Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Cancer Cell International 1/2015

Open Access 01-12-2015 | Review

Resistance to cancer chemotherapy: failure in drug response from ADME to P-gp

Authors: Khalid O Alfarouk, Christian-Martin Stock, Sophie Taylor, Megan Walsh, Abdel Khalig Muddathir, Daniel Verduzco, Adil H H Bashir, Osama Y Mohammed, Gamal O Elhassan, Salvador Harguindey, Stephan J Reshkin, Muntaser E Ibrahim, Cyril Rauch

Published in: Cancer Cell International | Issue 1/2015

Login to get access

Abstract

Cancer chemotherapy resistance (MDR) is the innate and/or acquired ability of cancer cells to evade the effects of chemotherapeutics and is one of the most pressing major dilemmas in cancer therapy. Chemotherapy resistance can arise due to several host or tumor-related factors. However, most current research is focused on tumor-specific factors and specifically genes that handle expression of pumps that efflux accumulated drugs inside malignantly transformed types of cells. In this work, we suggest a wider and alternative perspective that sets the stage for a future platform in modifying drug resistance with respect to the treatment of cancer.
Literature
1.
go back to reference Siegel R, Ma J, Zou Z, Jemal A (2014) Cancer statistics, 2014. CA Cancer J Clin 64:9–29PubMed Siegel R, Ma J, Zou Z, Jemal A (2014) Cancer statistics, 2014. CA Cancer J Clin 64:9–29PubMed
2.
go back to reference Gatenby RA (2009) A change of strategy in the war on cancer. Nature 459:508–509PubMed Gatenby RA (2009) A change of strategy in the war on cancer. Nature 459:508–509PubMed
3.
go back to reference Harguindey S, Orive G, Luis Pedraz J, Paradiso A, Reshkin SJ (2005) The role of pH dynamics and the Na+/H+ antiporter in the etiopathogenesis and treatment of cancer. Two faces of the same coin–one single nature. Biochim Biophys Acta 1756:1–24PubMed Harguindey S, Orive G, Luis Pedraz J, Paradiso A, Reshkin SJ (2005) The role of pH dynamics and the Na+/H+ antiporter in the etiopathogenesis and treatment of cancer. Two faces of the same coin–one single nature. Biochim Biophys Acta 1756:1–24PubMed
4.
go back to reference Undevia SD, Gomez-Abuin G, Ratain MJ (2005) Pharmacokinetic variability of anticancer agents. Nat Rev Cancer 5:447–458PubMed Undevia SD, Gomez-Abuin G, Ratain MJ (2005) Pharmacokinetic variability of anticancer agents. Nat Rev Cancer 5:447–458PubMed
5.
go back to reference Paxton JW (1986) The effect of food on the bioavailability and kinetics of the anticancer drug amsacrine and a new analogue, N-5-dimethyl-9-[(2-methoxy-4-methylsulphonylamino)phenylamino]-4 acridinecarboxamide in rabbits. J Pharm Pharmacol 38:837–840PubMed Paxton JW (1986) The effect of food on the bioavailability and kinetics of the anticancer drug amsacrine and a new analogue, N-5-dimethyl-9-[(2-methoxy-4-methylsulphonylamino)phenylamino]-4 acridinecarboxamide in rabbits. J Pharm Pharmacol 38:837–840PubMed
6.
go back to reference McLeod HL, Evans WE (1999) Oral cancer chemotherapy: the promise and the pitfalls. Clin Cancer Res 5:2669–2671PubMed McLeod HL, Evans WE (1999) Oral cancer chemotherapy: the promise and the pitfalls. Clin Cancer Res 5:2669–2671PubMed
7.
go back to reference DeMario MD, Ratain MJ (1998) Oral chemotherapy: rationale and future directions. J Clin Oncol 16:2557–2567PubMed DeMario MD, Ratain MJ (1998) Oral chemotherapy: rationale and future directions. J Clin Oncol 16:2557–2567PubMed
8.
go back to reference Fujiwara Y (1999) Current status of oral anticancer drugs in Japan. J Clin Oncol 17:3362–3365PubMed Fujiwara Y (1999) Current status of oral anticancer drugs in Japan. J Clin Oncol 17:3362–3365PubMed
9.
go back to reference Sharma S (2001) Patient selection for oral chemotherapy. Oncology (Williston Park) 15(1 Suppl 2):33–35 Sharma S (2001) Patient selection for oral chemotherapy. Oncology (Williston Park) 15(1 Suppl 2):33–35
10.
go back to reference Thörn M, Finnström N, Lundgren S, Rane A, Lööf L (2005) Cytochromes P450 and MDR1 mRNA expression along the human gastrointestinal tract. Br J Clin Pharmacol 60:54–60PubMedCentralPubMed Thörn M, Finnström N, Lundgren S, Rane A, Lööf L (2005) Cytochromes P450 and MDR1 mRNA expression along the human gastrointestinal tract. Br J Clin Pharmacol 60:54–60PubMedCentralPubMed
11.
go back to reference Wacher VJ, Salphati L, Benet LZ (2001) Active secretion and enterocytic drug metabolism barriers to drug absorption. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 46:89–102PubMed Wacher VJ, Salphati L, Benet LZ (2001) Active secretion and enterocytic drug metabolism barriers to drug absorption. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 46:89–102PubMed
12.
go back to reference Sparreboom A, van Asperen J, Mayer U, Schinkel AH, Smit JW, Meijer DKF et al (1997) Limited oral bioavailability and active epithelial excretion of paclitaxel (Taxol) caused by P-glycoprotein in the intestine. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94:2031–2035PubMedCentralPubMed Sparreboom A, van Asperen J, Mayer U, Schinkel AH, Smit JW, Meijer DKF et al (1997) Limited oral bioavailability and active epithelial excretion of paclitaxel (Taxol) caused by P-glycoprotein in the intestine. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94:2031–2035PubMedCentralPubMed
13.
go back to reference Burger H, Nooter K (2004) Pharmacokinetic resistance to imatinib mesylate: role of the ABC drug pumps ABCG2 (BCRP) and ABCB1 (MDR1) in the oral bioavailability of imatinib. Cell Cycle 3:1502–1505PubMed Burger H, Nooter K (2004) Pharmacokinetic resistance to imatinib mesylate: role of the ABC drug pumps ABCG2 (BCRP) and ABCB1 (MDR1) in the oral bioavailability of imatinib. Cell Cycle 3:1502–1505PubMed
14.
go back to reference Dietrich CG, Geier A, Oude Elferink RPJ (2003) ABC of oral bioavailability: transporters as gatekeepers in the gut. Gut 52:1788–1795PubMedCentralPubMed Dietrich CG, Geier A, Oude Elferink RPJ (2003) ABC of oral bioavailability: transporters as gatekeepers in the gut. Gut 52:1788–1795PubMedCentralPubMed
15.
go back to reference Cascorbi I, Gerloff T, Johne A, Meisel C, Hoffmeyer S, Schwab M et al (2001) Frequency of single nucleotide polymorphisms in the P-glycoprotein drug transporter MDR1 gene in white subjects. Clin Pharmacol Ther 69:169–174PubMed Cascorbi I, Gerloff T, Johne A, Meisel C, Hoffmeyer S, Schwab M et al (2001) Frequency of single nucleotide polymorphisms in the P-glycoprotein drug transporter MDR1 gene in white subjects. Clin Pharmacol Ther 69:169–174PubMed
16.
go back to reference Ling J, Fettner S, Lum BL, Riek M, Rakhit A (2008) Effect of food on the pharmacokinetics of erlotinib, an orally active epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine-kinase inhibitor, in healthy individuals. Anticancer Drugs 19:209–216PubMed Ling J, Fettner S, Lum BL, Riek M, Rakhit A (2008) Effect of food on the pharmacokinetics of erlotinib, an orally active epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine-kinase inhibitor, in healthy individuals. Anticancer Drugs 19:209–216PubMed
17.
go back to reference Jain RK, Brar SS, Lesko LJ (2010) Food and oral antineoplastics: more than meets the eye. Clin Cancer Res 16:4305–4307PubMed Jain RK, Brar SS, Lesko LJ (2010) Food and oral antineoplastics: more than meets the eye. Clin Cancer Res 16:4305–4307PubMed
18.
go back to reference Kang SP, Ratain MJ (2010) Inconsistent labeling of food effect for oral agents across therapeutic areas: differences between oncology and non-oncology products. Clin Cancer Res 16:4446–4451PubMedCentralPubMed Kang SP, Ratain MJ (2010) Inconsistent labeling of food effect for oral agents across therapeutic areas: differences between oncology and non-oncology products. Clin Cancer Res 16:4446–4451PubMedCentralPubMed
19.
go back to reference Herben VM, Rosing H, ten Bokkel Huinink WW, van Zomeren DM, Batchelor D, Doyle E (1999) Oral topotecan: bioavailablity and effect of food co-administration. Br J Cancer 80:1380–1386PubMedCentralPubMed Herben VM, Rosing H, ten Bokkel Huinink WW, van Zomeren DM, Batchelor D, Doyle E (1999) Oral topotecan: bioavailablity and effect of food co-administration. Br J Cancer 80:1380–1386PubMedCentralPubMed
20.
go back to reference Kivistö KT, Niemi M, Fromm MF (2004) Functional interaction of intestinal CYP3A4 and P-glycoprotein. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 18:621–626PubMed Kivistö KT, Niemi M, Fromm MF (2004) Functional interaction of intestinal CYP3A4 and P-glycoprotein. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 18:621–626PubMed
21.
go back to reference He K, Iyer KR, Hayes RN, Sinz MW, Woolf TF, Hollenberg PF (1998) Inactivation of cytochrome P450 3A4 by bergamottin, a component of grapefruit juice. Chem Res Toxicol 11:252–259PubMed He K, Iyer KR, Hayes RN, Sinz MW, Woolf TF, Hollenberg PF (1998) Inactivation of cytochrome P450 3A4 by bergamottin, a component of grapefruit juice. Chem Res Toxicol 11:252–259PubMed
22.
go back to reference Fujita K (2004) Food-drug interactions via human cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A). Drug Metabol Drug Interact 20:195–217PubMed Fujita K (2004) Food-drug interactions via human cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A). Drug Metabol Drug Interact 20:195–217PubMed
23.
go back to reference Singh BN, Malhotra BK (2004) Effects of food on the clinical pharmacokinetics of anticancer agents: underlying mechanisms and implications for oral chemotherapy. Clin Pharmacokinet 43:1127–1156PubMed Singh BN, Malhotra BK (2004) Effects of food on the clinical pharmacokinetics of anticancer agents: underlying mechanisms and implications for oral chemotherapy. Clin Pharmacokinet 43:1127–1156PubMed
24.
go back to reference Ruggiero A, Cefalo MG, Coccia P, Mastrangelo S, Maurizi P, Riccardi R (2012) The role of diet on the clinical pharmacology of oral antineoplastic agents. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 68:115–122PubMed Ruggiero A, Cefalo MG, Coccia P, Mastrangelo S, Maurizi P, Riccardi R (2012) The role of diet on the clinical pharmacology of oral antineoplastic agents. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 68:115–122PubMed
25.
go back to reference Wilson K (1984) Sex-related differences in drug disposition in man. Clin Pharmacokinet 9:189–202PubMed Wilson K (1984) Sex-related differences in drug disposition in man. Clin Pharmacokinet 9:189–202PubMed
26.
go back to reference Pleym H, Spigset O, Kharasch ED, Dale O (2003) Gender differences in drug effects: implications for anesthesiologists. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 47:241–259PubMed Pleym H, Spigset O, Kharasch ED, Dale O (2003) Gender differences in drug effects: implications for anesthesiologists. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 47:241–259PubMed
27.
go back to reference Alfarouk KO, Shayoub MEAA, Muddathir AK, Elhassan GO, Bashir AHHH (2011) Evolution of tumor metabolism might reflect carcinogenesis as a reverse evolution process (dismantling of multicellularity). Cancers (Basel) 3:3002–3017 Alfarouk KO, Shayoub MEAA, Muddathir AK, Elhassan GO, Bashir AHHH (2011) Evolution of tumor metabolism might reflect carcinogenesis as a reverse evolution process (dismantling of multicellularity). Cancers (Basel) 3:3002–3017
28.
