Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress 2023 EHA Congress 2023 ASCO Annual Meeting
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

At a glance: The ONWARDS insulin icodec trials

A round-up of the ONWARDS phase 3 clinical trials evaluating the novel weekly insulin icodec in people with diabetes.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
Malaria Journal
Published in: Malaria Journal 1/2018

Open Access 01-12-2018 | Research

Baseline entomologic data on malaria transmission in prelude to an indoor residual spraying intervention in the regions of Alibori and Donga, Northern Benin, West Africa

Authors: Albert S. Salako, Idelphonse Ahogni, Casimir Kpanou, Arthur Sovi, Roseric Azondekon, André A. Sominahouin, Filémon Tokponnon, Virgile Gnanguenon, Fortuné Dagnon, Laurent Iyikirenga, Martin C. Akogbeto

Published in: Malaria Journal | Issue 1/2018

Login to get access

Abstract

Background

Despite the success of indoor residual insecticide spraying (IRS) in Africa, particularly in Benin, some gaps of information need to be filled to optimize the effectiveness of this intervention in the perspective of the country’s effort to eliminate malaria. In anticipation to the 2018 IRS campaign in two targeted regions of northern Benin, this study aimed, to collect baseline information on vector composition, spatio-temporal variation and peak malaria transmission in the Alibori and Donga, two targeted regions of northern Benin. Information collected will help to better plan the implementation and later on the impact assessment of this IRS campaign.

Methods

The study was carried out in four districts of the two IRS targeted regions of northern Benin. Human landing catches and pyrethrum spray catches protocols were used to assess the biting rate (HBR) and, biting/resting behaviour of malaria vector populations. After morphological identification of collected Anopheles, the heads and thoraxes of Anopheles gambiae sensu lato (s.l.) were analysed by the ELISA CSP tests to estimate the sporozoite index (SI). The entomological inoculation rate was calculated as the product of mosquito biting rate (HBR) and the SI.

Results

The biting rates of An. gambiae s.l., the major vector in this study sites, varied significantly from region to region. It was higher: in rural than in urban areas, in rainy season than in dry season, indoors than outdoors. Overall, SI was comparable between sites. The highest EIRs were observed in the Donga region (16.84 infectious bites/man/month in Djougou district and 17.64 infectious bites/man/month in Copargo district) and the lowest in the Alibori region (10.74 infectious bites/man/month at Kandi district and 11.04 infectious bites/man/month at Gogounou district).

