Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress 2023 EHA Congress 2023 ASCO Annual Meeting
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

At a glance: The ONWARDS insulin icodec trials

A round-up of the ONWARDS phase 3 clinical trials evaluating the novel weekly insulin icodec in people with diabetes.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
Malaria Journal
Published in: Malaria Journal 1/2018

Open Access 01-12-2018 | Review

Plasmodium vivax in vitro continuous culture: the spoke in the wheel

Authors: Maritza Bermúdez, Darwin Andrés Moreno-Pérez, Gabriela Arévalo-Pinzón, Hernando Curtidor, Manuel Alfonso Patarroyo

Published in: Malaria Journal | Issue 1/2018

Login to get access

Abstract

Understanding the life cycle of Plasmodium vivax is fundamental for developing strategies aimed at controlling and eliminating this parasitic species. Although advances in omic sciences and high-throughput techniques in recent years have enabled the identification and characterization of proteins which might be participating in P. vivax invasion of target cells, exclusive parasite tropism for invading reticulocytes has become the main obstacle in maintaining a continuous culture for this species. Such advance that would help in defining each parasite protein’s function in the complex process of P. vivax invasion, in addition to evaluating new therapeutic agents, is still a dream. Advances related to maintenance, culture medium supplements and the use of different sources of reticulocytes and parasites (strains and isolates) have been made regarding the development of an in vitro culture for P. vivax; however, only some cultures having few replication cycles have been obtained to date, meaning that this parasite’s maintenance goes beyond the technical components involved. Although it is still not yet clear which molecular mechanisms P. vivax prefers for invading young CD71+ reticulocytes [early maturation stages (I–II–III)], changes related to membrane proteins remodelling of such cells could form part of the explanation. The most relevant aspects regarding P. vivax in vitro culture and host cell characteristics have been analysed in this review to explain possible reasons why the species’ continuous in vitro culture is so difficult to standardize. Some alternatives for P. vivax in vitro culture have also been described.
Literature
1.
Brackett RG, Cole GC, Green TJ, Jacobs RL. In vitro propagation of Plasmodium falciparum for merozoite antigens. Bull World Health Organ. 1979;57(Suppl 1):33–6.PubMedPubMedCentral
2.
Haynes JD, Diggs CL, Hines FA, Desjardins RE. Culture of human malaria parasites Plasmodium falciparum. Nature. 1976;263:767–9.CrossRefPubMed
3.
Trager W. A new method for intraerythrocytic cultivation of malaria parasites (Plasmodium coatneyi and P. falciparum). J Protozool. 1971;18:239–42.CrossRefPubMed
4.
5.
6.
WHO. World malaria report. Geneva. World Health Organization. 2015;2015:2–3.
7.
Golenda CF, Li J, Rosenberg R. Continuous in vitro propagation of the malaria parasite Plasmodium vivax. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1997;94:6786–91.CrossRefPubMed
8.
Larrouy G, Magnaval JF, Moro F. Obtaining intraerythrocytic forms of Plasmodium vivax by in vitro culture. C R Seances Acad Sci. 1981;III(292):929–30.
9.
Noulin F, Borlon C, van den Eede P, Boel L, Verfaillie CM, D’Alessandro U, Erhart A. Cryopreserved reticulocytes derived from hematopoietic stem cells can be invaded by cryopreserved Plasmodium vivax isolates. PLoS One. 2012;7:e40798.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
10.
Panichakul T, Sattabongkot J, Chotivanich K, Sirichaisinthop J, Cui L, Udomsangpetch R. Production of erythropoietic cells in vitro for continuous culture of Plasmodium vivax. Int J Parasitol. 2007;37:1551–7.CrossRefPubMed
11.
Russell B, Suwanarusk R, Borlon C, Costa FT, Chu CS, Rijken MJ, et al. A reliable ex vivo invasion assay of human reticulocytes by Plasmodium vivax. Blood. 2011;118:e74–81.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
12.