29.
go back to reference Beierle I, Meibohm B, Derendorf H (1999) Gender differences in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 37:529–547PubMed Beierle I, Meibohm B, Derendorf H (1999) Gender differences in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 37:529–547PubMed
30.
go back to reference Hanley MJ, Abernethy DR, Greenblatt DJ (2010) Effect of obesity on the pharmacokinetics of drugs in humans. Clin Pharmacokinet 49:71–87PubMed Hanley MJ, Abernethy DR, Greenblatt DJ (2010) Effect of obesity on the pharmacokinetics of drugs in humans. Clin Pharmacokinet 49:71–87PubMed
31.
go back to reference Theologides A (1977) Nutritional management of the patient with advanced cancer. Postgrad Med 61:97–101PubMed Theologides A (1977) Nutritional management of the patient with advanced cancer. Postgrad Med 61:97–101PubMed
32.
go back to reference Fearon KC (1992) The Sir David Cuthbertson Medal Lecture 1991. The mechanisms and treatment of weight loss in cancer. Proc Nutr Soc 51:251–265PubMed Fearon KC (1992) The Sir David Cuthbertson Medal Lecture 1991. The mechanisms and treatment of weight loss in cancer. Proc Nutr Soc 51:251–265PubMed
33.
go back to reference Fearon KC, Voss AC, Hustead DS (2006) Definition of cancer cachexia: effect of weight loss, reduced food intake, and systemic inflammation on functional status and prognosis. Am J Clin Nutr 83:1345–1350PubMed Fearon KC, Voss AC, Hustead DS (2006) Definition of cancer cachexia: effect of weight loss, reduced food intake, and systemic inflammation on functional status and prognosis. Am J Clin Nutr 83:1345–1350PubMed
34.
go back to reference Powis G, Reece P, Ahmann DL, Ingle JN (1987) Effect of body weight on the pharmacokinetics of cyclophosphamide in breast cancer patients. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 20:219–222PubMed Powis G, Reece P, Ahmann DL, Ingle JN (1987) Effect of body weight on the pharmacokinetics of cyclophosphamide in breast cancer patients. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 20:219–222PubMed
35.
go back to reference Felici A, Verweij J, Sparreboom A (2002) Dosing strategies for anticancer drugs: the good, the bad and body-surface area. Eur J Cancer 38:1677–1684PubMed Felici A, Verweij J, Sparreboom A (2002) Dosing strategies for anticancer drugs: the good, the bad and body-surface area. Eur J Cancer 38:1677–1684PubMed
36.
go back to reference Tillement JP, Zini R, d’ Athis P, Vassent G (1974) Binding of certain acidic drugs to human albumin: theoretical and practical estimation of fundamental parameters. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 7:307–313PubMed Tillement JP, Zini R, d’ Athis P, Vassent G (1974) Binding of certain acidic drugs to human albumin: theoretical and practical estimation of fundamental parameters. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 7:307–313PubMed
37.
go back to reference Ruiz-Cabello F, Erill S (1984) Abnormal serum protein binding of acidic drugs in diabetes mellitus. Clin Pharmacol Ther 36:691–695PubMed Ruiz-Cabello F, Erill S (1984) Abnormal serum protein binding of acidic drugs in diabetes mellitus. Clin Pharmacol Ther 36:691–695PubMed
39.
go back to reference Goldwasser P, Feldman J (1997) Association of serum albumin and mortality risk. J Clin Epidemiol 50:693–703PubMed Goldwasser P, Feldman J (1997) Association of serum albumin and mortality risk. J Clin Epidemiol 50:693–703PubMed
40.
go back to reference Lis CG, Grutsch JF, Vashi PG, Lammersfeld CA (2003) Is serum albumin an independent predictor of survival in patients with breast cancer? JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 27:10–15PubMed Lis CG, Grutsch JF, Vashi PG, Lammersfeld CA (2003) Is serum albumin an independent predictor of survival in patients with breast cancer? JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 27:10–15PubMed
41.
go back to reference Grimm G, Haslacher H, Kampitsch T, Endler G, Marsik C, Schickbauer T et al (2009) Sex differences in the association between albumin and all-cause and vascular mortality. Eur J Clin Invest 39:860–865PubMed Grimm G, Haslacher H, Kampitsch T, Endler G, Marsik C, Schickbauer T et al (2009) Sex differences in the association between albumin and all-cause and vascular mortality. Eur J Clin Invest 39:860–865PubMed
42.
go back to reference Liu B, Earl HM, Poole CJ, Dunn J, Kerr DJ (1995) Etoposide protein binding in cancer patients. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 36:506–512PubMed Liu B, Earl HM, Poole CJ, Dunn J, Kerr DJ (1995) Etoposide protein binding in cancer patients. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 36:506–512PubMed
43.
go back to reference Liliemark E, Söderhäll S, Sirzea F, Gruber A, Osby E, Björkholm M et al (1996) Higher in vivo protein binding of etoposide in children compared with adult cancer patients. Cancer Lett 106:97–100PubMed Liliemark E, Söderhäll S, Sirzea F, Gruber A, Osby E, Björkholm M et al (1996) Higher in vivo protein binding of etoposide in children compared with adult cancer patients. Cancer Lett 106:97–100PubMed
44.
go back to reference Gambacorti-Passerini C, Zucchetti M, Russo D, Frapolli R, Verga M, Bungaro S et al (2003) Alpha1 acid glycoprotein binds to imatinib (STI571) and substantially alters its pharmacokinetics in chronic myeloid leukemia patients. Clin Cancer Res 9:625–632PubMed Gambacorti-Passerini C, Zucchetti M, Russo D, Frapolli R, Verga M, Bungaro S et al (2003) Alpha1 acid glycoprotein binds to imatinib (STI571) and substantially alters its pharmacokinetics in chronic myeloid leukemia patients. Clin Cancer Res 9:625–632PubMed
45.
go back to reference Li J, Brahmer J, Messersmith W, Hidalgo M, Baker SD (2006) Binding of gefitinib, an inhibitor of epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase, to plasma proteins and blood cells: in vitro and in cancer patients. Invest New Drugs 24:291–297PubMed Li J, Brahmer J, Messersmith W, Hidalgo M, Baker SD (2006) Binding of gefitinib, an inhibitor of epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase, to plasma proteins and blood cells: in vitro and in cancer patients. Invest New Drugs 24:291–297PubMed
46.
go back to reference Wu J, Lorusso PM, Matherly LH, Li J (2012) Implications of plasma protein binding for pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the γ-secretase inhibitor RO4929097. Clin Cancer Res 18:2066–2079PubMed Wu J, Lorusso PM, Matherly LH, Li J (2012) Implications of plasma protein binding for pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the γ-secretase inhibitor RO4929097. Clin Cancer Res 18:2066–2079PubMed
47.
go back to reference Levi F, Schibler U (2007) Circadian rhythms: mechanisms and therapeutic implications. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 47:593–628PubMed Levi F, Schibler U (2007) Circadian rhythms: mechanisms and therapeutic implications. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 47:593–628PubMed
48.
go back to reference Sukumaran S, Almon RR, DuBois DC, Jusko WJ (2010) Circadian rhythms in gene expression: relationship to physiology, disease, drug disposition and drug action. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 62:904–917PubMedCentralPubMed Sukumaran S, Almon RR, DuBois DC, Jusko WJ (2010) Circadian rhythms in gene expression: relationship to physiology, disease, drug disposition and drug action. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 62:904–917PubMedCentralPubMed
49.
go back to reference Takahashi JS, Hong H-K, Ko CH, McDearmon EL (2008) The genetics of mammalian circadian order and disorder: implications for physiology and disease. Nat Rev Genet 9:764–775PubMedCentralPubMed Takahashi JS, Hong H-K, Ko CH, McDearmon EL (2008) The genetics of mammalian circadian order and disorder: implications for physiology and disease. Nat Rev Genet 9:764–775PubMedCentralPubMed
51.
go back to reference Straub RH, Cutolo M (2007) Circadian rhythms in rheumatoid arthritis: implications for pathophysiology and therapeutic management. Arthritis Rheum 56:399–408PubMed Straub RH, Cutolo M (2007) Circadian rhythms in rheumatoid arthritis: implications for pathophysiology and therapeutic management. Arthritis Rheum 56:399–408PubMed
52.
go back to reference Lévi F, Okyar A, Dulong S, Innominato PF, Clairambault J (2010) Circadian timing in cancer treatments. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 50:377–421PubMed Lévi F, Okyar A, Dulong S, Innominato PF, Clairambault J (2010) Circadian timing in cancer treatments. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 50:377–421PubMed
53.
go back to reference Prémaud A, Rousseau A, Gicquel M, Ragot S, Manceau J, Laurentie M et al (2002) An animal model for the study of chronopharmacokinetics of drugs and application to methotrexate and vinorelbine. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 183:189–197PubMed Prémaud A, Rousseau A, Gicquel M, Ragot S, Manceau J, Laurentie M et al (2002) An animal model for the study of chronopharmacokinetics of drugs and application to methotrexate and vinorelbine. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 183:189–197PubMed
54.
go back to reference Baraldo M (2008) The influence of circadian rhythms on the kinetics of drugs in humans. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 4:175–192PubMed Baraldo M (2008) The influence of circadian rhythms on the kinetics of drugs in humans. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 4:175–192PubMed
55.
go back to reference Erkekoglu P, Baydar T (2012) Chronopharmacokinetics of drugs in toxicological aspects: a short review for pharmacy practitioners. J Res Pharm Pract 1:3–9PubMedCentralPubMed Erkekoglu P, Baydar T (2012) Chronopharmacokinetics of drugs in toxicological aspects: a short review for pharmacy practitioners. J Res Pharm Pract 1:3–9PubMedCentralPubMed
56.
go back to reference Touitou Y, Touitou C, Bogdan A, Reinberg A, Auzeby A, Beck H et al (1986) Differences between young and elderly subjects in seasonal and circadian variations of total plasma proteins and blood volume as reflected by hemoglobin, hematocrit, and erythrocyte counts. Clin Chem 32:801–804PubMed Touitou Y, Touitou C, Bogdan A, Reinberg A, Auzeby A, Beck H et al (1986) Differences between young and elderly subjects in seasonal and circadian variations of total plasma proteins and blood volume as reflected by hemoglobin, hematocrit, and erythrocyte counts. Clin Chem 32:801–804PubMed
57.
go back to reference Bruguerolle B, Arnaud C, Levi F, Focan C, Touitou Y, Bouvenot G (1989) Physiopathological alterations of alpha 1 acid glycoprotein temporal variations: implications for chronopharmacology. Prog Clin Biol Res 300:199–214PubMed Bruguerolle B, Arnaud C, Levi F, Focan C, Touitou Y, Bouvenot G (1989) Physiopathological alterations of alpha 1 acid glycoprotein temporal variations: implications for chronopharmacology. Prog Clin Biol Res 300:199–214PubMed
58.
go back to reference Hecquet B, Meynadier J, Bonneterre J, Adenis L, Demaille A (1985) Time dependency in plasmatic protein binding of cisplatin. Cancer Treat Rep 69:79–83PubMed Hecquet B, Meynadier J, Bonneterre J, Adenis L, Demaille A (1985) Time dependency in plasmatic protein binding of cisplatin. Cancer Treat Rep 69:79–83PubMed
59.
go back to reference Hecquet B, Sucche M (1986) Theoretical study of the influence of the circadian rhythm of plasma protein binding on cisplatin area under the curve. J Pharmacokinet Biopharm 14:79–93PubMed Hecquet B, Sucche M (1986) Theoretical study of the influence of the circadian rhythm of plasma protein binding on cisplatin area under the curve. J Pharmacokinet Biopharm 14:79–93PubMed
60.
go back to reference Lévi F (2006) Chronotherapeutics: the relevance of timing in cancer therapy. Cancer Causes Control 17:611–621PubMed Lévi F (2006) Chronotherapeutics: the relevance of timing in cancer therapy. Cancer Causes Control 17:611–621PubMed
61.
go back to reference Guengerich FP (2007) Mechanisms of cytochrome P450 substrate oxidation: MiniReview. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 21:163–168PubMed Guengerich FP (2007) Mechanisms of cytochrome P450 substrate oxidation: MiniReview. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 21:163–168PubMed
62.
go back to reference Guengerich FP (2008) Cytochrome p450 and chemical toxicology. Chem Res Toxicol 21:70–83PubMed Guengerich FP (2008) Cytochrome p450 and chemical toxicology. Chem Res Toxicol 21:70–83PubMed
63.
go back to reference Jancova P, Anzenbacher P, Anzenbacherova E (2010) Phase II drug metabolizing enzymes. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub 154:103–116PubMed Jancova P, Anzenbacher P, Anzenbacherova E (2010) Phase II drug metabolizing enzymes. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub 154:103–116PubMed
64.
go back to reference Gonzalez FJ (2006) Goodman and Gilman’s Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. In: Brunton LLLL, Lazo JS (eds) The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc‎, New York, pp ‎71–92‎ Gonzalez FJ (2006) Goodman and Gilman’s Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. In: Brunton LLLL, Lazo JS (eds) The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc‎, New York, pp ‎71–92‎
65.