Conclusion

This study showed the heterogeneous and various nature of malaria epidemiology in Northern Benin. Indeed, the epidemiological profile of malaria transmission in the Alibori and Donga regions is made of a single season of transmission interrupted by a dry season. This period of transmission is relatively longer in Donga region than in Alibori. This information can be used to guide the extension of IRS in the Alibori and in the Donga, by primarily targeting areas with short periods of transmission, and easy to cover.
Literature
1.
WHO. Global Malaria Programme. Indoor residual spraying: use of indoor residual spraying for scaling up global malaria control and elimination. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2006.
2.
WHO. Global Malaria Programme. Insecticide-treated mosquito nets: a position statement. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2007.
3.
4.
Schiff C. Integrated approach to malaria control. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2002;15:278–93.CrossRef
5.
Lengeler C, Sharp B. Indoor residual spraying and insecticide-treated nets. In: Murphy C, Ringheim K, Woldehanna S, Volmink J, editors. Reducing malaria’s burden: evidence of effectiveness for decision makers. Washington, DC: Global Health Council; 2003. p. 17–24.
6.
Roberts D, Curtis C, Tren R, Sharp B, Shiff C, Bate R. Malaria control and public health. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10:1170–1.CrossRef
7.
WHO. World malaria report 2015. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2015.
8.
Akogbeto MC, Aikpon R, Azondekon R, Padonou G, Osse R, Agossa FR, et al. Six years of experience in entomological surveillance of indoor residual spraying against malaria transmission in Benin: lessons learned challenges and outlooks. Malar J. 2015;14:242.CrossRef
9.
Akogbeto M, Padonou GG, Bankole HS, Gazard DK, Gbedjissi GL. Dramatic decrease in malaria transmission after large-scale indoor residual spraying with bendiocarb in Benin, an area of high resistance of Anopheles gambiae to pyrethroids. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2011;85:586–93.CrossRef
10.
Ossè R, Aikpon R, Padonou GG, Oussou O, Yadouléton A, Akogbéto M. Evaluation of the efficacy of bendiocarb in indoor residual spraying against pyrethroid resistant malaria vectors in Benin: results of the third campaign. Parasit Vectors. 2012;5:163.CrossRef
11.
Mabaso ML, Sharp B, Lengeler C. Historical review of malarial control in southern African with emphasis on the use of indoor residual house-spraying. Trop Med Int Health. 2004;9:846–56.CrossRef
12.
Brutus L, Le Goff G, Rasolomaina LG, Rajaonarivelo V, Raveloson A, Cot M. Lutte contre le paludisme dans le moyen-ouest de Madagascar : Comparaison de l’efficacité de la lambda-cyhalothrine et du DDT en aspersions intradomiciliaires. I. Etude entomologique. Parasite. 2001;8:309–16.CrossRef
13.
Kleinschmidt I, Sharp B, Benevente L, Schwabe C, Torrez M, Kuklinski J, et al. Reduction in infection with Plasmodium falciparum one year after the introduction of malaria control interventions on Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2006;74:972–8.CrossRef
14.
Sharp BL, Kleinschmidt I, Streat E, Maharaj R, Barnes KI, Durrheim DN, et al. Seven years of regional malaria control collaboration—Mozambique, South Africa and Swaziland. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2007;76:42–7.CrossRef
15.
Overgaard HJ, Reddy VP, Abaga S, Matias A, Reddy MR, Kulkarni V, et al. Malaria transmission after five years of vector control on Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea. Parasit Vectors. 2012;5:253.CrossRef
16.
Kigozi R, Baxi SM, Gasasira A, Sserwanga A, Kakeeto S, Nasr S, et al. Indoor residual spraying of insecticide and malaria morbidity in a high transmission intensity area of Uganda. PLoS ONE. 2012;7:e42857.CrossRef
17.
Gimnig JE, Otieno P, Were V, Marwanga D, Abong’o D, Wiegand R, et al. The effect of indoor residual spraying on the prevalence of malaria parasite infection, clinical malaria and anemia in an area of perennial transmission and moderate coverage of insecticide treated nets in Western Kenya. PLoS ONE. 2016;11:0145282.CrossRef
18.
Protopopoff N, Wright A, West PA, Tigererwa R, Mosha FW, Kisinza W, et al. Combination of insecticide treated nets and indoor residual spraying in Northern Tanzania provides additional reduction in vector population density and malaria transmission rates compared to insecticide treated nets alone: a randomised control trial. PLoS ONE. 2015;10:e0142671.CrossRef
19.
Chandre F, Manguin S, Brengues C, Dossou Yovo J, Darriet F, Diabate A, et al. Current distribution of pyrethroid resistance gene (kdr) in Anopheles gambiae complex from West Africa and further evidence for reproductive isolation of Mopti form. Parassitologia. 1999;41:319–22.PubMed
20.
Corbel V, N’Guessan R, Brengues C, Chandre F, Djogbenou L, Martin T, et al. Multiple insecticide resistance mechanisms in Anopheles gambiae and Culex quinquefasciatus from Benin, West Africa. Acta Trop. 2007;101:207–16.CrossRef
