of sorafenib in acute myelogenous leukemia. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2008;100:184–98.PubMed
18.
go back to reference Metzelder S, Wang Y, Wollmer E, Wanzel M, Teichler S, Chaturvedi A, et al. Compassionate use of sorafenib in FLT3-ITD—positive acute myeloid leukemia: sustained regression before and after allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Blood. 2009;113:6567–71.PubMed Metzelder S, Wang Y, Wollmer E, Wanzel M, Teichler S, Chaturvedi A, et al. Compassionate use of sorafenib in FLT3-ITD—positive acute myeloid leukemia: sustained regression before and after allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Blood. 2009;113:6567–71.PubMed
19.
go back to reference Chen Y-B, Shuli L, Andrew LA, Connolly C, Del Rio C, Valles B, et al. Phase I trial of maintenance sorafenib after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for patients with FLT3-ITD AML. Blood. 2014;124:671. Chen Y-B, Shuli L, Andrew LA, Connolly C, Del Rio C, Valles B, et al. Phase I trial of maintenance sorafenib after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for patients with FLT3-ITD AML. Blood. 2014;124:671.
20.
go back to reference Battipaglia G, Ruggeri A, Massoud R, El Cheikh J, Jestin M, Antar A, et al. Efficacy and feasibility of sorafenib as a maintenance agent after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3-mutated acute myeloid leukemia. Cancer. 2017. doi:10.1002/cncr.30680.CrossRefPubMed Battipaglia G, Ruggeri A, Massoud R, El Cheikh J, Jestin M, Antar A, et al. Efficacy and feasibility of sorafenib as a maintenance agent after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3-mutated acute myeloid leukemia. Cancer. 2017. doi:10.​1002/​cncr.​30680.CrossRefPubMed
21.
go back to reference Ravandi F, Alattar ML, Grunwald MR, Rudek MA, Rajkhowa T, Richie MA, et al. Phase 2 study of azacytidine plus sorafenib in patients with acute myeloid leukemia and FLT-3 internal tandem duplication mutation. Blood. 2013;121:4655–62.PubMedPubMedCentral Ravandi F, Alattar ML, Grunwald MR, Rudek MA, Rajkhowa T, Richie MA, et al. Phase 2 study of azacytidine plus sorafenib in patients with acute myeloid leukemia and FLT-3 internal tandem duplication mutation. Blood. 2013;121:4655–62.PubMedPubMedCentral
22.
go back to reference Ravandi F, Cortes JE, Jones D, Faderl S, Garcia-Manero G, Konopleva MY, et al. Phase I/II study of combination therapy with sorafenib, idarubicin, and cytarabine in younger patients with acute myeloid leukemia. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28:1856–62.PubMedPubMedCentral Ravandi F, Cortes JE, Jones D, Faderl S, Garcia-Manero G, Konopleva MY, et al. Phase I/II study of combination therapy with sorafenib, idarubicin, and cytarabine in younger patients with acute myeloid leukemia. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28:1856–62.PubMedPubMedCentral
23.
go back to reference Röllig C, Serve H, Hüttmann A, Noppeney R, Müller-Tidow C, Krug U, Baldus CD, et al. Addition of sorafenib versus placebo to standard therapy in patients aged 60 years or younger with newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukaemia (SORAML): a multicentre, phase 2, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol. 2015;16:1691–9.PubMed Röllig C, Serve H, Hüttmann A, Noppeney R, Müller-Tidow C, Krug U, Baldus CD, et al. Addition of sorafenib versus placebo to standard therapy in patients aged 60 years or younger with newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukaemia (SORAML): a multicentre, phase 2, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol. 2015;16:1691–9.PubMed
24.
go back to reference Serve H, Krug U, Wagner R, Sauerland MC, Heinecke A, Brunnberg U, et al. Sorafenib in combination with intensive chemotherapy in elderly patients with acute myeloid leukemia: results from a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Oncol. 2013;31:3110–8.PubMed Serve H, Krug U, Wagner R, Sauerland MC, Heinecke A, Brunnberg U, et al. Sorafenib in combination with intensive chemotherapy in elderly patients with acute myeloid leukemia: results from a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Oncol. 2013;31:3110–8.PubMed
25.
go back to reference MacDonald DA, Assouline AS, Brandwein J, Kamel-Reid S, Eisenhauer EA, Couban S, et al. A phase I/II study of sorafenib in combination with low dose cytarabine in elderly patients with acute myeloid leukemia or high-risk myelodysplastic syndrome from the National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group: trial IND.186. Leuk Lymphoma. 2013;54:760–6.PubMed MacDonald DA, Assouline AS, Brandwein J, Kamel-Reid S, Eisenhauer EA, Couban S, et al. A phase I/II study of sorafenib in combination with low dose cytarabine in elderly patients with acute myeloid leukemia or high-risk myelodysplastic syndrome from the National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group: trial IND.186. Leuk Lymphoma. 2013;54:760–6.PubMed
26.