go back to reference Rooseboom M, Commandeur JNM, Vermeulen NPE (2004) Enzyme-catalyzed activation of anticancer prodrugs. Pharmacol Rev 56:53–102PubMed Rooseboom M, Commandeur JNM, Vermeulen NPE (2004) Enzyme-catalyzed activation of anticancer prodrugs. Pharmacol Rev 56:53–102PubMed
66.
go back to reference Akhdar H, Legendre C, Caroline Aninat FM (2012) Topics on drug metabolism‎. In: Paxton J (ed) INTECH, pp ‎137–170‎ Akhdar H, Legendre C, Caroline Aninat FM (2012) Topics on drug metabolism‎. In: Paxton J (ed) INTECH, pp ‎137–170‎
67.
go back to reference McFadyen MCE, Melvin WT, Murray GI (2004) Cytochrome P450 enzymes: novel options for cancer therapeutics. Mol Cancer Ther 3:363–371PubMed McFadyen MCE, Melvin WT, Murray GI (2004) Cytochrome P450 enzymes: novel options for cancer therapeutics. Mol Cancer Ther 3:363–371PubMed
68.
go back to reference Rodriguez-Antona C, Ingelman-Sundberg M (2006) Cytochrome P450 pharmacogenetics and cancer. Oncogene 25:1679–1691PubMed Rodriguez-Antona C, Ingelman-Sundberg M (2006) Cytochrome P450 pharmacogenetics and cancer. Oncogene 25:1679–1691PubMed
69.
go back to reference Lin JH, Lu AY (2001) Interindividual variability in inhibition and induction of cytochrome P450 enzymes. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 41:535–567PubMed Lin JH, Lu AY (2001) Interindividual variability in inhibition and induction of cytochrome P450 enzymes. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 41:535–567PubMed
70.
go back to reference Ingelman-Sundberg M, Sim SC, Gomez A, Rodriguez-Antona C (2007) Influence of cytochrome P450 polymorphisms on drug therapies: pharmacogenetic, pharmacoepigenetic and clinical aspects. Pharmacol Ther 116:496–526PubMed Ingelman-Sundberg M, Sim SC, Gomez A, Rodriguez-Antona C (2007) Influence of cytochrome P450 polymorphisms on drug therapies: pharmacogenetic, pharmacoepigenetic and clinical aspects. Pharmacol Ther 116:496–526PubMed
71.
go back to reference Plant N (2007) The human cytochrome P450 sub-family: transcriptional regulation, inter-individual variation and interaction networks. Biochim Biophys Acta 1770:478–488PubMed Plant N (2007) The human cytochrome P450 sub-family: transcriptional regulation, inter-individual variation and interaction networks. Biochim Biophys Acta 1770:478–488PubMed
72.
go back to reference Hayes JD, Pulford DJ (1995) The glutathione S-transferase supergene family: regulation of GST and the contribution of the isoenzymes to cancer chemoprotection and drug resistance. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 30:445–600PubMed Hayes JD, Pulford DJ (1995) The glutathione S-transferase supergene family: regulation of GST and the contribution of the isoenzymes to cancer chemoprotection and drug resistance. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 30:445–600PubMed
73.
go back to reference Xu C, Li CY-T, Kong A-NT (2005) Induction of phase I, II and III drug metabolism/transport by xenobiotics. Arch Pharm Res 28:249–268PubMed Xu C, Li CY-T, Kong A-NT (2005) Induction of phase I, II and III drug metabolism/transport by xenobiotics. Arch Pharm Res 28:249–268PubMed
74.
go back to reference Nakagawa K, Saijo N, Tsuchida S, Sakai M, Tsunokawa Y, Yokota J et al (1990) Glutathione-S-transferase pi as a determinant of drug resistance in transfectant cell lines. J Biol Chem 265:4296–4301PubMed Nakagawa K, Saijo N, Tsuchida S, Sakai M, Tsunokawa Y, Yokota J et al (1990) Glutathione-S-transferase pi as a determinant of drug resistance in transfectant cell lines. J Biol Chem 265:4296–4301PubMed
75.
go back to reference Uozaki H, Horiuchi H, Ishida T, Iijima T, Imamura T, Machinami R (1997) Overexpression of resistance-related proteins (metallothioneins, glutathione-S-transferase pi, heat shock protein 27, and lung resistance-related protein) in osteosarcoma. Relationship with poor prognosis. Cancer 79:2336–2344PubMed Uozaki H, Horiuchi H, Ishida T, Iijima T, Imamura T, Machinami R (1997) Overexpression of resistance-related proteins (metallothioneins, glutathione-S-transferase pi, heat shock protein 27, and lung resistance-related protein) in osteosarcoma. Relationship with poor prognosis. Cancer 79:2336–2344PubMed
76.
go back to reference Harkey MA, Czerwinski M, Slattery J, Kiem H-P (2005) Overexpression of glutathione-S-transferase, MGSTII, confers resistance to busulfan and melphalan. Cancer Invest 23:19–25PubMed Harkey MA, Czerwinski M, Slattery J, Kiem H-P (2005) Overexpression of glutathione-S-transferase, MGSTII, confers resistance to busulfan and melphalan. Cancer Invest 23:19–25PubMed
77.
go back to reference Kauvar LM, Morgan AS, Sanderson PE, Henner WD (1998) Glutathione based approaches to improving cancer treatment. Chem Biol Interact 111–112:225–238PubMed Kauvar LM, Morgan AS, Sanderson PE, Henner WD (1998) Glutathione based approaches to improving cancer treatment. Chem Biol Interact 111–112:225–238PubMed
78.
go back to reference Riddick DS, Lee C, Ramji S, Chinje EC, Cowen RL, Williams KJ et al (2005) Cancer chemotherapy and drug metabolism. Drug Metab Dispos 33:1083–1096PubMed Riddick DS, Lee C, Ramji S, Chinje EC, Cowen RL, Williams KJ et al (2005) Cancer chemotherapy and drug metabolism. Drug Metab Dispos 33:1083–1096PubMed
79.
go back to reference Kodym R, Calkins P, Story M (1999) The cloning and characterization of a new stress response protein. A mammalian member of a family of theta class glutathione s-transferase-like proteins. J Biol Chem 274:5131–5137PubMed Kodym R, Calkins P, Story M (1999) The cloning and characterization of a new stress response protein. A mammalian member of a family of theta class glutathione s-transferase-like proteins. J Biol Chem 274:5131–5137PubMed
80.
go back to reference Cumming RC, Lightfoot J, Beard K, Youssoufian H, O’Brien PJ, Buchwald M (2001) Fanconi anemia group C protein prevents apoptosis in hematopoietic cells through redox regulation of GSTP1. Nat Med 7:814–820PubMed Cumming RC, Lightfoot J, Beard K, Youssoufian H, O’Brien PJ, Buchwald M (2001) Fanconi anemia group C protein prevents apoptosis in hematopoietic cells through redox regulation of GSTP1. Nat Med 7:814–820PubMed
81.
go back to reference Townsend DM, Tew KD (2003) The role of glutathione-S-transferase in anti-cancer drug resistance. Oncogene 22:7369–7375PubMed Townsend DM, Tew KD (2003) The role of glutathione-S-transferase in anti-cancer drug resistance. Oncogene 22:7369–7375PubMed
82.
go back to reference Gunnarsdottir S, Elfarra AA (1999) Glutathione-dependent metabolism of cis-3-(9H-purin-6-ylthio)acrylic acid to yield the chemotherapeutic drug 6-mercaptopurine: evidence for two distinct mechanisms in rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 290:950–957PubMed Gunnarsdottir S, Elfarra AA (1999) Glutathione-dependent metabolism of cis-3-(9H-purin-6-ylthio)acrylic acid to yield the chemotherapeutic drug 6-mercaptopurine: evidence for two distinct mechanisms in rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 290:950–957PubMed
83.
go back to reference Tew KD (2005) TLK-286: a novel glutathione S-transferase-activated prodrug. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 14:1047–1054PubMed Tew KD (2005) TLK-286: a novel glutathione S-transferase-activated prodrug. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 14:1047–1054PubMed
84.
go back to reference Nelson HH, Wiencke JK, Christiani DC, Cheng TJ, Zuo ZF, Schwartz BS et al (1995) Ethnic differences in the prevalence of the homozygous deleted genotype of glutathione S-transferase theta. Carcinogenesis 16:1243–1245PubMed Nelson HH, Wiencke JK, Christiani DC, Cheng TJ, Zuo ZF, Schwartz BS et al (1995) Ethnic differences in the prevalence of the homozygous deleted genotype of glutathione S-transferase theta. Carcinogenesis 16:1243–1245PubMed
85.
go back to reference Kempkes M, Golka K, Reich S, Reckwitz T, Bolt HM (1996) Glutathione S-transferase GSTM1 and GSTT1 null genotypes as potential risk factors for urothelial cancer of the bladder. Arch Toxicol 71:123–126PubMed Kempkes M, Golka K, Reich S, Reckwitz T, Bolt HM (1996) Glutathione S-transferase GSTM1 and GSTT1 null genotypes as potential risk factors for urothelial cancer of the bladder. Arch Toxicol 71:123–126PubMed
86.
go back to reference LA Magno V, Talbot J, Talbot T, Borges Santos AM, Souza RP, Marin LJ (2009) Glutathione s-transferase variants in a brazilian population. Pharmacology 83:231–236PubMed LA Magno V, Talbot J, Talbot T, Borges Santos AM, Souza RP, Marin LJ (2009) Glutathione s-transferase variants in a brazilian population. Pharmacology 83:231–236PubMed
87.
go back to reference Ying X-J, Dong P, Shen B, Xu C-Z, Xu H-M, Zhao S-W (2012) Glutathione S-transferase M1 gene polymorphism and laryngeal cancer risk: a meta-analysis. PLoS One 7:e42826PubMedCentralPubMed Ying X-J, Dong P, Shen B, Xu C-Z, Xu H-M, Zhao S-W (2012) Glutathione S-transferase M1 gene polymorphism and laryngeal cancer risk: a meta-analysis. PLoS One 7:e42826PubMedCentralPubMed
88.
go back to reference Liu J, Chen H, Miller DS, Saavedra JE, Keefer LK, Johnson DR et al (2001) Overexpression of glutathione S-transferase II and multidrug resistance transport proteins is associated with acquired tolerance to inorganic arsenic. Mol Pharmacol 60:302–309PubMed Liu J, Chen H, Miller DS, Saavedra JE, Keefer LK, Johnson DR et al (2001) Overexpression of glutathione S-transferase II and multidrug resistance transport proteins is associated with acquired tolerance to inorganic arsenic. Mol Pharmacol 60:302–309PubMed
89.
go back to reference Lévi F, Altinok A, Clairambault J, Goldbeter A (2008) Implications of circadian clocks for the rhythmic delivery of cancer therapeutics. Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci 366:3575–3598PubMed Lévi F, Altinok A, Clairambault J, Goldbeter A (2008) Implications of circadian clocks for the rhythmic delivery of cancer therapeutics. Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci 366:3575–3598PubMed
90.
go back to reference Zeng Z-L, Sun J, Guo L, Li S, Wu M, Qiu F et al (2005) Circadian rhythm in dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase activity and reduced glutathione content in peripheral blood of nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients. Chronobiol Int 22:741–754PubMed Zeng Z-L, Sun J, Guo L, Li S, Wu M, Qiu F et al (2005) Circadian rhythm in dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase activity and reduced glutathione content in peripheral blood of nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients. Chronobiol Int 22:741–754PubMed
91.
go back to reference Smaaland R, Sothern RB, Laerum OD, Abrahamsen JF (2002) Rhythms in human bone marrow and blood cells. Chronobiol Int 19:101–127PubMed Smaaland R, Sothern RB, Laerum OD, Abrahamsen JF (2002) Rhythms in human bone marrow and blood cells. Chronobiol Int 19:101–127PubMed
92.
go back to reference Krishna DR, Klotz U (1994) Extrahepatic metabolism of drugs in humans. Clin Pharmacokinet 26:144–160PubMed Krishna DR, Klotz U (1994) Extrahepatic metabolism of drugs in humans. Clin Pharmacokinet 26:144–160PubMed
93.
go back to reference Pacifici GM, Franchi M, Bencini C, Repetti F, Di Lascio N, Muraro GB (1988) Tissue distribution of drug-metabolizing enzymes in humans. Xenobiotica 18:849–856PubMed Pacifici GM, Franchi M, Bencini C, Repetti F, Di Lascio N, Muraro GB (1988) Tissue distribution of drug-metabolizing enzymes in humans. Xenobiotica 18:849–856PubMed
94.