Udomsangpetch R, Somsri S, Panichakul T, Chotivanich K, Sirichaisinthop J, Yang Z, et al. Short-term in vitro culture of field isolates of Plasmodium vivax using umbilical cord blood. Parasitol Int. 2007;56:65–9.CrossRefPubMed
13.
Tantular IS, Pusarawati S, Khin L, Kanbe T, Kimura M, Kido Y, et al. Preservation of wild isolates of human malaria parasites in wet ice and adaptation efficacy to in vitro culture. Trop Med Health. 2012;40:37–45.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
14.
Roobsoong W, Tharinjaroen CS, Rachaphaew N, Chobson P, Schofield L, Cui L, et al. Improvement of culture conditions for long-term in vitro culture of Plasmodium vivax. Malar J. 2015;14:297.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
15.
Shaw-Saliba K, Thomson-Luque R, Obaldia N 3rd, Nunez M, Dutary S, Lim C, et al. Insights into an optimization of Plasmodium vivax Sal-1 in vitro culture: the Aotus primate model. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2016;10:e0004870.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
16.
Moreno-Perez DA, Ruiz JA, Patarroyo MA. Reticulocytes: Plasmodium vivax target cells. Biol Cell. 2013;105:251–60.CrossRefPubMed
17.
Furuya T, Sa JM, Chitnis CE, Wellems TE, Stedman TT. Reticulocytes from cryopreserved erythroblasts support Plasmodium vivax infection in vitro. Parasitol Int. 2014;63:278–84.CrossRefPubMed
18.
Borlon C, Russell B, Sriprawat K, Suwanarusk R, Erhart A, Renia L, et al. Cryopreserved Plasmodium vivax and cord blood reticulocytes can be used for invasion and short term culture. Int J Parasitol. 2012;42:155–60.CrossRefPubMed
19.
Acharya P, Pallavi R, Chandran S, Chakravarti H, Middha S, Acharya J, et al. A glimpse into the clinical proteome of human malaria parasites Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax. Proteomics Clin Appl. 2009;3:1314–25.CrossRefPubMed
20.
Bozdech Z, Mok S, Hu G, Imwong M, Jaidee A, Russell B, et al. The transcriptome of Plasmodium vivax reveals divergence and diversity of transcriptional regulation in malaria parasites. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2008;105:16290–5.CrossRefPubMed
21.
Carlton JM, Adams JH, Silva JC, Bidwell SL, Lorenzi H, Caler E, et al. Comparative genomics of the neglected human malaria parasite Plasmodium vivax. Nature. 2008;455:757–63.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
22.
Bozdech Z, Llinas M, Pulliam BL, Wong ED, Zhu J, DeRisi JL. The transcriptome of the intraerythrocytic developmental cycle of Plasmodium falciparum. PLoS Biol. 2003;1:E5.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
23.
Gardner MJ, Hall N, Fung E, White O, Berriman M, Hyman RW, et al. Genome sequence of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Nature. 2002;419:498–511.CrossRefPubMed
24.
Lasonder E, Ishihama Y, Andersen JS, Vermunt AM, Pain A, Sauerwein RW, et al. Analysis of the Plasmodium falciparum proteome by high-accuracy mass spectrometry. Nature. 2002;419:537–42.CrossRefPubMed
25.
26.
Wahlgren M, Goel S, Akhouri RR. Variant surface antigens of Plasmodium falciparum and their roles in severe malaria. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2017;15:479–91.CrossRefPubMed
27.
Weiss GE, Gilson PR, Taechalertpaisarn T, Tham WH, de Jong NW, Harvey KL, et al. Revealing the sequence and resulting cellular morphology of receptor-ligand interactions during Plasmodium falciparum invasion of erythrocytes. PLoS Pathog. 2015;11:e1004670.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
28.
29.
Cheng Y, Lu F, Tsuboi T, Han ET. Characterization of a novel merozoite surface protein of Plasmodium vivax, Pv41. Acta Trop. 2013;126:222–8.CrossRefPubMed
30.
Lee SK, Wang B, Han JH, Nyunt MH, Muh F, Chootong P, et al. Characterization of Pv92, a novel merozoite surface protein of Plasmodium vivax. Korean J Parasitol. 2016;54:385–91.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
31.
Li J, Ito D, Chen JH, Lu F, Cheng Y, Wang B, et al. Pv12, a 6-Cys antigen of Plasmodium vivax, is localized to the merozoite rhoptry. Parasitol Int. 2012;61:443–9.CrossRefPubMed
32.