go back to reference Strati P, Kantarjian H, Ravandi F, Nazha A, Borthakur G, Daver N, et al. Phase I/II trial of the combination of midostaurin (PKC412) and 5-azacytidine for patients with acute myeloid leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome. Am J Hematol. 2015;90:276–81.PubMedPubMedCentral Strati P, Kantarjian H, Ravandi F, Nazha A, Borthakur G, Daver N, et al. Phase I/II trial of the combination of midostaurin (PKC412) and 5-azacytidine for patients with acute myeloid leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome. Am J Hematol. 2015;90:276–81.PubMedPubMedCentral
27.
go back to reference Fischer T, Stone RM, Deangelo DJ, Galinsky I, Estey E, Lanza C, et al. Phase IIB trial of oral midostaurin, the FMS-like tyrosine kinase receptor and multi-targeted inhibitor in patients with acute myeloid leukemia and high-risk myelodysplastic syndrome with either wildtype or mutated FLT3. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28:4339–45.PubMedPubMedCentral Fischer T, Stone RM, Deangelo DJ, Galinsky I, Estey E, Lanza C, et al. Phase IIB trial of oral midostaurin, the FMS-like tyrosine kinase receptor and multi-targeted inhibitor in patients with acute myeloid leukemia and high-risk myelodysplastic syndrome with either wildtype or mutated FLT3. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28:4339–45.PubMedPubMedCentral
28.
go back to reference Stone RM, Fischer T, Paquette R, Schiller G, Schiffer CA, Ehninger G, et al. Phase IB study of the FLT3 kinase inhibitor midostaurin with chemotherapy in younger newly diagnosed adult patients with acute myeloid leukemia. Leukemia. 2012;26:2061–8.PubMedPubMedCentral Stone RM, Fischer T, Paquette R, Schiller G, Schiffer CA, Ehninger G, et al. Phase IB study of the FLT3 kinase inhibitor midostaurin with chemotherapy in younger newly diagnosed adult patients with acute myeloid leukemia. Leukemia. 2012;26:2061–8.PubMedPubMedCentral
30.
go back to reference Cortes JE, Kantarjian H, Foran JM, Ghirdaladze D, Zodelava M, Borthakur G, et al. Phase I study of quizartinib administered daily to patients with relapsed or refractory acute myeloid leukemia irrespective of FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3-internal tandem duplication status. J Clin Oncol. 2013;31:3681–7.PubMedPubMedCentral Cortes JE, Kantarjian H, Foran JM, Ghirdaladze D, Zodelava M, Borthakur G, et al. Phase I study of quizartinib administered daily to patients with relapsed or refractory acute myeloid leukemia irrespective of FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3-internal tandem duplication status. J Clin Oncol. 2013;31:3681–7.PubMedPubMedCentral
31.
go back to reference Levis MJ, Perl A, Dombret H, Döhner M, Steffen B, Rousselot P, et al. Final results of a phase 2 open-label, monotherapy efficacy and safety study of quizartinib (AC220) in patients with FLT3-ITD positive or negative relapsed/refractory acute myeloid leukemia after second-line chemotherapy or hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Blood. 2012;120:673. Levis MJ, Perl A, Dombret H, Döhner M, Steffen B, Rousselot P, et al. Final results of a phase 2 open-label, monotherapy efficacy and safety study of quizartinib (AC220) in patients with FLT3-ITD positive or negative relapsed/refractory acute myeloid leukemia after second-line chemotherapy or hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Blood. 2012;120:673.
32.
go back to reference Cortes JE, Perl A, Dombret H, Kayser S, Steffen B, Rousselot P, et al. Final results of a phase 2 open-label, monotherapy efficacy and safety study of quizartinib (AC220) in patients ≥60 years of age with FLT3 ITD positive or negative relapsed/refractory acute myeloid leukemia. Blood. 2012;120:48. Cortes JE, Perl A, Dombret H, Kayser S, Steffen B, Rousselot P, et al. Final results of a phase 2 open-label, monotherapy efficacy and safety study of quizartinib (AC220) in patients ≥60 years of age with FLT3 ITD positive or negative relapsed/refractory acute myeloid leukemia. Blood. 2012;120:48.