go back to reference Fisher MB, Paine MF, Strelevitz TJ, Wrighton SA (2001) The role of hepatic and extrahepatic UDP-glucuronosyltransferases in human drug metabolism. Drug Metab Rev 33:273–297PubMed Fisher MB, Paine MF, Strelevitz TJ, Wrighton SA (2001) The role of hepatic and extrahepatic UDP-glucuronosyltransferases in human drug metabolism. Drug Metab Rev 33:273–297PubMed
95.
go back to reference Ritter JK (2007) Intestinal UGTs as potential modifiers of pharmacokinetics and biological responses to drugs and xenobiotics. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 3:93–107PubMed Ritter JK (2007) Intestinal UGTs as potential modifiers of pharmacokinetics and biological responses to drugs and xenobiotics. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 3:93–107PubMed
96.
go back to reference Dai D, Zeldin DC, Blaisdell JA, Chanas B, Coulter SJ, Ghanayem BI et al (2001) Polymorphisms in human CYP2C8 decrease metabolism of the anticancer drug paclitaxel and arachidonic acid. Pharmacogenetics 11:597–607PubMed Dai D, Zeldin DC, Blaisdell JA, Chanas B, Coulter SJ, Ghanayem BI et al (2001) Polymorphisms in human CYP2C8 decrease metabolism of the anticancer drug paclitaxel and arachidonic acid. Pharmacogenetics 11:597–607PubMed
97.
go back to reference Gréen H, Söderkvist P, Rosenberg P, Mirghani RA, Rymark P, Lundqvist EA et al (2009) Pharmacogenetic studies of Paclitaxel in the treatment of ovarian cancer. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 104:130–137PubMed Gréen H, Söderkvist P, Rosenberg P, Mirghani RA, Rymark P, Lundqvist EA et al (2009) Pharmacogenetic studies of Paclitaxel in the treatment of ovarian cancer. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 104:130–137PubMed
98.
go back to reference Kusuhara H, Sugiyama Y (2002) Role of transporters in the tissue-selective distribution and elimination of drugs: transporters in the liver, small intestine, brain and kidney. J Control Release 78:43–54PubMed Kusuhara H, Sugiyama Y (2002) Role of transporters in the tissue-selective distribution and elimination of drugs: transporters in the liver, small intestine, brain and kidney. J Control Release 78:43–54PubMed
99.
go back to reference Vaisman BL, Lambert G, Amar M, Joyce C, Ito T, Shamburek RD et al (2001) ABCA1 overexpression leads to hyperalphalipoproteinemia and increased biliary cholesterol excretion in transgenic mice. J Clin Invest 108:303–309PubMedCentralPubMed Vaisman BL, Lambert G, Amar M, Joyce C, Ito T, Shamburek RD et al (2001) ABCA1 overexpression leads to hyperalphalipoproteinemia and increased biliary cholesterol excretion in transgenic mice. J Clin Invest 108:303–309PubMedCentralPubMed
100.
go back to reference Yu L, Li-Hawkins J, Hammer RE, Berge KE, Horton JD, Cohen JC et al (2002) Overexpression of ABCG5 and ABCG8 promotes biliary cholesterol secretion and reduces fractional absorption of dietary cholesterol. J Clin Invest 110:671–680PubMedCentralPubMed Yu L, Li-Hawkins J, Hammer RE, Berge KE, Horton JD, Cohen JC et al (2002) Overexpression of ABCG5 and ABCG8 promotes biliary cholesterol secretion and reduces fractional absorption of dietary cholesterol. J Clin Invest 110:671–680PubMedCentralPubMed
101.
go back to reference Vlaming MLH, Mohrmann K, Wagenaar E, de Waart DR, Elferink RPJO, Lagas JS et al (2006) Carcinogen and anticancer drug transport by Mrp2 in vivo: studies using Mrp2 (Abcc2) knockout mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 318:319–327PubMed Vlaming MLH, Mohrmann K, Wagenaar E, de Waart DR, Elferink RPJO, Lagas JS et al (2006) Carcinogen and anticancer drug transport by Mrp2 in vivo: studies using Mrp2 (Abcc2) knockout mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 318:319–327PubMed
102.
go back to reference Figge A, Lammert F, Paigen B, Henkel A, Matern S, Korstanje R et al (2004) Hepatic overexpression of murine Abcb11 increases hepatobiliary lipid secretion and reduces hepatic steatosis. J Biol Chem 279:2790–2799PubMed Figge A, Lammert F, Paigen B, Henkel A, Matern S, Korstanje R et al (2004) Hepatic overexpression of murine Abcb11 increases hepatobiliary lipid secretion and reduces hepatic steatosis. J Biol Chem 279:2790–2799PubMed
103.
go back to reference Vree TB, Van Ewijk-Beneken Kolmer EW, Wuis EW, Hekster YA, Broekman MM (1993) Interindividual variation in the capacity-limited renal glucuronidation of probenecid by humans. Pharm World Sci 15:197–202PubMed Vree TB, Van Ewijk-Beneken Kolmer EW, Wuis EW, Hekster YA, Broekman MM (1993) Interindividual variation in the capacity-limited renal glucuronidation of probenecid by humans. Pharm World Sci 15:197–202PubMed
104.
go back to reference Morris ME, Lee H-J, Predko LM (2003) Gender differences in the membrane transport of endogenous and exogenous compounds. Pharmacol Rev 55:229–240PubMed Morris ME, Lee H-J, Predko LM (2003) Gender differences in the membrane transport of endogenous and exogenous compounds. Pharmacol Rev 55:229–240PubMed
105.
go back to reference Johnson JA (2000) Predictability of the effects of race or ethnicity on pharmacokinetics of drugs. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 38:53–60PubMed Johnson JA (2000) Predictability of the effects of race or ethnicity on pharmacokinetics of drugs. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 38:53–60PubMed
106.
go back to reference Loadman PM, Bibby MC (1994) Pharmacokinetic drug interactions with anticancer drugs. Clin Pharmacokinet 26:486–500PubMed Loadman PM, Bibby MC (1994) Pharmacokinetic drug interactions with anticancer drugs. Clin Pharmacokinet 26:486–500PubMed
107.
go back to reference Siemann DW (2006) Tumor vasculature : a target for anticancer therapies. In: Vascular-targeted therapies in oncology. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, Chichester, pp 1–8 Siemann DW (2006) Tumor vasculature : a target for anticancer therapies. In: Vascular-targeted therapies in oncology. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, Chichester, pp 1–8
108.
109.
go back to reference Hanahan D, Weinberg RA (2011) Hallmarks of cancer: the next generation. Cell 144:646–674PubMed Hanahan D, Weinberg RA (2011) Hallmarks of cancer: the next generation. Cell 144:646–674PubMed
110.
go back to reference Ma J, Waxman DJ (2008) Combination of antiangiogenesis with chemotherapy for more effective cancer treatment. Mol Cancer Ther 7:3670–3684PubMedCentralPubMed Ma J, Waxman DJ (2008) Combination of antiangiogenesis with chemotherapy for more effective cancer treatment. Mol Cancer Ther 7:3670–3684PubMedCentralPubMed
111.
go back to reference Kerbel RS (2006) Antiangiogenic therapy: a universal chemosensitization strategy for cancer? Science 312:1171–1175PubMed Kerbel RS (2006) Antiangiogenic therapy: a universal chemosensitization strategy for cancer? Science 312:1171–1175PubMed
112.
go back to reference Lloyd MC, Alfarouk KO, Verduzco D, Bui MM, Gillies RJ, Ibrahim ME et al (2014) Vascular measurements correlate with estrogen receptor status. BMC Cancer 14:279PubMedCentralPubMed Lloyd MC, Alfarouk KO, Verduzco D, Bui MM, Gillies RJ, Ibrahim ME et al (2014) Vascular measurements correlate with estrogen receptor status. BMC Cancer 14:279PubMedCentralPubMed
113.
go back to reference Robey IF, Baggett BK, Kirkpatrick ND, Roe DJ, Dosescu J, Sloane BF et al (2009) Bicarbonate increases tumor pH and inhibits spontaneous metastases. Cancer Res 69:2260–2268PubMedCentralPubMed Robey IF, Baggett BK, Kirkpatrick ND, Roe DJ, Dosescu J, Sloane BF et al (2009) Bicarbonate increases tumor pH and inhibits spontaneous metastases. Cancer Res 69:2260–2268PubMedCentralPubMed
114.
go back to reference Lippens RJ (1984) Methotrexate. I. Pharmacology and pharmacokinetics. Am J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 6:379–395PubMed Lippens RJ (1984) Methotrexate. I. Pharmacology and pharmacokinetics. Am J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 6:379–395PubMed
115.
go back to reference Singh MS, Francis PA, Michael M (2011) Tamoxifen, cytochrome P450 genes and breast cancer clinical outcomes. Breast 20:111–118PubMed Singh MS, Francis PA, Michael M (2011) Tamoxifen, cytochrome P450 genes and breast cancer clinical outcomes. Breast 20:111–118PubMed
116.
go back to reference Stearns V, Johnson MD, Rae JM, Morocho A, Novielli A, Bhargava P et al (2003) Active tamoxifen metabolite plasma concentrations after coadministration of tamoxifen and the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor paroxetine. J Natl Cancer Inst 95:1758–1764PubMed Stearns V, Johnson MD, Rae JM, Morocho A, Novielli A, Bhargava P et al (2003) Active tamoxifen metabolite plasma concentrations after coadministration of tamoxifen and the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor paroxetine. J Natl Cancer Inst 95:1758–1764PubMed
117.
go back to reference Caraci F, Crupi R, Drago F, Spina E (2011) Metabolic drug interactions between antidepressants and anticancer drugs: focus on selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and hypericum extract. Curr Drug Metab 12:570–577PubMed Caraci F, Crupi R, Drago F, Spina E (2011) Metabolic drug interactions between antidepressants and anticancer drugs: focus on selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and hypericum extract. Curr Drug Metab 12:570–577PubMed
118.
go back to reference Yap KYL, Tay WL, Chui WK, Chan A (2011) Clinically relevant drug interactions between anticancer drugs and psychotropic agents. Eur J Cancer Care (Engl) 20:6–32 Yap KYL, Tay WL, Chui WK, Chan A (2011) Clinically relevant drug interactions between anticancer drugs and psychotropic agents. Eur J Cancer Care (Engl) 20:6–32
119.
go back to reference Yamazaki M, Suzuki H, Sugiyama Y (1996) Recent advances in carrier-mediated hepatic uptake and biliary excretion of xenobiotics. Pharm Res 13:497–513PubMed Yamazaki M, Suzuki H, Sugiyama Y (1996) Recent advances in carrier-mediated hepatic uptake and biliary excretion of xenobiotics. Pharm Res 13:497–513PubMed
120.
go back to reference König J, Nies AT, Cui Y, Leier I, Keppler D (1999) Conjugate export pumps of the multidrug resistance protein (MRP) family: localization, substrate specificity, and MRP2-mediated drug resistance. Biochim Biophys Acta 1461:377–394PubMed König J, Nies AT, Cui Y, Leier I, Keppler D (1999) Conjugate export pumps of the multidrug resistance protein (MRP) family: localization, substrate specificity, and MRP2-mediated drug resistance. Biochim Biophys Acta 1461:377–394PubMed
121.
go back to reference Hirano M, Maeda K, Hayashi H, Kusuhara H, Sugiyama Y (2005) Bile salt export pump (BSEP/ABCB11) can transport a nonbile acid substrate, pravastatin. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 314:876–882PubMed Hirano M, Maeda K, Hayashi H, Kusuhara H, Sugiyama Y (2005) Bile salt export pump (BSEP/ABCB11) can transport a nonbile acid substrate, pravastatin. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 314:876–882PubMed
122.
go back to reference Kamisako T, Ogawa H (2004) Effects of pravastatin and bezafibrate on biliary lipid excretion and hepatic expression of Abcg5 and Abcg8 in the rat. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 19:879–883PubMed Kamisako T, Ogawa H (2004) Effects of pravastatin and bezafibrate on biliary lipid excretion and hepatic expression of Abcg5 and Abcg8 in the rat. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 19:879–883PubMed
123.
go back to reference Raghunand N, Martínez-Zaguilán R, Wright SH, Gillies RJ (1999) pH and drug resistance. II. Turnover of acidic vesicles and resistance to weakly basic chemotherapeutic drugs. Biochem Pharmacol 57:1047–1058PubMed Raghunand N, Martínez-Zaguilán R, Wright SH, Gillies RJ (1999) pH and drug resistance. II. Turnover of acidic vesicles and resistance to weakly basic chemotherapeutic drugs. Biochem Pharmacol 57:1047–1058PubMed
124.