21.
Yadouleton A, Asidi A, Djouaka R, Braïma J, Agossou C, Akogbeto M. Development of vegetable farming. A cause of the emergence of insecticide resistance in populations of Anopheles gambiae in urban areas of Benin. Malar J. 2009;8:103.CrossRef
22.
Djogbenou L, Pasteur N, Bio-Bangana S, Baldet T, Irish SR, Akogbeto M, et al. Malaria vectors in the Republic of Benin: distribution of species and molecular forms of the Anopheles gambiae complex. Acta Trop. 2010;114:116–22.CrossRef
23.
Djegbe I, Boussari O, Sidick A, Martin T, Ranson H, Chandre F, et al. Dynamics of insecticide resistance in malaria vectors in Benin: first evidence of the presence of L1014S kdr mutation in Anopheles gambiae from West Africa. Malar J. 2011;10:261.CrossRef
24.
Sovi A, Djegbe I, Soumanou L, Tokponnon F, Gnanguenon V, Azondekon R, et al. Microdistribution of the resistance of malaria vectors to deltamethrin in the region of Plateau (southeastern Benin) in preparation for an assessment of the impact of resistance on the effectiveness of long lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs). BMC Infect Dis. 2014;14:103.CrossRef
25.
Aïzoun N, Aïkpon R, Gnanguenon V, Oussou O, Agossa F, Padonou GG, et al. Status of organophosphate and carbamate resistance in Anopheles gambiae sensu lato from the south and north Benin, West Africa. Parasit Vectors. 2013;6:274.CrossRef
26.
Aïkpon R, Agossa F, Ossè R, Oussou O, Aïzoun N, Oké-Agbo F, et al. Bendiocarb resistance in Anopheles gambiae s.l. populations from Atacora department in Benin, West Africa: a threat for malaria vector control. Parasit Vectors. 2013;6:192.CrossRef
27.
Gnanguenon V, Agossa FR, Badirou K, Govoetchan R, Anagonou R, Oke-Agbo F, et al. Malaria vectors resistance to insecticides in Benin: current trends and mechanisms involved. Parasit Vectors. 2015;8:223.CrossRef
28.
Cox J, Craig MH, Le Sueur D, Sharp BL. Mapping malaria risk in the highlands of Africa. Technical report. London/Durban: MARA/HIMAL; 1999.
29.
Kleinschmidt I, Sharp B, Mueller I, Vounatsou P. Rise in malaria incidence rates in South Africa: small area spatial analysis of variation in time trends. Am J Epidemiol. 2002;155:257–64.CrossRef
30.
Munga S, Yakob L, Mushinzimana E, Zhou G, Ouna T, Minakawa N, et al. Land use and land cover changes and spatiotemporal dynamics of Anopheline larval habitats during a four-year period in a highland community of Africa. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2009;81:1079–84.CrossRef
31.
Govoetchan R, Gnanguenon V, Azondékon R, Agossa RF, Sovi A, Oké-Agbo F, et al. Evidence for perennial malaria in rural and urban areas under the Sudanian climate of Kandi, Northeastern Benin. Parasit Vectors. 2014;7:79.CrossRef
32.
Kazembe LN, Kleinschmidt I, Holtz TH. Spatial analysis and mapping of malaria risk in Malawi using point-referenced prevalence of infection data. Int J Health Geograph. 2006;5:41.CrossRef
33.
Le Sueur D, Binka F, Lengeler C, de Savigny D, Snow B, Teuscher T, et al. An atlas of malaria in Africa. Afr Health. 1997;19:23–4.PubMed
34.
Carter R, Mendis KN, Roberts D. Spatial targeting of interventions against malaria. Bull World Health Organ. 2000;78:1401–11.PubMedPubMedCentral
35.
Killeen GF, Okumu FO, N’Guessan R, Coosemans M, Adeogun A, Awolola S, et al. The importance of considering community-level effects when selecting insecticidal malaria vector products. Parasit Vectors. 2011;4:160.CrossRef
36.
37.
38.
Ministère de la Santé. Annuaire des statistiques sanitaires 2016. Cotonou: Direction de la Programmation et de la Prospective; 2017.
39.
Gillies MT, De Meillon B. The Anophelinae of Africa south of the Sahara. South Afri Inst Med Res. 1968;54:1–343.
40.
Detinova TS, Gillies MT. Observations on the determination of the Age composition and epidemiological importance of populations of Anopheles gambiae Giles and Anopheles funestus Giles in Tanganyika. Bull World Health Organ. 1964;30:23–8.PubMedPubMedCentral
41.
Wirtz R, Zavala F, Charoenvit Y, Campbell G, Burkot T, Schneider I, et al. Comparative testing of monoclonal antibodies against Plasmodium falciparum sporozoites for ELISA development. Bull World Health Organ. 1987;65:39.PubMedPubMedCentral
42.
Rothman KJ. Epidemiology: an introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2012.
43.
Jewell NP. Statistics for epidemiology. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 2003.
44.
Fontenille D, Simard F. Unraveling complexities in human malaria transmission dynamics in Africa through a comprehensive knowledge of vectors populations. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis. 2004;27:357–75.CrossRef
45.
Akogbeto M, Di Deco M. Distribution of members of the Anopheles gambiae complex and their chromosomal variants in Benin and Togo, West Africa. Afr Zool. 1995;109:443–54.
46.
Kelly-Hope LA, Mckenzie FE. The multiplicity of malaria transmission: a review of entomological inoculation rate measurements and methods across sub-Saharan Africa. Malar J. 2009;8:19.CrossRef