33.
go back to reference Alvarado Y, Kantarjian HM, Luthra R, Ravandi F, Borthakur G, Garcia-Manero G, et al. Treatment with FLT3 inhibitor in patients with FLT3-mutated acute myeloid leukemia is associated with development of secondary FLT3-tyrosine kinase domain mutations. Cancer. 2014;120:2142–9.PubMedPubMedCentral Alvarado Y, Kantarjian HM, Luthra R, Ravandi F, Borthakur G, Garcia-Manero G, et al. Treatment with FLT3 inhibitor in patients with FLT3-mutated acute myeloid leukemia is associated with development of secondary FLT3-tyrosine kinase domain mutations. Cancer. 2014;120:2142–9.PubMedPubMedCentral
34.
go back to reference Abdelall WKH, Borthakur G, Garcia-Manero G, Patel KP, Jabbour EJ, Daver NG, et al. The combination of quizartinib with azacitidine or low dose cytarabine is highly active in patients (Pts) with FLT3-ITD mutated myeloid leukemias: interim report of a phase I/II trial. Blood. 2016;128:1642. Abdelall WKH, Borthakur G, Garcia-Manero G, Patel KP, Jabbour EJ, Daver NG, et al. The combination of quizartinib with azacitidine or low dose cytarabine is highly active in patients (Pts) with FLT3-ITD mutated myeloid leukemias: interim report of a phase I/II trial. Blood. 2016;128:1642.
35.
go back to reference Hills RK, Gammon G, Trone D, Burnett AK. Quizartinib significantly improves overall survival in FLT3-ITD positive AML patients relapsed after stem cell transplantation or after failure of salvage chemotherapy: a comparison with historical AML database (UK NCRI data). Blood. 2015;126:2557. Hills RK, Gammon G, Trone D, Burnett AK. Quizartinib significantly improves overall survival in FLT3-ITD positive AML patients relapsed after stem cell transplantation or after failure of salvage chemotherapy: a comparison with historical AML database (UK NCRI data). Blood. 2015;126:2557.
36.
go back to reference Perl AE, Altman JK, Cortes JE, Smith CC, Litzow M, Baer MR, et al. Final results of the Chrysalis trial: a first-in-human phase 1/2 dose-escalation, dose-expansion study of gilteritinib (ASP2215) in patients with relapsed/refractory acute myeloid leukemia (R/R AML). Blood. 2016;128:1069. Perl AE, Altman JK, Cortes JE, Smith CC, Litzow M, Baer MR, et al. Final results of the Chrysalis trial: a first-in-human phase 1/2 dose-escalation, dose-expansion study of gilteritinib (ASP2215) in patients with relapsed/refractory acute myeloid leukemia (R/R AML). Blood. 2016;128:1069.
37.
go back to reference Ueno Y, Mori M, Kamiyama Y, Kaneko N, Isshiki E, Takeuchi M. Gilteritinib (ASP2215), a novel FLT3/AXL inhibitor: preclinical evaluation in combination with azacitidine in acute myeloid leukemia. Blood. 2016;128:2830. Ueno Y, Mori M, Kamiyama Y, Kaneko N, Isshiki E, Takeuchi M. Gilteritinib (ASP2215), a novel FLT3/AXL inhibitor: preclinical evaluation in combination with azacitidine in acute myeloid leukemia. Blood. 2016;128:2830.
38.
go back to reference Smith CC, Lasater EA, Lin KC, Wang Q, McCreery MQ, Stewart WK, et al. Crenolanib is a selective type I pan-FLT3 inhibitor. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2014;111:5319–24.PubMed Smith CC, Lasater EA, Lin KC, Wang Q, McCreery MQ, Stewart WK, et al. Crenolanib is a selective type I pan-FLT3 inhibitor. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2014;111:5319–24.PubMed
39.
go back to reference Randhawa JK, Kantarjian H, Borthakur G, Thompson PA, Konopleva M, Daver N, et al. Results of a phase II study of crenolanib in relapsed/refractory acute myeloid leukemia patients (Pts) with activating FLT3 mutations. Blood. 2014;124:389. Randhawa JK, Kantarjian H, Borthakur G, Thompson PA, Konopleva M, Daver N, et al. Results of a phase II study of crenolanib in relapsed/refractory acute myeloid leukemia patients (Pts) with activating FLT3 mutations. Blood. 2014;124:389.
40.
go back to reference Ohanian M, Kantarjian HM, Borthakur G, Kadia TM, Konopleva M, Garcia-Manero G, et al. Efficacy of a type I FLT3 inhibitor, crenolanib, with idarubicin and high-dose ara-C in multiply relapsed/refractory FLT3+ AML. Blood. 2016;128:2744. Ohanian M, Kantarjian HM, Borthakur G, Kadia TM, Konopleva M, Garcia-Manero G, et al. Efficacy of a type I FLT3 inhibitor, crenolanib, with idarubicin and high-dose ara-C in multiply relapsed/refractory FLT3+ AML. Blood. 2016;128:2744.
41.
go back to reference Wang ES, Stone RM, Tallman MS, Walter RB, Eckardt JR, Collins R. Crenolanib, a type I FLT3 TKI, can be safely combined with cytarabine and anthracycline induction chemotherapy and results in high response rates in patients with newly diagnosed FLT3 mutant acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Blood. 2016;128:1071. Wang ES, Stone RM, Tallman MS, Walter RB, Eckardt JR, Collins R. Crenolanib, a type I FLT3 TKI, can be safely combined with cytarabine and anthracycline induction chemotherapy and results in high response rates in patients with newly diagnosed FLT3 mutant acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Blood. 2016;128:1071.