Collins WE, Skinner JC, Pappaioanou M, Ma NS, Broderson JR, Sutton BB, et al. Infection of Aotus vociferans (karyotype V) monkeys with different strains of Plasmodium vivax. J Parasitol. 1987;73:536–40.CrossRefPubMed
33.
Pico de Coana Y, Rodriguez J, Guerrero E, Barrero C, Rodriguez R, Mendoza M, et al. A highly infective Plasmodium vivax strain adapted to Aotus monkeys: quantitative haematological and molecular determinations useful for P. vivax malaria vaccine development. Vaccine. 2003;21:3930–7.CrossRefPubMed
34.
Sullivan JS, Morris CL, Richardson BB, Galland GG, Jennings VM, Kendall J, et al. Adaptation of the AMRU-1 strain of Plasmodium vivax to Aotus and Saimiri monkeys and to four species of anopheline mosquitoes. J Parasitol. 1999;85:672–7.CrossRefPubMed
35.
Sullivan JS, Strobert E, Yang C, Morris CL, Galland GG, Richardson BB, et al. Adaptation of a strain of Plasmodium vivax from India to New World monkeys, chimpanzees, and anopheline mosquitoes. J Parasitol. 2001;87:1398–403.CrossRefPubMed
36.
Alam MS, Zeeshan M, Rathore S, Sharma YD. Multiple Plasmodium vivax proteins of Pv-fam-a family interact with human erythrocyte receptor Band 3 and have a role in red cell invasion. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2016;478:1211–6.CrossRefPubMed
37.
Rathore S, Dass S, Kandari D, Kaur I, Gupta M, Sharma YD. Basigin Interacts with Plasmodium vivax Tryptophan-rich Antigen PvTRAg38 as a second erythrocyte receptor to promote parasite growth. J Biol Chem. 2017;292:462–76.CrossRefPubMed
38.
Alam MS, Rathore S, Tyagi RK, Sharma YD. Host-parasite interaction: multiple sites in the Plasmodium vivax tryptophan-rich antigen PvTRAg38 interact with the erythrocyte receptor band 3. FEBS Lett. 2016;590:232–41.CrossRefPubMed
39.
Arevalo-Pinzon G, Bermudez M, Curtidor H, Patarroyo MA. The Plasmodium vivax rhoptry neck protein 5 is expressed in the apical pole of Plasmodium vivax VCG-1 strain schizonts and binds to human reticulocytes. Malar J. 2015;14:106.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
40.
Han JH, Lee SK, Wang B, Muh F, Nyunt MH, Na S, et al. Identification of a reticulocyte-specific binding domain of Plasmodium vivax reticulocyte-binding protein 1 that is homologous to the PfRh4 erythrocyte-binding domain. Sci Rep. 2016;6:26993.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
41.
Franca CT, He WQ, Gruszczyk J, Lim NT, Lin E, Kiniboro B, et al. Plasmodium vivax reticulocyte binding proteins are key targets of naturally acquired immunity in young Papua New Guinean children. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2016;10:e0005014.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
42.
Gruszczyk J, Kanjee U, Chan LJ, Menant S, Malleret B, Lim NTY, et al. Transferrin receptor 1 is a reticulocyte-specific receptor for Plasmodium vivax. Science. 2018;359:48–55.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
43.
Ntumngia FB, Thomson-Luque R, Torres Lde M, Gunalan K, Carvalho LH, Adams JH. A novel erythrocyte binding protein of Plasmodium vivax suggests an alternate invasion pathway into Duffy-positive reticulocytes. MBio. 2016;7:e01261.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
44.
Baquero LA, Moreno-Perez DA, Garzon-Ospina D, Forero-Rodriguez J, Ortiz-Suarez HD, Patarroyo MA. PvGAMA reticulocyte binding activity: predicting conserved functional regions by natural selection analysis. Parasit Vectors. 2017;10:251.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
45.
Moreno-Perez DA, Baquero LA, Chitiva-Ardila DM, Patarroyo MA. Characterising PvRBSA: an exclusive protein from Plasmodium species infecting reticulocytes. Parasit Vectors. 2017;10:243.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
46.
Batchelor JD, Malpede BM, Omattage NS, DeKoster GT, Henzler-Wildman KA, Tolia NH. Red blood cell invasion by Plasmodium vivax: structural basis for DBP engagement of DARC. PLoS Pathog. 2014;10:e1003869.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
47.
Ocampo M, Vera R, Eduardo Rodriguez L, Curtidor H, Urquiza M, Suarez J, et al. Plasmodium vivax Duffy binding protein peptides specifically bind to reticulocytes. Peptides. 2002;23:13–22.CrossRefPubMed
48.