go back to reference Mahoney BP, Raghunand N, Baggett B, Gillies RJ (2003) Tumor acidity, ion trapping and chemotherapeutics. I. Acid pH affects the distribution of chemotherapeutic agents in vitro. Biochem Pharmacol 66:1207–1218PubMed Mahoney BP, Raghunand N, Baggett B, Gillies RJ (2003) Tumor acidity, ion trapping and chemotherapeutics. I. Acid pH affects the distribution of chemotherapeutic agents in vitro. Biochem Pharmacol 66:1207–1218PubMed
125.
go back to reference Gottesman MM (2002) Mechanisms of cancer drug resistance. Annu Rev Med 53:615–627PubMed Gottesman MM (2002) Mechanisms of cancer drug resistance. Annu Rev Med 53:615–627PubMed
126.
go back to reference Stewart DJ (2007) Saturable passive resistance in chemotherapy of epithelial maligancies. In: Parsons RA (ed) Progress in cancer drug resistance research. Nova Science, New York, pp ‎29–41‎ Stewart DJ (2007) Saturable passive resistance in chemotherapy of epithelial maligancies. In: Parsons RA (ed) Progress in cancer drug resistance research. Nova Science, New York, pp ‎29–41‎
127.
go back to reference De Visser KE, Jonkers J (2009) Towards understanding the role of cancer-associated inflammation in chemoresistance. Curr Pharm Des 15:1844–1853PubMed De Visser KE, Jonkers J (2009) Towards understanding the role of cancer-associated inflammation in chemoresistance. Curr Pharm Des 15:1844–1853PubMed
128.
go back to reference Barlow M, Hall BG (2002) Phylogenetic analysis shows that the OXA β-lactamase genes have been on plasmids for millions of years. J Mol Evol 55:314–321PubMed Barlow M, Hall BG (2002) Phylogenetic analysis shows that the OXA β-lactamase genes have been on plasmids for millions of years. J Mol Evol 55:314–321PubMed
129.
go back to reference Hall BG, Barlow M (2004) Evolution of the serine beta-lactamases: past, present and future. Drug Resist Updat 7:111–123PubMed Hall BG, Barlow M (2004) Evolution of the serine beta-lactamases: past, present and future. Drug Resist Updat 7:111–123PubMed
130.
go back to reference Baltz RH (2008) Renaissance in antibacterial discovery from actinomycetes. Curr Opin Pharmacol 557–563 Baltz RH (2008) Renaissance in antibacterial discovery from actinomycetes. Curr Opin Pharmacol 557–563
131.
go back to reference D’Costa VM, King CE, Kalan L, Morar M, Sung WWL, Schwarz C et al (2011) Antibiotic resistance is ancient. Nature 477:457–461PubMed D’Costa VM, King CE, Kalan L, Morar M, Sung WWL, Schwarz C et al (2011) Antibiotic resistance is ancient. Nature 477:457–461PubMed
132.
go back to reference Bhullar K, Waglechner N, Pawlowski A, Koteva K, Banks ED, Johnston MD et al (2012) Antibiotic resistance is prevalent in an isolated cave microbiome. PLoS One 7:e34953PubMedCentralPubMed Bhullar K, Waglechner N, Pawlowski A, Koteva K, Banks ED, Johnston MD et al (2012) Antibiotic resistance is prevalent in an isolated cave microbiome. PLoS One 7:e34953PubMedCentralPubMed
133.
go back to reference Ueda K, Clark DP, Chen CJ, Roninson IB, Gottesman MM, Pastan I (1987) The human multidrug resistance (mdr1) gene. cDNA cloning and transcription initiation. J Biol Chem 262:505–508PubMed Ueda K, Clark DP, Chen CJ, Roninson IB, Gottesman MM, Pastan I (1987) The human multidrug resistance (mdr1) gene. cDNA cloning and transcription initiation. J Biol Chem 262:505–508PubMed
134.
go back to reference Goldstein LJ, Galski H, Fojo A, Willingham M, Lai SL, Gazdar A et al (1989) Expression of a multidrug resistance gene in human cancers. J Natl Cancer Inst 81:116–124PubMed Goldstein LJ, Galski H, Fojo A, Willingham M, Lai SL, Gazdar A et al (1989) Expression of a multidrug resistance gene in human cancers. J Natl Cancer Inst 81:116–124PubMed
135.
go back to reference Zhou S-F (2008) Structure, function and regulation of P-glycoprotein and its clinical relevance in drug disposition. Xenobiotica 38:802–832PubMed Zhou S-F (2008) Structure, function and regulation of P-glycoprotein and its clinical relevance in drug disposition. Xenobiotica 38:802–832PubMed
136.
go back to reference Thiebaut F, Tsuruo T, Hamada H, Gottesman MM, Pastan I, Willingham MC (1987) Cellular localization of the multidrug-resistance gene product P-glycoprotein in normal human tissues. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 84:7735–7738PubMedCentralPubMed Thiebaut F, Tsuruo T, Hamada H, Gottesman MM, Pastan I, Willingham MC (1987) Cellular localization of the multidrug-resistance gene product P-glycoprotein in normal human tissues. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 84:7735–7738PubMedCentralPubMed
137.
go back to reference Schinkel A (1999) P-Glycoprotein, a gatekeeper in the blood-brain barrier. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 36:179–194PubMed Schinkel A (1999) P-Glycoprotein, a gatekeeper in the blood-brain barrier. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 36:179–194PubMed
138.
go back to reference Maliepaard M, Scheffer GL, Faneyte IF, van Gastelen MA, Pijnenborg AC, Schinkel AH et al (2001) Subcellular localization and distribution of the breast cancer resistance protein transporter in normal human tissues. Cancer Res 61:3458–3464PubMed Maliepaard M, Scheffer GL, Faneyte IF, van Gastelen MA, Pijnenborg AC, Schinkel AH et al (2001) Subcellular localization and distribution of the breast cancer resistance protein transporter in normal human tissues. Cancer Res 61:3458–3464PubMed
139.
go back to reference Schuetz EG, Schinkel AH, Relling MV, Schuetz JD (1996) P-glycoprotein: a major determinant of rifampicin-inducible expression of cytochrome P4503A in mice and humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93:4001–4005PubMedCentralPubMed Schuetz EG, Schinkel AH, Relling MV, Schuetz JD (1996) P-glycoprotein: a major determinant of rifampicin-inducible expression of cytochrome P4503A in mice and humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93:4001–4005PubMedCentralPubMed
140.
go back to reference Munteanu E, Verdier M, Grandjean-Forestier F, Stenger C, Jayat-Vignoles C, Huet S et al (2006) Mitochondrial localization and activity of P-glycoprotein in doxorubicin-resistant K562 cells. Biochem Pharmacol 71:1162–1174PubMed Munteanu E, Verdier M, Grandjean-Forestier F, Stenger C, Jayat-Vignoles C, Huet S et al (2006) Mitochondrial localization and activity of P-glycoprotein in doxorubicin-resistant K562 cells. Biochem Pharmacol 71:1162–1174PubMed
141.
go back to reference Bendayan R, Ronaldson PT, Gingras D, Bendayan M (2006) In situ localization of P-glycoprotein (ABCB1) in human and rat brain. J Histochem Cytochem 54:1159–1167PubMedCentralPubMed Bendayan R, Ronaldson PT, Gingras D, Bendayan M (2006) In situ localization of P-glycoprotein (ABCB1) in human and rat brain. J Histochem Cytochem 54:1159–1167PubMedCentralPubMed
142.
go back to reference Solazzo M, Fantappiè O, D’Amico M, Sassoli C, Tani A, Cipriani G et al (2009) Mitochondrial expression and functional activity of breast cancer resistance protein in different multiple drug-resistant cell lines. Cancer Res 69:7235–7242PubMed Solazzo M, Fantappiè O, D’Amico M, Sassoli C, Tani A, Cipriani G et al (2009) Mitochondrial expression and functional activity of breast cancer resistance protein in different multiple drug-resistant cell lines. Cancer Res 69:7235–7242PubMed
143.
go back to reference Shen Y, Chu Y, Yang Y, Wang Z (2012) Mitochondrial localization of P-glycoprotein in the human breast cancer cell line MCF-7/ADM and its functional characterization. Oncol Rep 27:1535–1540PubMed Shen Y, Chu Y, Yang Y, Wang Z (2012) Mitochondrial localization of P-glycoprotein in the human breast cancer cell line MCF-7/ADM and its functional characterization. Oncol Rep 27:1535–1540PubMed
144.
go back to reference Solazzo M, Fantappiè O, Lasagna N, Sassoli C, Nosi D, Mazzanti R (2006) P-gp localization in mitochondria and its functional characterization in multiple drug-resistant cell lines. Exp Cell Res 312:4070–4078PubMed Solazzo M, Fantappiè O, Lasagna N, Sassoli C, Nosi D, Mazzanti R (2006) P-gp localization in mitochondria and its functional characterization in multiple drug-resistant cell lines. Exp Cell Res 312:4070–4078PubMed
145.
go back to reference Babakhanian K, Bendayan M, Bendayan R (2007) Localization of P-glycoprotein at the nuclear envelope of rat brain cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 361:301–306PubMed Babakhanian K, Bendayan M, Bendayan R (2007) Localization of P-glycoprotein at the nuclear envelope of rat brain cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 361:301–306PubMed
146.
go back to reference Wei LY, Roepe PD (1994) Low external pH and osmotic shock increase the expression of human MDR protein. Biochemistry 33:7229–7238PubMed Wei LY, Roepe PD (1994) Low external pH and osmotic shock increase the expression of human MDR protein. Biochemistry 33:7229–7238PubMed
147.
go back to reference Cole SP, Bhardwaj G, Gerlach JH, Mackie JE, Grant CE, Almquist KC et al (1992) Overexpression of a transporter gene in a multidrug-resistant human lung cancer cell line. Science 258:1650–1654PubMed Cole SP, Bhardwaj G, Gerlach JH, Mackie JE, Grant CE, Almquist KC et al (1992) Overexpression of a transporter gene in a multidrug-resistant human lung cancer cell line. Science 258:1650–1654PubMed
148.
go back to reference Young LC, Campling BG, Cole SP, Deeley RG, Gerlach JH (2001) Multidrug resistance proteins MRP3, MRP1, and MRP2 in lung cancer: correlation of protein levels with drug response and messenger RNA levels. Clin Cancer Res 7:1798–1804PubMed Young LC, Campling BG, Cole SP, Deeley RG, Gerlach JH (2001) Multidrug resistance proteins MRP3, MRP1, and MRP2 in lung cancer: correlation of protein levels with drug response and messenger RNA levels. Clin Cancer Res 7:1798–1804PubMed
149.
go back to reference Copsel S, Garcia C, Diez F, Vermeulem M, Baldi A, Bianciotti LG et al (2011) Multidrug resistance protein 4 (MRP4/ABCC4) regulates cAMP cellular levels and controls human leukemia cell proliferation and differentiation. J Biol Chem 286:6979–6988PubMedCentralPubMed Copsel S, Garcia C, Diez F, Vermeulem M, Baldi A, Bianciotti LG et al (2011) Multidrug resistance protein 4 (MRP4/ABCC4) regulates cAMP cellular levels and controls human leukemia cell proliferation and differentiation. J Biol Chem 286:6979–6988PubMedCentralPubMed
150.
go back to reference Sauna ZE, Ambudkar SV (2007) About a switch: how P-glycoprotein (ABCB1) harnesses the energy of ATP binding and hydrolysis to do mechanical work. Mol Cancer Ther 6:13–23PubMed Sauna ZE, Ambudkar SV (2007) About a switch: how P-glycoprotein (ABCB1) harnesses the energy of ATP binding and hydrolysis to do mechanical work. Mol Cancer Ther 6:13–23PubMed
151.
go back to reference Keppler D, Leier I, Jedlitschky G, König J (1998) ATP-dependent transport of glutathione S-conjugates by the multidrug resistance protein MRP1 and its apical isoform MRP2. Chem Biol Interact 111–112:153–161PubMed Keppler D, Leier I, Jedlitschky G, König J (1998) ATP-dependent transport of glutathione S-conjugates by the multidrug resistance protein MRP1 and its apical isoform MRP2. Chem Biol Interact 111–112:153–161PubMed
152.
go back to reference Keppler D (1999) Export pumps for glutathione S-conjugates. Free Radic Biol Med 27:985–991PubMed Keppler D (1999) Export pumps for glutathione S-conjugates. Free Radic Biol Med 27:985–991PubMed
153.