42.
go back to reference Abdel-Wahab O, Levine RL. Mutations in epigenetic modifiers in the pathogenesis and therapy of acute myeloid leukemia. Blood. 2013;121:3563–72.PubMedPubMedCentral Abdel-Wahab O, Levine RL. Mutations in epigenetic modifiers in the pathogenesis and therapy of acute myeloid leukemia. Blood. 2013;121:3563–72.PubMedPubMedCentral
43.
go back to reference Cancer Genome Atlas Research Network. Genomic and epigenomic landscapes of adult de novo acute myeloid leukemia. N Engl J Med. 2013;368:2059–74. Cancer Genome Atlas Research Network. Genomic and epigenomic landscapes of adult de novo acute myeloid leukemia. N Engl J Med. 2013;368:2059–74.
44.
go back to reference Umehara T, Nakamura Y, Jang MK, Nakano K, Tanaka A, Ozato K, et al. Structural basis for acetylated histone H4 recognition by the human BRD2 bromodomain. J Biol Chem. 2010;285:7610–8.PubMedPubMedCentral Umehara T, Nakamura Y, Jang MK, Nakano K, Tanaka A, Ozato K, et al. Structural basis for acetylated histone H4 recognition by the human BRD2 bromodomain. J Biol Chem. 2010;285:7610–8.PubMedPubMedCentral
45.
go back to reference Sorensen PH, Chen CS, Smith FO, Arthur DC, Domer PH, Bernstein ID, et al. Molecular rearrangements of the MLL gene are present in most cases of infant acute myeloid leukemia and are strongly correlated with monocytic or myelomonocytic phenotypes. J Clin Investig. 1994;93:429–37.PubMed Sorensen PH, Chen CS, Smith FO, Arthur DC, Domer PH, Bernstein ID, et al. Molecular rearrangements of the MLL gene are present in most cases of infant acute myeloid leukemia and are strongly correlated with monocytic or myelomonocytic phenotypes. J Clin Investig. 1994;93:429–37.PubMed
46.
go back to reference Kawagoe H, Humphries RK, Blair A, Sutherland HJ, Hogge DE. Expression of HOX genes, HOX cofactors, and MLL in phenotypically and functionally defined subpopulations of leukemic and normal human hematopoietic cells. Leukemia. 1999;13:687–98.PubMed Kawagoe H, Humphries RK, Blair A, Sutherland HJ, Hogge DE. Expression of HOX genes, HOX cofactors, and MLL in phenotypically and functionally defined subpopulations of leukemic and normal human hematopoietic cells. Leukemia. 1999;13:687–98.PubMed
47.
go back to reference Okada Y, Feng Q, Lin Y, Jiang Q, Li Y, Coffield VM, et al. hDOT1L links histone methylation to leukemogenesis. Cell. 2005;121:167–78.PubMed Okada Y, Feng Q, Lin Y, Jiang Q, Li Y, Coffield VM, et al. hDOT1L links histone methylation to leukemogenesis. Cell. 2005;121:167–78.PubMed
48.
go back to reference Ley TJ, Ding L, Walter MJ, McLellan MD, Lamprecht T, Larson DE, et al. DNMT3A mutations in acute myeloid leukemia. N Engl J Med. 2010;363:2424–33.PubMedPubMedCentral Ley TJ, Ding L, Walter MJ, McLellan MD, Lamprecht T, Larson DE, et al. DNMT3A mutations in acute myeloid leukemia. N Engl J Med. 2010;363:2424–33.PubMedPubMedCentral
49.
go back to reference Ward PS, Patel J, Wise DR, Abdel-Wahab O, Bennett BD, Coller HA, et al. The common feature of leukemia-associated IDH1 and IDH2 mutations is a neomorphic enzyme activity converting alpha-ketoglutarate to 2-hydroxyglutarate. Cancer Cell. 2010;17:225–34.PubMedPubMedCentral Ward PS, Patel J, Wise DR, Abdel-Wahab O, Bennett BD, Coller HA, et al. The common feature of leukemia-associated IDH1 and IDH2 mutations is a neomorphic enzyme activity converting alpha-ketoglutarate to 2-hydroxyglutarate. Cancer Cell. 2010;17:225–34.PubMedPubMedCentral
50.
go back to reference Garcia-Manero G, Yang H, Bueso-Ramos C, Ferrajoli A, Cortes J, Wierda WG, et al. Phase 1 study of the histone deacetylase inhibitor vorinostat (suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid [SAHA]) in patients with advanced leukemias and myelodysplastic syndromes. Blood. 2008;111:1060–6.PubMed Garcia-Manero G, Yang H, Bueso-Ramos C, Ferrajoli A, Cortes J, Wierda WG, et al. Phase 1 study of the histone deacetylase inhibitor vorinostat (suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid [SAHA]) in patients with advanced leukemias and myelodysplastic syndromes. Blood. 2008;111:1060–6.PubMed
51.