Urquiza M, Patarroyo MA, Mari V, Ocampo M, Suarez J, Lopez R, et al. Identification and polymorphism of Plasmodium vivax RBP-1 peptides which bind specifically to reticulocytes. Peptides. 2002;23:2265–77.CrossRefPubMed
49.
Rodriguez LE, Urquiza M, Ocampo M, Curtidor H, Suarez J, Garcia J, et al. Plasmodium vivax MSP-1 peptides have high specific binding activity to human reticulocytes. Vaccine. 2002;20:1331–9.CrossRefPubMed
50.
Arevalo-Pinzon G, Bermudez M, Hernandez D, Curtidor H, Patarroyo MA. Plasmodium vivax ligand-receptor interaction: PvAMA-1 domain I contains the minimal regions for specific interaction with CD71+ reticulocytes. Sci Rep. 2017;7:9616.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
51.
Bermudez M, Arevalo-Pinzon G, Rubio L, Chaloin O, Muller S, Curtidor H, et al. Receptor-ligand and parasite protein-protein interactions in Plasmodium vivax: Analysing rhoptry neck proteins 2 and 4. Cell Microbiol. 2018:e12835.
52.
Craig CF. The estivo autumnal (Remittent) malarial fevers. Horace McFarland Company. 1901.
53.
54.
Thomson JG, Thomson D, Fantham HB. The cultivation of one generation of benign tertian malarial parasites (Plasmodium vivax) in vitro, by Bass’s method. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 1913;7:153–64.CrossRef
55.
Trager W, Jensen JB. Cultivation of erythrocytic stages. Bull World Health Organ. 1977;55:363–5.PubMed
56.
Lanners HN. Prolonged in vitro cultivation of Plasmodium vivax using Trager’s continuous-flow method. Parasitol Res. 1992;78:699–701.CrossRefPubMed
57.
Siddiqui W. In vitro cultivation of Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium malariae. Cambridge: Adacemic Press; 1979. p. 279–85.
58.
Brockelman CR, Tan-Ariya P, Laovanitch R. Observation on complete schizogony of Plasmodium vivax in vitro. J Protozool. 1985;32:76–80.CrossRefPubMed
59.
Brockelman C, Laovanitch R, Kaewkes S. Supportive effects of magnesium chloride on viability of Plasmodium vivax in vitro. J Sci Soc Thailand. 1984;10:109–18.CrossRef
60.
Mons B, Croon JJ, van der Star W, van der Kaay HJ. Erythrocytic schizogony and invasion of Plasmodium vivax in vitro. Int J Parasitol. 1988;18:307–11.CrossRefPubMed
61.
Mons B, Collins WE, Skinner JC, van der Star W, Croon JJ, van der Kaay HJ. Plasmodium vivax: in vitro growth and reinvasion in red blood cells of Aotus nancymai. Exp Parasitol. 1988;66:183–8.CrossRefPubMed
62.
Barnwell JW, Nichols ME, Rubinstein P. In vitro evaluation of the role of the Duffy blood group in erythrocyte invasion by Plasmodium vivax. J Exp Med. 1989;169:1795–802.CrossRefPubMed
63.
Sutar NK, Renapurkar DM. Effect of liver extract on growth of Plasmodium vivax in vitro. Indian J Exp Biol. 1991;29:286–7.PubMed
64.
Zhou WZ, Hu LQ. [Erythrocytic schizogony of Plasmodium vivax under various conditions of in vitro cultivation](in Chinese). Zhongguo Ji Sheng Chong Xue Yu Ji Sheng Chong Bing Za Zhi. 1991;9:258–60.PubMed
65.
Chotivanich K, Silamut K, Udomsangpetch R, Stepniewska KA, Pukrittayakamee S, Looareesuwan S, et al. Ex-vivo short-term culture and developmental assessment of Plasmodium vivax. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2001;95:677–80.CrossRefPubMed
66.
Fernandez-Becerra C, Lelievre J, Ferrer M, Anton N, Thomson R, Peligero C, et al. Red blood cells derived from peripheral blood and bone marrow CD34(+) human haematopoietic stem cells are permissive to Plasmodium parasites infection. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 2013;108:801–3.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
67.
Singh G, Urhekar AD, Singh R. In vitro cultivation of Plasmodium vivax using McCoy’s medium. Asian J Med Pharm Res. 2015;5:18–21.CrossRef
68.
Rangel GW, Clark MA, Kanjee U, Lim C, Shaw-Saliba K, Menezes MJ, et al. Enhanced ex vivo Plasmodium vivax intraerythrocytic enrichment and maturation for rapid and sensitive parasite growth assays. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2018;62:e02519.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
69.
Mehlotra RK, Blankenship D, Howes RE, Rakotomanga TA, Ramiranirina B, Ramboarina S, et al. Long-term in vitro culture of Plasmodium vivax isolates from Madagascar maintained in Saimiri boliviensis blood. Malar J. 2017;16:442.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