go back to reference Coley HM (2008) Mechanisms and strategies to overcome chemotherapy resistance in metastatic breast cancer. Cancer Treat Rev 34:378–390PubMed Coley HM (2008) Mechanisms and strategies to overcome chemotherapy resistance in metastatic breast cancer. Cancer Treat Rev 34:378–390PubMed
154.
go back to reference Cole SPC, Deeley RG (2006) Transport of glutathione and glutathione conjugates by MRP1. Trends Pharmacol Sci 27:438–446PubMed Cole SPC, Deeley RG (2006) Transport of glutathione and glutathione conjugates by MRP1. Trends Pharmacol Sci 27:438–446PubMed
155.
go back to reference Litman T, Druley TE, Stein WD, Bates SE (2001) From MDR to MXR: new understanding of multidrug resistance systems, their properties and clinical significance. Cell Mol Life Sci 58:931–959PubMed Litman T, Druley TE, Stein WD, Bates SE (2001) From MDR to MXR: new understanding of multidrug resistance systems, their properties and clinical significance. Cell Mol Life Sci 58:931–959PubMed
156.
go back to reference Sauna ZE, Smith MM, Müller M, Kerr KM, Ambudkar SV (2001) The mechanism of action of multidrug-resistance-linked P-glycoprotein. J Bioenerg Biomembr 33:481–491PubMed Sauna ZE, Smith MM, Müller M, Kerr KM, Ambudkar SV (2001) The mechanism of action of multidrug-resistance-linked P-glycoprotein. J Bioenerg Biomembr 33:481–491PubMed
157.
go back to reference Glavinas H, Krajcsi P, Cserepes J, Sarkadi B (2004) The role of ABC transporters in drug resistance, metabolism and toxicity. Curr Drug Deliv 1:27–42PubMed Glavinas H, Krajcsi P, Cserepes J, Sarkadi B (2004) The role of ABC transporters in drug resistance, metabolism and toxicity. Curr Drug Deliv 1:27–42PubMed
158.
go back to reference Maini R, St Clair EW, Breedveld F, Furst D, Kalden J, Weisman M (1999) Infliximab (chimeric anti-tumour necrosis factor alpha monoclonal antibody) versus placebo in rheumatoid arthritis patients receiving concomitant methotrexate: a randomised phase III trial. ATTRACT Study Group. Lancet 354:1932–1939PubMed Maini R, St Clair EW, Breedveld F, Furst D, Kalden J, Weisman M (1999) Infliximab (chimeric anti-tumour necrosis factor alpha monoclonal antibody) versus placebo in rheumatoid arthritis patients receiving concomitant methotrexate: a randomised phase III trial. ATTRACT Study Group. Lancet 354:1932–1939PubMed
159.
go back to reference Cress RH, Deaver NL (1964) Methotrexate in the management of severe psoriasis and arthritis: report of a case. South Med J 57:1088–1090PubMed Cress RH, Deaver NL (1964) Methotrexate in the management of severe psoriasis and arthritis: report of a case. South Med J 57:1088–1090PubMed
160.
go back to reference Dale J, Alcorn N, Capell H, Madhok R (2007) Combination therapy for rheumatoid arthritis: methotrexate and sulfasalazine together or with other DMARDs. Nat Clin Pract Rheumatol 3:450–458 quiz, following 478 PubMed Dale J, Alcorn N, Capell H, Madhok R (2007) Combination therapy for rheumatoid arthritis: methotrexate and sulfasalazine together or with other DMARDs. Nat Clin Pract Rheumatol 3:450–458 quiz, following 478 PubMed
161.
go back to reference Curt GA, Carney DN, Cowan KH, Jolivet J, Bailey BD, Drake JC et al (1983) Unstable methotrexate resistance in human small-cell carcinoma associated with double minute chromosomes. N Engl J Med 308:199–202PubMed Curt GA, Carney DN, Cowan KH, Jolivet J, Bailey BD, Drake JC et al (1983) Unstable methotrexate resistance in human small-cell carcinoma associated with double minute chromosomes. N Engl J Med 308:199–202PubMed
162.
go back to reference Schimke RT (1984) Gene amplification, drug resistance, and cancer. Cancer Res 44:1735–1742PubMed Schimke RT (1984) Gene amplification, drug resistance, and cancer. Cancer Res 44:1735–1742PubMed
163.
go back to reference Kobayashi S, Boggon TJ, Dayaram T, Jänne PA, Kocher O, Meyerson M et al (2005) EGFR mutation and resistance of non-small-cell lung cancer to gefitinib. N Engl J Med 352:786–792PubMed Kobayashi S, Boggon TJ, Dayaram T, Jänne PA, Kocher O, Meyerson M et al (2005) EGFR mutation and resistance of non-small-cell lung cancer to gefitinib. N Engl J Med 352:786–792PubMed
164.
go back to reference Longley DB, Harkin DP, Johnston PG (2003) 5-fluorouracil: mechanisms of action and clinical strategies. Nat Rev Cancer 3:330–338PubMed Longley DB, Harkin DP, Johnston PG (2003) 5-fluorouracil: mechanisms of action and clinical strategies. Nat Rev Cancer 3:330–338PubMed
165.
go back to reference Watson RG, Muhale F, Thorne LB, Yu J, O’Neil BH, Hoskins JM et al (2010) Amplification of thymidylate synthetase in metastatic colorectal cancer patients pretreated with 5-fluorouracil-based chemotherapy. Eur J Cancer 46:3358–3364PubMedCentralPubMed Watson RG, Muhale F, Thorne LB, Yu J, O’Neil BH, Hoskins JM et al (2010) Amplification of thymidylate synthetase in metastatic colorectal cancer patients pretreated with 5-fluorouracil-based chemotherapy. Eur J Cancer 46:3358–3364PubMedCentralPubMed
166.
go back to reference Wang T-L, Diaz LA, Romans K, Bardelli A, Saha S, Galizia G et al (2004) Digital karyotyping identifies thymidylate synthase amplification as a mechanism of resistance to 5-fluorouracil in metastatic colorectal cancer patients. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101:3089–3094PubMedCentralPubMed Wang T-L, Diaz LA, Romans K, Bardelli A, Saha S, Galizia G et al (2004) Digital karyotyping identifies thymidylate synthase amplification as a mechanism of resistance to 5-fluorouracil in metastatic colorectal cancer patients. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101:3089–3094PubMedCentralPubMed
167.
go back to reference Reshkin SJ, Cardone RA, Harguindey S (2013) Na+-H+ exchanger, pH regulation and cancer. Recent Pat Anticancer Drug Discov 8:85–99PubMed Reshkin SJ, Cardone RA, Harguindey S (2013) Na+-H+ exchanger, pH regulation and cancer. Recent Pat Anticancer Drug Discov 8:85–99PubMed
168.
go back to reference Neri D, Supuran CT (2011) Interfering with pH regulation in tumours as a therapeutic strategy. Nat Rev Drug Discov 10:767–777PubMed Neri D, Supuran CT (2011) Interfering with pH regulation in tumours as a therapeutic strategy. Nat Rev Drug Discov 10:767–777PubMed
169.
go back to reference Huber V, De Milito A, Harguindey S, Reshkin SJ, Wahl ML, Rauch C et al (2010) Proton dynamics in cancer. J Transl Med 8:57PubMedCentralPubMed Huber V, De Milito A, Harguindey S, Reshkin SJ, Wahl ML, Rauch C et al (2010) Proton dynamics in cancer. J Transl Med 8:57PubMedCentralPubMed
170.
go back to reference Alfarouk KO, Muddathir AK, Shayoub MEA (2011) Tumor acidity as evolutionary spite. Cancers (Basel) 3:408–414 Alfarouk KO, Muddathir AK, Shayoub MEA (2011) Tumor acidity as evolutionary spite. Cancers (Basel) 3:408–414
171.
go back to reference Hao N-B, Lü M-H, Fan Y-H, Cao Y-L, Zhang Z-R, Yang S-M (2012) Macrophages in tumor microenvironments and the progression of tumors. Clin Dev Immunol 2012:948098PubMedCentralPubMed Hao N-B, Lü M-H, Fan Y-H, Cao Y-L, Zhang Z-R, Yang S-M (2012) Macrophages in tumor microenvironments and the progression of tumors. Clin Dev Immunol 2012:948098PubMedCentralPubMed
172.
go back to reference Correia AL, Bissell MJ (2012) The tumor microenvironment is a dominant force in multidrug resistance. Drug Resist Updat 15:39–49PubMedCentralPubMed Correia AL, Bissell MJ (2012) The tumor microenvironment is a dominant force in multidrug resistance. Drug Resist Updat 15:39–49PubMedCentralPubMed
173.
go back to reference Gillies RJ, Raghunand N, Karczmar GS, Bhujwalla ZM (2002) MRI of the tumor microenvironment. J Magn Reson Imaging 16:430–450PubMed Gillies RJ, Raghunand N, Karczmar GS, Bhujwalla ZM (2002) MRI of the tumor microenvironment. J Magn Reson Imaging 16:430–450PubMed
174.
go back to reference Raghunand N, Gillies RJ (2000) pH and drug resistance in tumors. Drug Resist Updat 3:39–47PubMed Raghunand N, Gillies RJ (2000) pH and drug resistance in tumors. Drug Resist Updat 3:39–47PubMed
175.
go back to reference Wojtkowiak JW, Verduzco D, Schramm KJ, Gillies RJ (2011) Drug resistance and cellular adaptation to tumor acidic pH microenvironment. Mol Pharm 8:2032–2038PubMedCentralPubMed Wojtkowiak JW, Verduzco D, Schramm KJ, Gillies RJ (2011) Drug resistance and cellular adaptation to tumor acidic pH microenvironment. Mol Pharm 8:2032–2038PubMedCentralPubMed
176.
go back to reference Raghunand N, Mahoney BP, Gillies RJ (2003) Tumor acidity, ion trapping and chemotherapeutics. II. pH-dependent partition coefficients predict importance of ion trapping on pharmacokinetics of weakly basic chemotherapeutic agents. Biochem Pharmacol 66:1219–1229PubMed Raghunand N, Mahoney BP, Gillies RJ (2003) Tumor acidity, ion trapping and chemotherapeutics. II. pH-dependent partition coefficients predict importance of ion trapping on pharmacokinetics of weakly basic chemotherapeutic agents. Biochem Pharmacol 66:1219–1229PubMed
177.
go back to reference Gong Y, Duvvuri M, Krise JP (2003) Separate roles for the Golgi apparatus and lysosomes in the sequestration of drugs in the multidrug-resistant human leukemic cell line HL-60. J Biol Chem 278:50234–50239PubMed Gong Y, Duvvuri M, Krise JP (2003) Separate roles for the Golgi apparatus and lysosomes in the sequestration of drugs in the multidrug-resistant human leukemic cell line HL-60. J Biol Chem 278:50234–50239PubMed
178.
go back to reference Parkins CS, Chadwick JA, Chaplin DJ (1996) Inhibition of intracellular pH control and relationship to cytotoxicity of chlorambucil and vinblastine. Br J Cancer Suppl 27:S75–S77PubMedCentralPubMed Parkins CS, Chadwick JA, Chaplin DJ (1996) Inhibition of intracellular pH control and relationship to cytotoxicity of chlorambucil and vinblastine. Br J Cancer Suppl 27:S75–S77PubMedCentralPubMed
179.
go back to reference Alfarouk KO, Verduzco D, Rauch C, Muddathir AK, Adil HHB et al (2014) Glycolysis, tumor metabolism, cancer growth and dissemination. A new pH-based etiopathogenic perspective and therapeutic approach to an old cancer question. Oncoscience 1:777–802PubMedCentralPubMed Alfarouk KO, Verduzco D, Rauch C, Muddathir AK, Adil HHB et al (2014) Glycolysis, tumor metabolism, cancer growth and dissemination. A new pH-based etiopathogenic perspective and therapeutic approach to an old cancer question. Oncoscience 1:777–802PubMedCentralPubMed
180.
go back to reference Harguindey S, Pedraz JL, García Cañero R, Pérez de Diego J, Cragoe EJ (1995) Hydrogen ion-dependent oncogenesis and parallel new avenues to cancer prevention and treatment using a H(+)-mediated unifying approach: pH-related and pH-unrelated mechanisms. Crit Rev Oncog 6:1–33PubMed Harguindey S, Pedraz JL, García Cañero R, Pérez de Diego J, Cragoe EJ (1995) Hydrogen ion-dependent oncogenesis and parallel new avenues to cancer prevention and treatment using a H(+)-mediated unifying approach: pH-related and pH-unrelated mechanisms. Crit Rev Oncog 6:1–33PubMed
181.