47.
Gnanguenon V, Govoetchan R, Agossa FR, Osse R, Oke-Agbo F, Azondekon R, et al. Transmission patterns of Plasmodium falciparum by Anopheles gambiae in Benin. Malar J. 2014;13:444.CrossRef
48.
Aïkpon R, Osse R, Govoetchan R, Sovi A, Oke-Agbo F, Akogbeto MC. Entomological baseline data on malaria transmission and susceptibility of Anopheles gambiae to insecticides in preparation for indoor residual spraying (IRS) in Atacora, (Benin). J Parasitol Vector Biol. 2013;5:102–11.
49.
Akogbéto MC, Salako SA, Dagnon F, Aïkpon R, Kouletio M, Sovi A, et al. Blood feeding behaviour comparison and contribution of Anopheles coluzzii and Anopheles gambiae, two sibling species living in sympatry, to malaria transmission in Alibori and Donga region, northern Benin, West Africa. Malar J. 2018;17:307.CrossRef
50.
Darriet F. Moustiquaires imprégnées et résistance des moustiques aux insecticides. Paris: Éditions IRD; 2007.CrossRef
51.
Azondekon R, Gnanguenon V, Oke-Agbo F, Houevoessa S, Green M, Akogbeto M. A tracking tool for long-lasting insecticidal (mosquito) net intervention following a 2011 national distribution in Benin. Parasit Vectors. 2014;7:6.CrossRef
52.
Aïkpon R, Ossè R, Padonou G, Anagonou R, Salako A, Ahogni I, et al. Involvement of both Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles funestus (Diptera: Culicidae) in the perennial malaria transmission through a seasonal abondance in savannah area in Benin. Int J Mosq Res. 2017;4:107–12.
53.
Djènontin A, Bio-Bangana S, Moiroux N, Henry M-C, Bousari O, Chabi J, et al. Culicidae diversity, malaria transmission and insecticide resistance alleles in malaria vectors in Ouidah-Kpomasse-Tori district from Benin (West Africa): a preintervention study. Parasit Vectors. 2010;3:83.CrossRef
54.
Taylor KA, Koros JK, Nduati J, Copeland R, Collins FH, Brandling-Bennett AD. Plasmodium falciparum infection rates in Anopheles gambiae, An. arabiensis, and An. funestus in Western Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1990;43:124–9.CrossRef
55.
Thomson MC, D’Alessandro U, Bennett S, Connor SJ, Langerock P, Jawara M, et al. Malaria prevalence is inversely related to vector density in The Gambia, West Africa. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1994;88:638–43.CrossRef
56.
Snounou G, Pinheiro L, Gonçalves A, Fonseca L, Dias F, Brown KN, et al. The importance of sensitive detection of malaria parasites in the human and insect hosts in epidemiological studies, as shown by the analysis of field samples from Guinea Bissau. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1993;87:649–53.CrossRef
57.
Jaenson TG, Gomes MJ, Barreto dos Santos RC, Petrarca V, Fortini D, Evora J, et al. Control of endophagic Anopheles mosquitoes and human malaria in Guinea Bissau, West Africa by permethrin-treated bed nets. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1994;88:620–4.CrossRef
58.
Garrett-Jones C. Prognosis for interruption of malaria transmission through the assessment of mosquito vectorial capacity. Nature. 1964;204:1173–5.CrossRef
59.
Omukunda E, Githeko A, Ndong’a MF, Mushinzimana E, Atieli H, Wamae P. Malaria vector population dynamics in highland and lowland regions of western Kenya. J Vector Borne Dis. 2013;50:85–92.PubMed
60.
Sovi A, Govoétchan R, Tokponnon F, Hounkonnou H, Aïkpon R, Agossa F, et al. Impact of land-use on malaria transmission in the Plateau region, southeastern Benin. Parasit Vectors. 2013;6:352.CrossRef
61.
Omumbo JA, Guerra CA, Hay SI, Snow RW. The influence of urbanization on measures of Plasmodium falciparum infection prevalence in East Africa. Acta Trop. 2005;93:11–21.CrossRef
62.
Wang SJ, Lengeler C, Mtasiwa D, Mshana T, Manane L, Maro G, et al. Rapid urban malaria appraisal (RUMA) II: epidemiology of urban malaria in Dar es Salaam (Tanzania). Malar J. 2006;5:29.CrossRef
63.
Wang SJ, Lengeler C, Smith TA, Vounatsou P, Diadie DA, Pritroipa X, et al. Rapid urban malaria appraisal (RUMA) I: epidemiology of urban malaria in Ouagadougou. Malar J. 2006;4:43.CrossRef
64.
Pierrat C. Des moustiques et des hommes: les territoires du paludisme à Tori-Bossito (sud du Bénin). Thèse de Doctorat de Géographie, Université Paris I Panthéon-Sorbonne; 2010.
65.
Mouchet J, Carnevale P, Coosemans M, Fontenille D, Ravaonjanahary C, Richard A, Robert V. Typologie du paludisme en Afrique. Santé: Cahiers d'Etudes et de Recherches Francophones. 1993;3(4):220–38
Metadata
Title
Baseline entomologic data on malaria transmission in prelude to an indoor residual spraying intervention in the regions of Alibori and Donga, Northern Benin, West Africa
Authors
Albert S. Salako
Idelphonse Ahogni
Casimir Kpanou
Arthur Sovi
Roseric Azondekon
André A. Sominahouin
Filémon Tokponnon
Virgile Gnanguenon
Fortuné Dagnon
Laurent Iyikirenga
Martin C. Akogbeto
Publication date
01-12-2018
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
Malaria Journal / Issue 1/2018
Electronic ISSN: 1475-2875
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-018-2507-y

