Top

BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies

Published in:

Open Access 01-12-2017 | Research article

Sesquiterpene lactone! a promising antioxidant, anticancer and moderate antinociceptive agent from Artemisia macrocephala jacquem

Authors: Mohammad Shoaib, Ismail Shah, Niaz Ali, Achyut Adhikari, Muhammad Nawaz Tahir, Syed Wadood Ali Shah, Saiqa Ishtiaq, Jahangir Khan, Shahzeb Khan, Mohammad Naveed Umer

Published in: BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies | Issue 1/2017

Abstract

Background

Sesquiterpene lactones (STLs) make a diverse and huge group of bio-active constituents that have been isolated from several plant families. However, the greatest numbers are present in Asteraceae family having more than 3000 different reported structures. Recently several researchers have reported that STLs have significant antioxidant and anticancer potentials.

Methods

To investigate the antioxidant, anticancer and antinociceptive potentials of STLs, gravity column chromatography technique was used for isolation from the biologically rich chloroform fraction of Artemisia macrocephala Jacquem. The antioxidant activity of the isolated STLs was determined by DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging activity, anticancer activity was determined on 3 T3, HeLa and MCF-7 cells by MTT assay while the antinociceptive activity was determined through acetic acid induced writhings, tail immersion method and formalin induced nociception method.

Results

The results showed that the STLs of Artemisia macrocephala possesses promising antioxidant activity and also it decreased the viability of 3 T3, HeLa and MCF-7 cells and mild to moderate antinociceptive activity.

Conclusion

Sesquiterpenes lactones (STLs) are widely present in numerous genera of the family Asteraceae (compositae). They are described as the active constituents used in traditional medicine for the treatment of various diseases. The present study reveals the significant potentials of STL and may be used as an alternative for the management of cancer. Anyhow, the isolated compound is having no prominent antinociceptive potentials.

Available only for authorised users

Cane DE. Enzymic formation of sesquiterpenes. Chem Rev. 1990;90(7):1089–103.CrossRef

Cane DE. Sesquiterpene biosynthesis: cyclization mechanisms. Compr Nat Prod Chem. 1999;2:155–200.CrossRef

Davis EM, Croteau R. Cyclization enzymes in the biosynthesis of monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, and diterpenes. In: Biosynthesis. edn.: Springer; 2000: 53–95.

Chen F, Tholl D, D’Auria JC, Farooq A, Pichersky E, Gershenzon J. Biosynthesis and emission of terpenoid volatiles from arabidopsis flowers. Plant Cell. 2003;15(2):481–94.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

Degenhardt J, Gershenzon J, Baldwin IT, Kessler A. Attracting friends to feast on foes: engineering terpene emission to make crop plants more attractive to herbivore enemies. Curr Opin Biotechnol. 2003;14(2):169–76.PubMedCrossRef

Engelberth J, Alborn HT, Schmelz EA, Tumlinson JH. Airborne signals prime plants against insect herbivore attack. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004;101(6):1781–5.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

Kappers IF, Aharoni A, Van Herpen TW, Luckerhoff LL, Dicke M, Bouwmeester HJ. Genetic engineering of terpenoid metabolism attracts bodyguards to arabidopsis. Science. 2005;309(5743):2070–2.PubMedCrossRef

Keeling CI, Bohlmann J. Genes, enzymes and chemicals of terpenoid diversity in the constitutive and induced defence of conifers against insects and pathogens. New Phytol. 2006;170(4):657–75.PubMedCrossRef

Kessler A, Baldwin IT. Defensive function of herbivore-induced plant volatile emissions in nature. Science. 2001;291(5511):2141–4.PubMedCrossRef

10.

Wink M. Evolution of secondary metabolites from an ecological and molecular phylogenetic perspective. Phytochemistry. 2003;64(1):3–19.PubMedCrossRef

11.

Aharoni A, Giri AP, Deuerlein S, Griepink F, de Kogel W-J, Verstappen FW, Verhoeven HA, Jongsma MA, Schwab W, Bouwmeester HJ. Terpenoid metabolism in wild-type and transgenic arabidopsis plants. Plant Cell. 2003;15(12):2866–84.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

12.

Martin DM, Bohlmann J. Identification of Vitis vinifera (−)-α-terpineol synthase by in silico screening of full-length cDNA ESTs and functional characterization of recombinant terpene synthase. Phytochemistry. 2004;65(9):1223–9.PubMedCrossRef

13.

Pichersky E, Noel JP, Dudareva N. Biosynthesis of plant volatiles: nature’s diversity and ingenuity. Science. 2006;311(5762):808–11.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

14.

Rodríguez‐Concepción M, Ahumada I, Diez‐Juez E, Sauret‐Güeto S, Lois LM, Gallego F, Carretero‐Paulet L, Campos N, Boronat A. 1-Deoxy-d-xylulose 5-phosphate reductoisomerase and plastid isoprenoid biosynthesis during tomato fruit ripening. Plant J. 2001;27(3):213–22.PubMedCrossRef

15.