go back to reference Gojo I, Jiemjit A, Trepel JB, Sparreboom A, Figg WD, Rollins S, et al. Phase 1 and pharmacologic study of MS-275, a histone deacetylase inhibitor, in adults with refractory and relapsed acute leukemias. Blood. 2007;109:2781–90.PubMedPubMedCentral Gojo I, Jiemjit A, Trepel JB, Sparreboom A, Figg WD, Rollins S, et al. Phase 1 and pharmacologic study of MS-275, a histone deacetylase inhibitor, in adults with refractory and relapsed acute leukemias. Blood. 2007;109:2781–90.PubMedPubMedCentral
52.
go back to reference Kirschbaum M, Gojo I, Goldberg SL, Bredeson C, Kujawski LA, Yang A, et al. A phase 1 clinical trial of vorinostat in combination with decitabine in patients with acute myeloid leukaemia or myelodysplastic syndrome. Br J Haematol. 2014;167:185–93.PubMed Kirschbaum M, Gojo I, Goldberg SL, Bredeson C, Kujawski LA, Yang A, et al. A phase 1 clinical trial of vorinostat in combination with decitabine in patients with acute myeloid leukaemia or myelodysplastic syndrome. Br J Haematol. 2014;167:185–93.PubMed
53.
go back to reference Prebet T, Sun Z, Figueroa ME, Ketterling R, Melnick A, Greenberg PL, et al. Prolonged administration of azacitidine with or without entinostat for myelodysplastic syndrome and acute myeloid leukemia with myelodysplasia-related changes: results of the US Leukemia Intergroup Trial E1905. J Clin Oncol. 2014;32:1242–8.PubMedPubMedCentral Prebet T, Sun Z, Figueroa ME, Ketterling R, Melnick A, Greenberg PL, et al. Prolonged administration of azacitidine with or without entinostat for myelodysplastic syndrome and acute myeloid leukemia with myelodysplasia-related changes: results of the US Leukemia Intergroup Trial E1905. J Clin Oncol. 2014;32:1242–8.PubMedPubMedCentral
54.
go back to reference Garcia-Manero G, Othus M, Pagel JM, Radich JP, Fang M, Rizzieri DA, et al. SWOG S1203: a randomized phase III study of standard cytarabine plus daunorubicin (7 + 3) therapy versus idarubicin with high dose cytarabine (IA) with or without vorinostat (IA + V) in younger patients with previously untreated acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Blood. 2016;128:901. Garcia-Manero G, Othus M, Pagel JM, Radich JP, Fang M, Rizzieri DA, et al. SWOG S1203: a randomized phase III study of standard cytarabine plus daunorubicin (7 + 3) therapy versus idarubicin with high dose cytarabine (IA) with or without vorinostat (IA + V) in younger patients with previously untreated acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Blood. 2016;128:901.
55.
go back to reference Tan P, Wei A, Mithraprabhu S, Cummings N, Liu HB, Perugini M, et al. Dual epigenetic targeting with panobinostat and azacitidine in acute myeloid leukemia and high-risk myelodysplastic syndrome. Blood Cancer J. 2014;4:e170.PubMedPubMedCentral Tan P, Wei A, Mithraprabhu S, Cummings N, Liu HB, Perugini M, et al. Dual epigenetic targeting with panobinostat and azacitidine in acute myeloid leukemia and high-risk myelodysplastic syndrome. Blood Cancer J. 2014;4:e170.PubMedPubMedCentral
56.
go back to reference Ocio EM, Herrera P, Olave M-T, Castro N, Pérez-Simón JA, Brunet S, et al. Panobinostat as part of induction and maintenance for elderly patients with newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukemia: phase Ib/II panobidara study. Haematologica. 2015;100:1294–300.PubMedPubMedCentral Ocio EM, Herrera P, Olave M-T, Castro N, Pérez-Simón JA, Brunet S, et al. Panobinostat as part of induction and maintenance for elderly patients with newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukemia: phase Ib/II panobidara study. Haematologica. 2015;100:1294–300.PubMedPubMedCentral
57.
go back to reference Garcia-Manero G, Tamboro FP, Bekele NB, Yang H, Ravandi F, Jabbour E, et al. Phase II trial of vorinostat with idarubicin and cytarabine for patients with newly diagnosed acute myelogenous leukemia or myelodysplastic syndrome. J Clin Oncol. 2012;30:2204–10.PubMedPubMedCentral Garcia-Manero G, Tamboro FP, Bekele NB, Yang H, Ravandi F, Jabbour E, et al. Phase II trial of vorinostat with idarubicin and cytarabine for patients with newly diagnosed acute myelogenous leukemia or myelodysplastic syndrome. J Clin Oncol. 2012;30:2204–10.PubMedPubMedCentral
58.
go back to reference Garcia Manero G, Atallah E, Khaled SK, Arellano M, Patnaik MM, Odenike O, et al. A phase 2 study of pracinostat and azacitidine in elderly patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) not eligible for induction chemotherapy: response and long-term survival benefit. Blood. 2016;128:100. Garcia Manero G, Atallah E, Khaled SK, Arellano M, Patnaik MM, Odenike O, et al. A phase 2 study of pracinostat and azacitidine in elderly patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) not eligible for induction chemotherapy: response and long-term survival benefit. Blood. 2016;128:100.
