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01-12-2022 | COVID-19 Vaccination | Research article

Global diversity of policy, coverage, and demand of COVID-19 vaccines: a descriptive study

Authors: Zhiyuan Chen, Wen Zheng, Qianhui Wu, Xinghui Chen, Cheng Peng, Yuyang Tian, Ruijia Sun, Jiayi Dong, Minghan Wang, Xiaoyu Zhou, Zeyao Zhao, Guangjie Zhong, Xuemei Yan, Nuolan Liu, Feiran Hao, Sihong Zhao, Tingyu Zhuang, Juan Yang, Andrew S. Azman, Hongjie Yu

Published in: BMC Medicine | Issue 1/2022

Abstract

Background

Hundreds of millions of doses of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines have been administered globally, but progress on vaccination varies considerably between countries. We aimed to provide an overall picture of COVID-19 vaccination campaigns, including policy, coverage, and demand of COVID-19 vaccines.

Methods

We conducted a descriptive study of vaccination policy and doses administered data obtained from multiple public sources as of 8 February 2022. We used these data to develop coverage indicators and explore associations of vaccine coverage with socioeconomic and healthcare-related factors. We estimated vaccine demand as numbers of doses required to complete vaccination of countries’ target populations according to their national immunization program policies.

Results

Messenger RNA and adenovirus vectored vaccines were the most commonly used COVID-19 vaccines in high-income countries, while adenovirus vectored vaccines were the most widely used vaccines worldwide (180 countries). One hundred ninety-two countries have authorized vaccines for the general public, with 40.1% (77/192) targeting individuals over 12 years and 32.3% (62/192) targeting those ≥ 5 years. Forty-eight and 151 countries have started additional-dose and booster-dose vaccination programs, respectively. Globally, there have been 162.1 doses administered per 100 individuals in target populations, with marked inter-region and inter-country heterogeneity. Completed vaccination series coverage ranged from 0.1% to more than 95.0% of country target populations, and numbers of doses administered per 100 individuals in target populations ranged from 0.2 to 308.6. Doses administered per 100 individuals in whole populations correlated with healthcare access and quality index (R² = 0.59), socio-demographic index (R² = 0.52), and gross domestic product per capita (R² = 0.61). At least 6.4 billion doses will be required to complete interim vaccination programs—3.3 billion for primary immunization and 3.1 billion for additional/booster programs. Globally, 0.53 and 0.74 doses per individual in target populations are needed for primary immunization and additional/booster dose programs, respectively.

Conclusions

There is wide country-level disparity and inequity in COVID-19 vaccines rollout, suggesting large gaps in immunity, especially in low-income countries.

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Title: Global diversity of policy, coverage, and demand of COVID-19 vaccines: a descriptive study
Authors: Zhiyuan Chen
Wen Zheng
Qianhui Wu
Xinghui Chen
Cheng Peng
Yuyang Tian
Ruijia Sun
Jiayi Dong
Minghan Wang
Xiaoyu Zhou
Zeyao Zhao
Guangjie Zhong
Xuemei Yan
Nuolan Liu
Feiran Hao
Sihong Zhao
Tingyu Zhuang
Juan Yang
Andrew S. Azman
Hongjie Yu
Publication date: 01-12-2022
Publisher: BioMed Central
Keywords: COVID-19 Vaccination
Vaccination
Published in: BMC Medicine / Issue 1/2022
Electronic ISSN: 1741-7015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-022-02333-0

At a glance: The ONWARDS insulin icodec trials

Springer Medicine

Global diversity of policy, coverage, and demand of COVID-19 vaccines: a descriptive study

Abstract

Background

Methods

Results

Conclusions

At a glance: The ONWARDS insulin icodec trials

Springer Medicine

Abstract

Background

Methods

Results

Conclusions

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