go back to reference Harguindey S, Arranz JL, Polo Orozco JD, Rauch C, Fais S, Cardone RA et al (2013) Cariporide and other new and powerful NHE1 inhibitors as potentially selective anticancer drugs—an integral molecular/biochemical/metabolic/clinical approach after 100 years of cancer research. J Transl Med 11:282PubMedCentralPubMed Harguindey S, Arranz JL, Polo Orozco JD, Rauch C, Fais S, Cardone RA et al (2013) Cariporide and other new and powerful NHE1 inhibitors as potentially selective anticancer drugs—an integral molecular/biochemical/metabolic/clinical approach after 100 years of cancer research. J Transl Med 11:282PubMedCentralPubMed
182.
go back to reference Van Meir E (1996) Hypoxia-mediated selection of cells with diminished apoptotic potential to solid tumours. Neurosurgery 39:878–879PubMed Van Meir E (1996) Hypoxia-mediated selection of cells with diminished apoptotic potential to solid tumours. Neurosurgery 39:878–879PubMed
183.
go back to reference Gatenby RA, Smallbone K, Maini PK, Rose F, Averill J, Nagle RB et al (2007) Cellular adaptations to hypoxia and acidosis during somatic evolution of breast cancer. Br J Cancer 97:646–653PubMedCentralPubMed Gatenby RA, Smallbone K, Maini PK, Rose F, Averill J, Nagle RB et al (2007) Cellular adaptations to hypoxia and acidosis during somatic evolution of breast cancer. Br J Cancer 97:646–653PubMedCentralPubMed
184.
go back to reference Graeber TG, Osmanian C, Jacks T, Housman DE, Koch CJ, Lowe SW et al (1996) Hypoxia-mediated selection of cells with diminished apoptotic potential in solid tumours. Nature 379:88–91PubMed Graeber TG, Osmanian C, Jacks T, Housman DE, Koch CJ, Lowe SW et al (1996) Hypoxia-mediated selection of cells with diminished apoptotic potential in solid tumours. Nature 379:88–91PubMed
185.
go back to reference Coquelle A, Toledo F, Stern S, Bieth A, Debatisse M (1998) A new role for hypoxia in tumor progression: induction of fragile site triggering genomic rearrangements and formation of complex DMs and HSRs. Mol Cell 2:259–265PubMed Coquelle A, Toledo F, Stern S, Bieth A, Debatisse M (1998) A new role for hypoxia in tumor progression: induction of fragile site triggering genomic rearrangements and formation of complex DMs and HSRs. Mol Cell 2:259–265PubMed
186.
go back to reference Vaupel P (2004) The role of hypoxia-induced factors in tumor progression. Oncologist 9(Suppl 5):10–17PubMed Vaupel P (2004) The role of hypoxia-induced factors in tumor progression. Oncologist 9(Suppl 5):10–17PubMed
187.
188.
go back to reference Sakata K, Kwok TT, Murphy BJ, Laderoute KR, Gordon GR, Sutherland RM (1991) Hypoxia-induced drug resistance: comparison to P-glycoprotein-associated drug resistance. Br J Cancer 64:809–814PubMedCentralPubMed Sakata K, Kwok TT, Murphy BJ, Laderoute KR, Gordon GR, Sutherland RM (1991) Hypoxia-induced drug resistance: comparison to P-glycoprotein-associated drug resistance. Br J Cancer 64:809–814PubMedCentralPubMed
189.
190.
go back to reference Suzuki Y, Tanaka K, Neghishi D, Shimizu M, Murayama N, Hashimoto T et al (2008) Increased distribution of carboplatin, an anti-cancer agent, to rat brains with the aid of hyperbaric oxygenation. Xenobiotica 38:1471–1475PubMed Suzuki Y, Tanaka K, Neghishi D, Shimizu M, Murayama N, Hashimoto T et al (2008) Increased distribution of carboplatin, an anti-cancer agent, to rat brains with the aid of hyperbaric oxygenation. Xenobiotica 38:1471–1475PubMed
191.
go back to reference Lara PC, Lloret M, Clavo B, Apolinario RM, Henríquez-Hernández LA, Bordón E et al (2009) Severe hypoxia induces chemo-resistance in clinical cervical tumors through MVP over-expression. Radiat Oncol 4:29PubMedCentralPubMed Lara PC, Lloret M, Clavo B, Apolinario RM, Henríquez-Hernández LA, Bordón E et al (2009) Severe hypoxia induces chemo-resistance in clinical cervical tumors through MVP over-expression. Radiat Oncol 4:29PubMedCentralPubMed
192.
go back to reference Kim JW, Ho WJ, Wu BM (2011) The role of the 3D environment in hypoxia-induced drug and apoptosis resistance. Anticancer Res 31:3237–3245PubMed Kim JW, Ho WJ, Wu BM (2011) The role of the 3D environment in hypoxia-induced drug and apoptosis resistance. Anticancer Res 31:3237–3245PubMed
193.
go back to reference Cosse J-P, Michiels C (2008) Tumour hypoxia affects the responsiveness of cancer cells to chemotherapy and promotes cancer progression. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 8:790–797PubMed Cosse J-P, Michiels C (2008) Tumour hypoxia affects the responsiveness of cancer cells to chemotherapy and promotes cancer progression. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 8:790–797PubMed
194.
go back to reference Zhu H, Chen XP, Luo SF, Guan J, Zhang WG, Zhang BX (2005) Involvement of hypoxia-inducible factor-1-alpha in multidrug resistance induced by hypoxia in HepG2 cells. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 24:565–574PubMed Zhu H, Chen XP, Luo SF, Guan J, Zhang WG, Zhang BX (2005) Involvement of hypoxia-inducible factor-1-alpha in multidrug resistance induced by hypoxia in HepG2 cells. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 24:565–574PubMed
195.
go back to reference Legendre C, Hori T, Loyer P, Aninat C, Ishida S, Glaise D et al (2009) Drug-metabolising enzymes are down-regulated by hypoxia in differentiated human hepatoma HepaRG cells: HIF-1alpha involvement in CYP3A4 repression. Eur J Cancer 45:2882–2892PubMed Legendre C, Hori T, Loyer P, Aninat C, Ishida S, Glaise D et al (2009) Drug-metabolising enzymes are down-regulated by hypoxia in differentiated human hepatoma HepaRG cells: HIF-1alpha involvement in CYP3A4 repression. Eur J Cancer 45:2882–2892PubMed
196.
go back to reference Sullivan R, Paré GC, Frederiksen LJ, Semenza GL, Graham CH (2008) Hypoxia-induced resistance to anticancer drugs is associated with decreased senescence and requires hypoxia-inducible factor-1 activity. Mol Cancer Ther 7:1961–1973PubMed Sullivan R, Paré GC, Frederiksen LJ, Semenza GL, Graham CH (2008) Hypoxia-induced resistance to anticancer drugs is associated with decreased senescence and requires hypoxia-inducible factor-1 activity. Mol Cancer Ther 7:1961–1973PubMed
197.
go back to reference Primeau AJ, Rendon A, Hedley D, Lilge L, Tannock IF (2005) The distribution of the anticancer drug Doxorubicin in relation to blood vessels in solid tumors. Clin Cancer Res 11(24 Pt 1):8782–8788PubMed Primeau AJ, Rendon A, Hedley D, Lilge L, Tannock IF (2005) The distribution of the anticancer drug Doxorubicin in relation to blood vessels in solid tumors. Clin Cancer Res 11(24 Pt 1):8782–8788PubMed
198.
go back to reference Minchinton AI, Tannock IF (2006) Drug penetration in solid tumours. Nat Rev Cancer 6:583–592PubMed Minchinton AI, Tannock IF (2006) Drug penetration in solid tumours. Nat Rev Cancer 6:583–592PubMed
199.
go back to reference Leontieva OV, Natarajan V, Demidenko ZN, Burdelya LG, Gudkov AV, Blagosklonny MV (2012) Hypoxia suppresses conversion from proliferative arrest to cellular senescence. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 109:13314–13318PubMedCentralPubMed Leontieva OV, Natarajan V, Demidenko ZN, Burdelya LG, Gudkov AV, Blagosklonny MV (2012) Hypoxia suppresses conversion from proliferative arrest to cellular senescence. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 109:13314–13318PubMedCentralPubMed
200.
go back to reference Warburg O (1956) On the origin of cancer cells. Science 123:309–314PubMed Warburg O (1956) On the origin of cancer cells. Science 123:309–314PubMed
201.
go back to reference Weinhouse S (1956) On respiratory impairment in cancer cells. Science 124:267–269PubMed Weinhouse S (1956) On respiratory impairment in cancer cells. Science 124:267–269PubMed
202.
go back to reference Gatenby RA, Gillies RJ (2004) Why do cancers have high aerobic glycolysis? Nat Rev Cancer 4:891–899PubMed Gatenby RA, Gillies RJ (2004) Why do cancers have high aerobic glycolysis? Nat Rev Cancer 4:891–899PubMed
203.
go back to reference Williams B, Howard RL (1994) Glucose-induced changes in Na+/H+ antiport activity and gene expression in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells. Role of protein kinase C. J Clin Invest 93:2623–2631PubMedCentralPubMed Williams B, Howard RL (1994) Glucose-induced changes in Na+/H+ antiport activity and gene expression in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells. Role of protein kinase C. J Clin Invest 93:2623–2631PubMedCentralPubMed
204.
go back to reference Fu Y, Lee AS (2006) Glucose regulated proteins in cancer progression, drug resistance and immunotherapy. Cancer Biol Ther 5:741–744PubMed Fu Y, Lee AS (2006) Glucose regulated proteins in cancer progression, drug resistance and immunotherapy. Cancer Biol Ther 5:741–744PubMed
205.
go back to reference Lyon RC, Cohen JS, Faustino PJ, Megnin F, Myers CE (1988) Glucose metabolism in drug-sensitive and drug-resistant human breast cancer cells monitored by magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Cancer Res 48:870–877PubMed Lyon RC, Cohen JS, Faustino PJ, Megnin F, Myers CE (1988) Glucose metabolism in drug-sensitive and drug-resistant human breast cancer cells monitored by magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Cancer Res 48:870–877PubMed
206.
go back to reference Cao X, Fang L, Gibbs S, Huang Y, Dai Z, Wen P et al (2007) Glucose uptake inhibitor sensitizes cancer cells to daunorubicin and overcomes drug resistance in hypoxia. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 59:495–505PubMed Cao X, Fang L, Gibbs S, Huang Y, Dai Z, Wen P et al (2007) Glucose uptake inhibitor sensitizes cancer cells to daunorubicin and overcomes drug resistance in hypoxia. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 59:495–505PubMed
207.
go back to reference Lee C, Raffaghello L, Brandhorst S, Safdie FM, Bianchi G, Martin-Montalvo A et al (2012) Fasting cycles retard growth of tumors and sensitize a range of cancer cell types to chemotherapy. Sci Transl Med 4:124ra27PubMedCentralPubMed Lee C, Raffaghello L, Brandhorst S, Safdie FM, Bianchi G, Martin-Montalvo A et al (2012) Fasting cycles retard growth of tumors and sensitize a range of cancer cell types to chemotherapy. Sci Transl Med 4:124ra27PubMedCentralPubMed
208.
go back to reference Komurov K, Tseng J-T, Muller M, Seviour EG, Moss TJ, Yang L et al (2012) The glucose-deprivation network counteracts lapatinib-induced toxicity in resistant ErbB2-positive breast cancer cells. Mol Syst Biol 8:596PubMedCentralPubMed Komurov K, Tseng J-T, Muller M, Seviour EG, Moss TJ, Yang L et al (2012) The glucose-deprivation network counteracts lapatinib-induced toxicity in resistant ErbB2-positive breast cancer cells. Mol Syst Biol 8:596PubMedCentralPubMed
209.
go back to reference Sevick EM, Jain RK (1989) Geometric resistance to blood flow in solid tumors perfused ex vivo: effects of tumor size and perfusion pressure. Cancer Res 49:3506–3512PubMed Sevick EM, Jain RK (1989) Geometric resistance to blood flow in solid tumors perfused ex vivo: effects of tumor size and perfusion pressure. Cancer Res 49:3506–3512PubMed
210.
go back to reference Weiss L, Tveit E, Hultborn R (1985) Vascular resistance characteristics of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced rat mammary tumors and normal tissues as studied in vitro. Cancer Res 45:2478–2480PubMed Weiss L, Tveit E, Hultborn R (1985) Vascular resistance characteristics of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced rat mammary tumors and normal tissues as studied in vitro. Cancer Res 45:2478–2480PubMed
211.
go back to reference Tveit E, Weiss L, Lundstam S, Hultborn R (1987) Perfusion characteristics and norepinephrine reactivity of human renal carcinoma. Cancer Res 47:4709–4713PubMed Tveit E, Weiss L, Lundstam S, Hultborn R (1987) Perfusion characteristics and norepinephrine reactivity of human renal carcinoma. Cancer Res 47:4709–4713PubMed
212.