59.
go back to reference Coudé MM, Braun T, Berrou J, Dupont M, Bertrand S, Masse A, et al. BET inhibitor OTX015 targets BRD2 and BRD4 and decreases c-MYC in acute leukemia cells. Oncotarget. 2015;6:17698–712.PubMedPubMedCentral Coudé MM, Braun T, Berrou J, Dupont M, Bertrand S, Masse A, et al. BET inhibitor OTX015 targets BRD2 and BRD4 and decreases c-MYC in acute leukemia cells. Oncotarget. 2015;6:17698–712.PubMedPubMedCentral
60.
go back to reference Berthon C, Raffoux E, Thomas X, Vey N, Gomez-Roca C, Yee K, et al. Bromodomain inhibitor OTX015 in patients with acute leukaemia: a dose-escalation, phase 1 study. Lancet Haematol. 2016;3:e186–95.PubMed Berthon C, Raffoux E, Thomas X, Vey N, Gomez-Roca C, Yee K, et al. Bromodomain inhibitor OTX015 in patients with acute leukaemia: a dose-escalation, phase 1 study. Lancet Haematol. 2016;3:e186–95.PubMed
61.
go back to reference Rau RE, Rodriguez B, Luo M, Jeong M, Rosen A, Rogers JH, et al. DOT1L as a therapeutic target for the treatment of DNMT3A-mutant acute myeloid leukemia. Blood. 2016;128:971–81.PubMedPubMedCentral Rau RE, Rodriguez B, Luo M, Jeong M, Rosen A, Rogers JH, et al. DOT1L as a therapeutic target for the treatment of DNMT3A-mutant acute myeloid leukemia. Blood. 2016;128:971–81.PubMedPubMedCentral
62.
go back to reference Liu W, Deng L, Song Y, Redell M. DOT1L inhibition sensitizes MLL-rearranged AML to chemotherapy. PLoS ONE. 2014;9:e98270.PubMedPubMedCentral Liu W, Deng L, Song Y, Redell M. DOT1L inhibition sensitizes MLL-rearranged AML to chemotherapy. PLoS ONE. 2014;9:e98270.PubMedPubMedCentral
63.
go back to reference Stein EM, Garcia-Manero G, Rizzieri DA, Tibes R, Berdeja JG, Jongen-Lavrencic M, et al. A phase 1 study of the DOT1L inhibitor, pinometostat (EPZ-5676), in adults with relapsed or refractory leukemia: safety, clinical activity, exposure and target inhibition. Blood. 2015;126:2547. Stein EM, Garcia-Manero G, Rizzieri DA, Tibes R, Berdeja JG, Jongen-Lavrencic M, et al. A phase 1 study of the DOT1L inhibitor, pinometostat (EPZ-5676), in adults with relapsed or refractory leukemia: safety, clinical activity, exposure and target inhibition. Blood. 2015;126:2547.
65.
go back to reference Ishikawa Y, Gamo K, Yabuki M, Takagi S, Toyoshima K, Nakayama K, et al. A novel LSD1 inhibitor T-3775440 disrupts GFI1B-containing complex leading to transdifferentiation and impaired growth of AML cells. Mol Cancer Ther. 2017;16:273–84.PubMed Ishikawa Y, Gamo K, Yabuki M, Takagi S, Toyoshima K, Nakayama K, et al. A novel LSD1 inhibitor T-3775440 disrupts GFI1B-containing complex leading to transdifferentiation and impaired growth of AML cells. Mol Cancer Ther. 2017;16:273–84.PubMed
66.
go back to reference Sugino N, Kawahara M, Tatsumi G, Kanai A, Matsui H, Yamamoto R, et al. A novel LSD1 inhibitor NCD38 ameliorates MDS-related leukemia with complex karyotype by attenuating leukemia programs via activating super-enhancers. Leukemia. 2017. doi:10.1038/leu.2017.59.CrossRefPubMed Sugino N, Kawahara M, Tatsumi G, Kanai A, Matsui H, Yamamoto R, et al. A novel LSD1 inhibitor NCD38 ameliorates MDS-related leukemia with complex karyotype by attenuating leukemia programs via activating super-enhancers. Leukemia. 2017. doi:10.​1038/​leu.​2017.​59.CrossRefPubMed
68.