70.
Nichols ME, Rubinstein P, Barnwell J, de Cordoba RS, Rosenfield RE. A new human Duffy blood group specificity defined by a murine monoclonal antibody Immunogenetics and association with susceptibility to Plasmodium vivax. J Exp Med. 1987;166:776–85.CrossRefPubMed
71.
Pasvol G, Weatherall DJ, Wilson RJ. Effects of foetal haemoglobin on susceptibility of red cells to Plasmodium falciparum. Nature. 1977;270:171–3.CrossRefPubMed
72.
Pasvol G, Weatherall DJ, Wilson RJ, Smith DH, Gilles HM. Fetal haemoglobin and malaria. Lancet. 1976;1:1269–72.CrossRefPubMed
73.
Heilmeyer LWR. Reifungsstadien an Überlebenden Reticulozyten in vitro und ihre Bedeutung für die Schaetzung der täglichen Haemoglobin-Produktion in vivo. Ztschr Klin Med. 1932;121:361–79.
74.
75.
Wilson MC, Trakarnsanga K, Heesom KJ, Cogan N, Green C, Toye AM, et al. Comparison of the proteome of adult and cord erythroid cells, and changes in the proteome following reticulocyte maturation. Mol Cell Proteomics. 2016;15:1938–46.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
76.
Chu TTT, Sinha A, Malleret B, Suwanarusk R, Park JE, Naidu R, et al. Quantitative mass spectrometry of human reticulocytes reveal proteome-wide modifications during maturation. Br J Haematol. 2018;180:118–33.CrossRefPubMed
77.
Griffiths RE, Kupzig S, Cogan N, Mankelow TJ, Betin VM, Trakarnsanga K, et al. Maturing reticulocytes internalize plasma membrane in glycophorin A-containing vesicles that fuse with autophagosomes before exocytosis. Blood. 2012;119:6296–306.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
78.
Koury MJ, Koury ST, Kopsombut P, Bondurant MC. In vitro maturation of nascent reticulocytes to erythrocytes. Blood. 2005;105:2168–74.CrossRefPubMed
79.
Malleret B, Li A, Zhang R, Tan KS, Suwanarusk R, Claser C, et al. Plasmodium vivax: restricted tropism and rapid remodeling of CD71-positive reticulocytes. Blood. 2015;125:1314–24.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
80.
Vryonis G. Observations on the parasitization of erythrocytes by Plasmodium vivax, with special reference to reticulocytes. Am J Epidemiol. 1939;30:41–8.CrossRef
81.
82.
Ovchynnikova E, Aglialoro F, Bentlage AEH, Vidarsson G, Salinas ND, von Lindern M, et al. DARC extracellular domain remodeling in maturating reticulocytes explains Plasmodium vivax tropism. Blood. 2017;130:1441–4.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
83.
Martin-Jaular L, Elizalde-Torrent A, Thomson-Luque R, Ferrer M, Segovia JC, Herreros-Aviles E, et al. Reticulocyte-prone malaria parasites predominantly invade CD71hi immature cells: implications for the development of an in vitro culture for Plasmodium vivax. Malar J. 2013;12:434.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
84.
King CL, Adams JH, Xianli J, Grimberg BT, McHenry AM, Greenberg LJ, et al. Fy(a)/Fy(b) antigen polymorphism in human erythrocyte Duffy antigen affects susceptibility to Plasmodium vivax malaria. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2011;108:20113–8.CrossRefPubMed
85.
Gunalan K, Lo E, Hostetler JB, Yewhalaw D, Mu J, Neafsey DE, et al. Role of Plasmodium vivax Duffy-binding protein 1 in invasion of Duffy-null Africans. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2016;113:6271–6.CrossRefPubMed
86.
Dubin IN. Bodies suggesting exoerythrocytic forms of Plasmodium vivax in tissue culture. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1947;65:154–6.CrossRefPubMed
87.
Devi C, Pillai C, Subbarao S, Dwivedi SC. Short term in vitro cultivation of erythrocytic stages of Plasmodium vivax. J Parasit Dis. 2000;24:61–6.
Metadata
Title
Plasmodium vivax in vitro continuous culture: the spoke in the wheel
Authors
Maritza Bermúdez
Darwin Andrés Moreno-Pérez
Gabriela Arévalo-Pinzón
Hernando Curtidor
Manuel Alfonso Patarroyo
Publication date
01-12-2018
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
Malaria Journal / Issue 1/2018
Electronic ISSN: 1475-2875
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-018-2456-5