Picman AK. Biological activities of sesquiterpene lactones. Biochem Syst Ecol. 1986;14(3):255–81.CrossRef

16.

Seaman FC. Sesquiterpene lactones as taxonomic characters in the Asteraceae. Bot Rev. 1982;48(2):121–594.CrossRef

17.

Klayman DL. Qinghaosu (artemisinin): an antimalarial drug from China. Science. 1985;228(4703):1049–55.PubMedCrossRef

18.

Göpfert JC, MacNevin G, Ro D-K, Spring O. Identification, functional characterization and developmental regulation of sesquiterpene synthases from sunflower capitate glandular trichomes. BMC Plant Biol. 2009;9(1):86.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

19.

Knight DW. Feverfew: chemistry and biological activity. Nat Prod Rep. 1995;12(3):271–6.PubMedCrossRef

20.

Mori K, Matsushima Y. Synthesis of mono-and sesquiterpenoids; XXIV:(−)-homogynolide A, an insect antifeedant isolated from Homogyne alpina. Synthesis Stuttgart. 1993;1(7):845.

21.

Mullin CA, Alfatafta AA, Harman JL, Everett SL, Serino AA. Feeding and toxic effects of floral sesquiterpene lactones, diterpenes, and phenolics from sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) on western corn rootworm. J Agric Food Chem. 1991;39(12):2293–9.CrossRef

22.

Pfaffenrath V, Diener H, Fischer M, Friede M, Henneicke‐von Zepelin H. The efficacy and safety of Tanacetum parthenium (feverfew) in migraine prophylaxis—a double-blind, multicentre, randomized placebo-controlled dose–response study. Cephalalgia. 2002;22(7):523–32.PubMedCrossRef

23.

Tassorelli C, Greco R, Morazzoni P, Riva A, Sandrini G, Nappi G. Parthenolide is the component of Tanacetum parthenium that inhibits nitroglycerin‐induced Fos activation: studies in an animal model of migraine. Cephalalgia. 2005;25(8):612–21.PubMedCrossRef

24.

Heinrich M, Robles M, West JE, de Montellano BR O, Rodriguez E. Ethnopharmacology of Mexican asteraceae (compositae). Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 1998;38(1):539–65.PubMedCrossRef

25.

Cho JY, Baik KU, Jung JH, Park MH. In vitro anti-inflammatory effects of cynaropicrin, a sesquiterpene lactone, from Saussurea lappa. Eur J Pharmacol. 2000;398(3):399–407.PubMedCrossRef

26.

Faveri FF, Grando R, Nonato FR, Sousa IM, Queiroz NC, Longato GB, Zafred RR, Carvalho JE, Spindola HM, Foglio MA. Artemisia annua L.: evidence of sesquiterpene lactones’ fraction antinociceptive activity. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2014;14(1):1.CrossRef

27.

Batista PA, de Paula Werner MF, Oliveira EC, Burgos L, Pereira P, da Silva Brum LF, dos Santos ARS. Evidence for the involvement of ionotropic glutamatergic receptors on the antinociceptive effect of (−)-linalool in mice. Neurosci Lett. 2008;440(3):299–303.PubMedCrossRef

28.

Quintans-Júnior LJ, Melo MS, De Sousa DP, Araújo AAS, Onofre A, Gelain DP, Goncalves J, Araujo D, Almeida J, Bonjardim LR. Antinociceptive effects of citronellal in formalin, capsaicin and glutamate-induced orofacial nociception in rodents and its action on nerve excitability. J Orofac Pain. 2010;24(3):305–12.PubMed

29.

Quintans-Júnior LJ, Guimarães AG, De Santana MT, Araújo BE, Moreira FV, Bonjardim LR, Araújo AA, Siqueira JS, Antoniolli ÂR, Botelho MA. Citral reduces nociceptive and inflammatory response in rodents. Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia. 2011;21(3):497–502.CrossRef

30.

Guimarães AG, Xavier MA, de Santana MT, Camargo EA, Santos CA, Brito FA, Barreto EO, Cavalcanti SC, Antoniolli ÂR, Oliveira RC. Carvacrol attenuates mechanical hypernociception and inflammatory response. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 2012;385(3):253–63.PubMedCrossRef

31.

Brito RG, Santos PL, Prado DS, Santana MT, Araújo AA, Bonjardim LR, Santos MR, Lucca Júnior W, Oliveira AP, Quintans‐Júnior LJ. Citronellol reduces orofacial nociceptive behaviour in mice–evidence of involvement of retrosplenial cortex and periaqueductal grey areas. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2013;112(4):215–21.PubMedCrossRef

32.