go back to reference Pleyer L, Burgstaller S, Girschikofsky M, Linkesch W, Stauder R, Pfeilstocker M, et al. Azacitidine in 302 patients with WHO-defined acute myeloid leukemia: results from the Austrian Azacitidine Registry of the AGMT-Study Group. Ann Hematol. 2014;93:1825–38.PubMedPubMedCentral Pleyer L, Burgstaller S, Girschikofsky M, Linkesch W, Stauder R, Pfeilstocker M, et al. Azacitidine in 302 patients with WHO-defined acute myeloid leukemia: results from the Austrian Azacitidine Registry of the AGMT-Study Group. Ann Hematol. 2014;93:1825–38.PubMedPubMedCentral
69.
go back to reference Fenaux P, Mufti GJ, Hellstrom-Lindberg E, Santini V, Gattermann N, Germing U, et al. Azacitidine prolongs overall survival compared with conventional care regimens in elderly patients with low bone marrow blast count acute myeloid leukemia. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28:562–9.PubMed Fenaux P, Mufti GJ, Hellstrom-Lindberg E, Santini V, Gattermann N, Germing U, et al. Azacitidine prolongs overall survival compared with conventional care regimens in elderly patients with low bone marrow blast count acute myeloid leukemia. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28:562–9.PubMed
70.
go back to reference Issa JP, Garcia-Manero G, Giles FJ, Mannari R, Thomas D, Faderl S, et al. Phase 1 study of low-dose prolonged exposure schedules of the hypomethylating agent 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine (decitabine) in hematopoietic malignancies. Blood. 2004;103:1635–40.PubMed Issa JP, Garcia-Manero G, Giles FJ, Mannari R, Thomas D, Faderl S, et al. Phase 1 study of low-dose prolonged exposure schedules of the hypomethylating agent 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine (decitabine) in hematopoietic malignancies. Blood. 2004;103:1635–40.PubMed
71.
go back to reference Cashen AF, Schiller GJ, O’Donnell MR, DiPersio JF. Multicenter, phase II study of decitabine for the first-line treatment of older patients with acute myeloid leukemia. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28:556–61.PubMed Cashen AF, Schiller GJ, O’Donnell MR, DiPersio JF. Multicenter, phase II study of decitabine for the first-line treatment of older patients with acute myeloid leukemia. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28:556–61.PubMed
72.
go back to reference Issa JP, Roboz G, Rizzieri D, Jabbour E, Stock W, O’Connell C, et al. Safety and tolerability of guadecitabine (SGI-110) in patients with myelodysplastic syndrome and acute myeloid leukaemia: a multicentre, randomised, dose-escalation phase 1 study. Lancet Oncol. 2015;16:1099–110.PubMedPubMedCentral Issa JP, Roboz G, Rizzieri D, Jabbour E, Stock W, O’Connell C, et al. Safety and tolerability of guadecitabine (SGI-110) in patients with myelodysplastic syndrome and acute myeloid leukaemia: a multicentre, randomised, dose-escalation phase 1 study. Lancet Oncol. 2015;16:1099–110.PubMedPubMedCentral
73.
go back to reference Paschka P, Schlenk RF, Gaidzik VI, Habdank M, Krönke J, Bullinger L, et al. IDH1 and IDH2 mutations are frequent genetic alterations in acute myeloid leukemia and confer adverse prognosis in cytogenetically normal acute myeloid leukemia with NPM1 mutation without FLT3 internal tandem duplication. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28:3636–43.PubMed Paschka P, Schlenk RF, Gaidzik VI, Habdank M, Krönke J, Bullinger L, et al. IDH1 and IDH2 mutations are frequent genetic alterations in acute myeloid leukemia and confer adverse prognosis in cytogenetically normal acute myeloid leukemia with NPM1 mutation without FLT3 internal tandem duplication. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28:3636–43.PubMed
74.
go back to reference DiNardo CD, Schimmer AD, Yee KWL, Hochhaus A, Kraemer A, Carvajal RD, et al. A phase I study of IDH305 in patients with advanced malignancies Including relapsed/refractory AML and MDS that harbor IDH1R132 mutations. Blood. 2016;128:1073. DiNardo CD, Schimmer AD, Yee KWL, Hochhaus A, Kraemer A, Carvajal RD, et al. A phase I study of IDH305 in patients with advanced malignancies Including relapsed/refractory AML and MDS that harbor IDH1R132 mutations. Blood. 2016;128:1073.