Other articles of this Issue 1/2018

Malaria Journal 1/2018 Go to the issue

Case report

Does it take three to tango? An unsuspected multimorbidity of CD8+ T cell lymphoproliferative disorder, malaria, and EBV infection

Research

‘To be honest, women do everything’: understanding roles of men and women in net care and repair in Southern Tanzania

Research

Exploring malaria vector diversity on the Amazon Frontier

Research

Detection of foci of residual malaria transmission through reactive case detection in Ethiopia

Research

Effect of individual and community-level bed net usage on malaria prevalence among under-fives in the Democratic Republic of Congo

Research

Microclimate variables of the ambient environment deliver the actual estimates of the extrinsic incubation period of Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum: a study from a malaria-endemic urban setting, Chennai in India

ACC 2024 Congress Coverage

Heart Failure Video

Year in Review: Heart failure and cardiomyopathies

Watch now

Watch this official video from ACC.24. Dr. Biykem Bozkurt discuss last year's major advances in heart failure and cardiomyopathies.

Semaglutide benefits people with type 2 diabetes and obesity-related heart failure

16-04-2024 Type 2 Diabetes News

Incentivised to exercise

11-04-2024 Lifestyle Modifications News

New intervention for STEMI-related cardiogenic shock

10-04-2024 Myocardial Infarction News

» View more highlights on the ACC 2024 congress hub page

Image Credits