go back to reference Trédan O, Galmarini CM, Patel K, Tannock IF (2007) Drug resistance and the solid tumor microenvironment. J Natl Cancer Inst 99:1441–1454PubMed Trédan O, Galmarini CM, Patel K, Tannock IF (2007) Drug resistance and the solid tumor microenvironment. J Natl Cancer Inst 99:1441–1454PubMed
213.
go back to reference Salnikov AV, Iversen VV, Koisti M, Sundberg C, Johansson L, Stuhr LB et al (2003) Lowering of tumor interstitial fluid pressure specifically augments efficacy of chemotherapy. FASEB J 17:1756–1758PubMed Salnikov AV, Iversen VV, Koisti M, Sundberg C, Johansson L, Stuhr LB et al (2003) Lowering of tumor interstitial fluid pressure specifically augments efficacy of chemotherapy. FASEB J 17:1756–1758PubMed
214.
go back to reference Késmárky G, Kenyeres P, Rábai M, Tóth K (2008) Plasma viscosity: a forgotten variable. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 39:243–246PubMed Késmárky G, Kenyeres P, Rábai M, Tóth K (2008) Plasma viscosity: a forgotten variable. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 39:243–246PubMed
215.
go back to reference Kwon O, Krishnamoorthy M, Cho YI, Sankovic JM, Banerjee RK (2008) Effect of blood viscosity on oxygen transport in residual stenosed artery following angioplasty. J Biomech Eng 130:011003PubMed Kwon O, Krishnamoorthy M, Cho YI, Sankovic JM, Banerjee RK (2008) Effect of blood viscosity on oxygen transport in residual stenosed artery following angioplasty. J Biomech Eng 130:011003PubMed
216.
go back to reference Stetler-Stevenson WG, Aznavoorian S, Liotta LA (1993) Tumor cell interactions with the extracellular matrix during invasion and metastasis. Annu Rev Cell Biol 9:541–573PubMed Stetler-Stevenson WG, Aznavoorian S, Liotta LA (1993) Tumor cell interactions with the extracellular matrix during invasion and metastasis. Annu Rev Cell Biol 9:541–573PubMed
217.
go back to reference Aoudjit F, Vuori K (2012) Integrin Signaling in Cancer Cell Survival and Chemoresistance. Chemother Res Pract 1–16 Aoudjit F, Vuori K (2012) Integrin Signaling in Cancer Cell Survival and Chemoresistance. Chemother Res Pract 1–16
218.
go back to reference Netti PA, Berk DA, Swartz MA, Grodzinsky AJ, Jain RK (2000) Role of extracellular matrix assembly in interstitial transport in solid tumors. Cancer Res 60:2497–2503PubMed Netti PA, Berk DA, Swartz MA, Grodzinsky AJ, Jain RK (2000) Role of extracellular matrix assembly in interstitial transport in solid tumors. Cancer Res 60:2497–2503PubMed
219.
go back to reference Rintoul RC, Sethi T (2001) The role of extracellular matrix in small-cell lung cancer. Lancet Oncol 2:437–442PubMed Rintoul RC, Sethi T (2001) The role of extracellular matrix in small-cell lung cancer. Lancet Oncol 2:437–442PubMed
220.
go back to reference Rintoul RC, Sethi T (2002) Extracellular matrix regulation of drug resistance in small-cell lung cancer. Clin Sci (Lond) 102:417–424 Rintoul RC, Sethi T (2002) Extracellular matrix regulation of drug resistance in small-cell lung cancer. Clin Sci (Lond) 102:417–424
221.
go back to reference Naci D, El Azreq M-A, Chetoui N, Lauden L, Sigaux F, Charron D et al (2012) α2β1 integrin promotes chemoresistance against doxorubicin in cancer cells through extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). J Biol Chem 287:17065–17076PubMedCentralPubMed Naci D, El Azreq M-A, Chetoui N, Lauden L, Sigaux F, Charron D et al (2012) α2β1 integrin promotes chemoresistance against doxorubicin in cancer cells through extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). J Biol Chem 287:17065–17076PubMedCentralPubMed
222.
go back to reference Haslam IS, Jones K, Coleman T, Simmons NL (2008) Induction of P-glycoprotein expression and function in human intestinal epithelial cells (T84). Biochem Pharmacol 76:850–861PubMed Haslam IS, Jones K, Coleman T, Simmons NL (2008) Induction of P-glycoprotein expression and function in human intestinal epithelial cells (T84). Biochem Pharmacol 76:850–861PubMed
223.
go back to reference Schuetz EG, Beck WT, Schuetz JD (1996) Modulators and substrates of P-glycoprotein and cytochrome P4503A coordinately up-regulate these proteins in human colon carcinoma cells. Mol Pharmacol 49:311–318PubMed Schuetz EG, Beck WT, Schuetz JD (1996) Modulators and substrates of P-glycoprotein and cytochrome P4503A coordinately up-regulate these proteins in human colon carcinoma cells. Mol Pharmacol 49:311–318PubMed
224.
go back to reference Yumoto R, Murakami T, Sanemasa M, Nasu R, Nagai J, Takano M (2001) Pharmacokinetic interaction of cytochrome P450 3A-related compounds with rhodamine 123, a P-glycoprotein substrate, in rats pretreated with dexamethasone. Drug Metab Dispos 29:145–151PubMed Yumoto R, Murakami T, Sanemasa M, Nasu R, Nagai J, Takano M (2001) Pharmacokinetic interaction of cytochrome P450 3A-related compounds with rhodamine 123, a P-glycoprotein substrate, in rats pretreated with dexamethasone. Drug Metab Dispos 29:145–151PubMed
225.
go back to reference Aquilante CL, Letrent SP, Pollack GM, Brouwer KL (2000) Increased brain P-glycoprotein in morphine tolerant rats. Life Sci 66:47–51 Aquilante CL, Letrent SP, Pollack GM, Brouwer KL (2000) Increased brain P-glycoprotein in morphine tolerant rats. Life Sci 66:47–51
226.
go back to reference El Hafny B, Chappey O, Piciotti M, Debray M, Boval B, Roux F (1997) Modulation of P-glycoprotein activity by glial factors and retinoic acid in an immortalized rat brain microvessel endothelial cell line. Neurosci Lett 236:107–111PubMed El Hafny B, Chappey O, Piciotti M, Debray M, Boval B, Roux F (1997) Modulation of P-glycoprotein activity by glial factors and retinoic acid in an immortalized rat brain microvessel endothelial cell line. Neurosci Lett 236:107–111PubMed
227.
go back to reference Dürr D, Stieger B, Kullak-Ublick GA, Rentsch KM, Steinert HC, Meier PJ et al (2000) St John’s Wort induces intestinal P-glycoprotein/MDR1 and intestinal and hepatic CYP3A4. Clin Pharmacol Ther 68:598–604PubMed Dürr D, Stieger B, Kullak-Ublick GA, Rentsch KM, Steinert HC, Meier PJ et al (2000) St John’s Wort induces intestinal P-glycoprotein/MDR1 and intestinal and hepatic CYP3A4. Clin Pharmacol Ther 68:598–604PubMed
228.
go back to reference Jonsson O, Behnam-Motlagh P, Persson M, Henriksson R, Grankvist K (1999) Increase in doxorubicin cytotoxicity by carvedilol inhibition of P-glycoprotein activity. Biochem Pharmacol 58:1801–1806PubMed Jonsson O, Behnam-Motlagh P, Persson M, Henriksson R, Grankvist K (1999) Increase in doxorubicin cytotoxicity by carvedilol inhibition of P-glycoprotein activity. Biochem Pharmacol 58:1801–1806PubMed
229.
go back to reference Anglicheau D, Pallet N, Rabant M, Marquet P, Cassinat B, Méria P et al (2006) Role of P-glycoprotein in cyclosporine cytotoxicity in the cyclosporine-sirolimus interaction. Kidney Int 70:1019–1025PubMed Anglicheau D, Pallet N, Rabant M, Marquet P, Cassinat B, Méria P et al (2006) Role of P-glycoprotein in cyclosporine cytotoxicity in the cyclosporine-sirolimus interaction. Kidney Int 70:1019–1025PubMed
230.
go back to reference Takara K, Tanigawara Y, Komada F, Nishiguchi K, Sakaeda T, Okumura K (1999) Cellular pharmacokinetic aspects of reversal effect of itraconazole on P-glycoprotein-mediated resistance of anticancer drugs. Biol Pharm Bull 22:1355–1359PubMed Takara K, Tanigawara Y, Komada F, Nishiguchi K, Sakaeda T, Okumura K (1999) Cellular pharmacokinetic aspects of reversal effect of itraconazole on P-glycoprotein-mediated resistance of anticancer drugs. Biol Pharm Bull 22:1355–1359PubMed
231.
go back to reference Floren LC, Bekersky I, Benet LZ, Mekki Q, Dressler D, Lee JW et al (1997) Tacrolimus oral bioavailability doubles with coadministration of ketoconazole. Clin Pharmacol Ther 62:41–49PubMed Floren LC, Bekersky I, Benet LZ, Mekki Q, Dressler D, Lee JW et al (1997) Tacrolimus oral bioavailability doubles with coadministration of ketoconazole. Clin Pharmacol Ther 62:41–49PubMed
232.
go back to reference Callaghan R, Riordan JR (1993) Synthetic and natural opiates interact with P-glycoprotein in multidrug-resistant cells. J Biol Chem 268:16059–16064PubMed Callaghan R, Riordan JR (1993) Synthetic and natural opiates interact with P-glycoprotein in multidrug-resistant cells. J Biol Chem 268:16059–16064PubMed
233.
go back to reference Callaghan R, Higgins CF (1995) Interaction of tamoxifen with the multidrug resistance P-glycoprotein. Br J Cancer 71:294–299PubMedCentralPubMed Callaghan R, Higgins CF (1995) Interaction of tamoxifen with the multidrug resistance P-glycoprotein. Br J Cancer 71:294–299PubMedCentralPubMed
234.
go back to reference Chen J, Balmaceda C, Bruce JN, Sisti MB, Huang M, Cheung YKK et al (2006) Tamoxifen paradoxically decreases paclitaxel deposition into cerebrospinal fluid of brain tumor patients. J Neurooncol 76:85–92PubMed Chen J, Balmaceda C, Bruce JN, Sisti MB, Huang M, Cheung YKK et al (2006) Tamoxifen paradoxically decreases paclitaxel deposition into cerebrospinal fluid of brain tumor patients. J Neurooncol 76:85–92PubMed
235.
go back to reference Jovelet C, Bénard J, Forestier F, Farinotti R, Bidart JM, Gil S (2012) Inhibition of P-glycoprotein functionality by vandetanib may reverse cancer cell resistance to doxorubicin. Eur J Pharm Sci 46:484–491PubMed Jovelet C, Bénard J, Forestier F, Farinotti R, Bidart JM, Gil S (2012) Inhibition of P-glycoprotein functionality by vandetanib may reverse cancer cell resistance to doxorubicin. Eur J Pharm Sci 46:484–491PubMed
236.
go back to reference Xu H-B, Li L, Fu J, Mao X-P, Xu L-Z (2012) Reversion of multidrug resistance in a chemoresistant human breast cancer cell line by β-elemene. Pharmacology 89:303–312PubMed Xu H-B, Li L, Fu J, Mao X-P, Xu L-Z (2012) Reversion of multidrug resistance in a chemoresistant human breast cancer cell line by β-elemene. Pharmacology 89:303–312PubMed
Metadata
Title
Resistance to cancer chemotherapy: failure in drug response from ADME to P-gp
Authors
Khalid O Alfarouk
Christian-Martin Stock
Sophie Taylor
Megan Walsh
Abdel Khalig Muddathir
Daniel Verduzco
Adil H H Bashir
Osama Y Mohammed
Gamal O Elhassan
Salvador Harguindey
Stephan J Reshkin
Muntaser E Ibrahim
Cyril Rauch
Publication date
01-12-2015
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
Cancer Cell International / Issue 1/2015
Electronic ISSN: 1475-2867
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12935-015-0221-1

Other articles of this Issue 1/2015

Cancer Cell International 1/2015 Go to the issue
Webinar | 19-02-2024 | 17:30 (CET)

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on antibody–drug conjugates in cancer

Antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs) are novel agents that have shown promise across multiple tumor types. Explore the current landscape of ADCs in breast and lung cancer with our experts, and gain insights into the mechanism of action, key clinical trials data, existing challenges, and future directions.

Dr. Véronique Diéras
Prof. Fabrice Barlesi
Developed by: Springer Medicine