75.
go back to reference DiNardo CD, de Botton S, Pollyea DA, Stein EM, Fathi AT, Roboz GJ, et al. Molecular profiling and relationship with clinical response in patients with IDH1 mutation-positive hematologic malignancies receiving AG-120, a first-in-class potent inhibitor of mutant IDH1, in addition to data from the completed dose escalation portion of the phase 1 study. Blood. 2015;126:1306. DiNardo CD, de Botton S, Pollyea DA, Stein EM, Fathi AT, Roboz GJ, et al. Molecular profiling and relationship with clinical response in patients with IDH1 mutation-positive hematologic malignancies receiving AG-120, a first-in-class potent inhibitor of mutant IDH1, in addition to data from the completed dose escalation portion of the phase 1 study. Blood. 2015;126:1306.
77.
go back to reference Porwit-MacDonald A, Ivory K, Wilkinson S, Wheatley K, Wong L, Janossy G. Bcl-2 protein expression in normal human bone marrow precursors and in acute myelogenous leukemia. Leukemia. 1995;9:1191–8.PubMed Porwit-MacDonald A, Ivory K, Wilkinson S, Wheatley K, Wong L, Janossy G. Bcl-2 protein expression in normal human bone marrow precursors and in acute myelogenous leukemia. Leukemia. 1995;9:1191–8.PubMed
78.
go back to reference Konopleva M, Pollyea DA, Potluri J, Chyla B, Hogdal L, Busman T, et al. Efficacy and biological correlates of response in a phase II study of venetoclax monotherapy in patients with acute myelogenous leukemia. Cancer Discov. 2016;6:1106–17.PubMedPubMedCentral Konopleva M, Pollyea DA, Potluri J, Chyla B, Hogdal L, Busman T, et al. Efficacy and biological correlates of response in a phase II study of venetoclax monotherapy in patients with acute myelogenous leukemia. Cancer Discov. 2016;6:1106–17.PubMedPubMedCentral
79.
go back to reference Kontro M, Kumar A, Majumder MM, Eldfors S, Parsons A, Pemovska T, et al. HOX gene expression predicts response to BCL-2 inhibition in acute myeloid leukemia. Leukemia. 2017;31:301–9.PubMed Kontro M, Kumar A, Majumder MM, Eldfors S, Parsons A, Pemovska T, et al. HOX gene expression predicts response to BCL-2 inhibition in acute myeloid leukemia. Leukemia. 2017;31:301–9.PubMed
80.
go back to reference Pollyea DA, Dinardo CD, Thirman MJ, Letai A, Wei AH, Jonas BA, et al. Results of a phase 1b study venetoclax with decitabine or azacytidine in untreated acute myeloid leukemia patients ≥65 years ineligible for standard induction therapy. J Clin Oncol. 2016;34:7009. Pollyea DA, Dinardo CD, Thirman MJ, Letai A, Wei AH, Jonas BA, et al. Results of a phase 1b study venetoclax with decitabine or azacytidine in untreated acute myeloid leukemia patients ≥65 years ineligible for standard induction therapy. J Clin Oncol. 2016;34:7009.
81.
go back to reference Lin TL, Strickland SA, Fiedler W, Walter RB, Hou J-Z, Roboz GJ, et al. Phase 1b/2 study of venetoclax with low-dose cytarabine in treatment-naïve patients age ≥65 with acute myelogenous leukemia. J Clin Oncol. 2016;34:7007. Lin TL, Strickland SA, Fiedler W, Walter RB, Hou J-Z, Roboz GJ, et al. Phase 1b/2 study of venetoclax with low-dose cytarabine in treatment-naïve patients age ≥65 with acute myelogenous leukemia. J Clin Oncol. 2016;34:7007.
82.
go back to reference Furqan M, Mukhi N, Lee B, Liu D. Dysregulation of JAK-STAT pathway in hematological malignancies and JAK inhibitors for clinical application. Biomark Res. 2013;1:5.PubMedPubMedCentral Furqan M, Mukhi N, Lee B, Liu D. Dysregulation of JAK-STAT pathway in hematological malignancies and JAK inhibitors for clinical application. Biomark Res. 2013;1:5.PubMedPubMedCentral
83.
go back to reference Verstovsek S, Odenike O, Singer JW, Granston T, Al-Fayoumi S, Deeg HJ. Phase 1/2 study of pacritinib, a next generation JAK2/FLT3 inhibitor, in myelofibrosis or other myeloid malignancies. J Hematol Oncol. 2016;9:137.PubMedPubMedCentral Verstovsek S, Odenike O, Singer JW, Granston T, Al-Fayoumi S, Deeg HJ. Phase 1/2 study of pacritinib, a next generation JAK2/FLT3 inhibitor, in myelofibrosis or other myeloid malignancies. J Hematol Oncol. 2016;9:137.PubMedPubMedCentral
Metadata
Title
Molecular targeting in acute myeloid leukemia
Authors
Seah H. Lim
Patrycja M. Dubielecka
Vikram M. Raghunathan
Publication date
01-12-2017
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
Journal of Translational Medicine / Issue 1/2017
Electronic ISSN: 1479-5876
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12967-017-1281-x

Other articles of this Issue 1/2017

Journal of Translational Medicine 1/2017 Go to the issue