Other articles of this Issue 1/2018

Malaria Journal 1/2018 Go to the issue

Research

Genetic variants of RNASE3 (ECP) and susceptibility to severe malaria in Senegalese population

Research

Ready for malaria elimination: zero indigenous case reported in the People’s Republic of China

Correction

Correction to: Emergence of knock-down resistance in the Anopheles gambiae complex in the Upper River Region, The Gambia, and its relationship with malaria infection in children

Research

Anopheles arabiensis in Sudan: a noticeable tolerance to urban polluted larval habitats associated with resistance to Temephos

Research

In vitro evaluation of chloroquine-loaded and heparin surface-functionalized solid lipid nanoparticles

Research

Spatial distribution and determinants of asymptomatic malaria risk among children under 5 years in 24 districts in Burkina Faso

ACC 2024 Congress Coverage

Heart Failure Video

Year in Review: Heart failure and cardiomyopathies

Watch now

Watch this official video from ACC.24. Dr. Biykem Bozkurt discuss last year's major advances in heart failure and cardiomyopathies.

Semaglutide benefits people with type 2 diabetes and obesity-related heart failure

16-04-2024 Type 2 Diabetes News

Incentivised to exercise

11-04-2024 Lifestyle Modifications News

New intervention for STEMI-related cardiogenic shock

10-04-2024 Myocardial Infarction News

» View more highlights on the ACC 2024 congress hub page

Image Credits