Gonçalves JCR, Oliveira Fd S, Benedito RB, de Sousa DP, de Almeida RN, de Araújo DAM. Antinociceptive activity of (−)-carvone: evidence of association with decreased peripheral nerve excitability. Biol Pharm Bull. 2008;31(5):1017–20.PubMedCrossRef

33.

Salminen A, Lehtonen M, Suuronen T, Kaarniranta K, Huuskonen J. Terpenoids: natural inhibitors of NF-κB signaling with anti-inflammatory and anticancer potential. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2008;65(19):2979–99.PubMedCrossRef

34.

Kumar BR. Preliminary test of phytochemical screening of crude ethanolic and aqueous extract of Moringa pterygosperma Gaertn. J Pharmacognosy Phytochemistry. 2015;4(1):7-9.

35.

Shekhar TC, Anju G. Antioxidant activity by DPPH radical scavenging method of Ageratum conyzoides Linn. leaves. Am J Ethnomed. 2014;1(4):244–9.

36.

Floegel A, Kim D-O, Chung S-J, Koo SI, Chun OK. Comparison of ABTS/DPPH assays to measure antioxidant capacity in popular antioxidant-rich US foods. J Food Compos Anal. 2011;24(7):1043–8.CrossRef

37.

Mosmann T. Rapid colorimetric assay for cellular growth and survival: application to proliferation and cytotoxicity assays. J Immunol Methods. 1983;65(1–2):55–63.PubMedCrossRef

38.

Ali N, Shah I, Shah SWA, Ahmed G, Shoaib M, Junaid M, Ali W, Ahmed Z. Antioxidant and relaxant activity of fractions of crude methanol extract and essential oil of Artemisia macrocephala Jacquem. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2013;13(1):1.CrossRef

39.

Khan H, Saeed M, Khan MA, Khan I, Ashraf N. Antinociceptive activity of aerial parts of Polygonatum verticillatum: attenuation of both peripheral and central pain mediators. Phytother Res. 2011;25(7):1024–30.PubMedCrossRef

40.

Vidyalakshmi K, Kamalakannan P, Viswanathan S, Ramaswamy S. Antinociceptive effect of certain dihydroxy flavones in mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2010;96(1):1–6.PubMedCrossRef

41.

Bhutia YD, Vijayaraghavan R, Pathak U. Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of amifostine, DRDE-07, and their analogs, in mice. Indian J Pharmacol. 2010;42(1):17.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

42.

Ishikawa H, Nakashima T, Inaba K, Mitsuyoshi H, Nakajima Y, Sakamoto Y, Okanoue T, Kashima K, Seo Y. Proton magnetic resonance assay of total and taurine-conjugated bile acids in bile. J Lipid Res. 1999;40(10):1920–4.PubMed

43.

Schmidt TJ, Lyß G, Pahl HL, Merfort I. Helenanolide type sesquiterpene lactones. Part 5: the role of glutathione addition under physiological conditions. Bioorg Med Chem. 1999;7(12):2849–55.PubMedCrossRef

44.

Ali N, Aleem U, Shah SWA, Shah I, Junaid M, Ahmed G, Ali W, Ghias M. Acute toxicity, brine shrimp cytotoxicity, anthelmintic and relaxant potentials of fruits of Rubus fruticosus Agg. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2013;13(1):138.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

45.

Akkol EK, Arif R, Ergun F, Yesilada E. Sesquiterpene lactones with antinociceptive and antipyretic activity from two Centaurea species. J Ethnopharmacol. 2009;122(2):210–5.PubMedCrossRef

46.

Reyhan A, KÜPELİ E, ERGUN F. The biological activity of Centaurea L. species. Gazi Univ J Sci. 2004;17(4):149–64.

47.

Barrera PA, Jimenez-Ortiz V, Tonn C, Giordano O, Galanti N, Sosa MA. Natural sesquiterpene lactones are active against Leishmania mexicana. J Parasitol. 2008;94(5):1143–9.PubMedCrossRef

48.

Borkosky S, de León SP, Juárez G, Sierra MG, Bardón A. Molluscicidal sesquiterpene lactones from species of the tribe Vernonieae (Compositae). Chem Biodivers. 2009;6(4):513–9.PubMedCrossRef

49.

Chaturvedi D. Sesquiterpene lactones: structural diversity and their biological activities, In-opportunity, challanges and scope of natural products in medicinal chemistry. ISBN: 978-81-308-0448-4, Research Signpost, Trivandrum 2011:313–334.

50.

Cheng G, Xie L. Parthenolide induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest of human 5637 bladder cancer cells in vitro. Molecules. 2011;16(8):6758–68.PubMedCrossRef

51.

Dupuy OA, Bonilla JA. Lactonas sesquiterpénicas de las plantas Viguiera sylvatica y Decachaeta thieleana (Asteraceae) modulan la producción de óxido nítrico y la fagocitosis de macrófagos RAW. Rev Biol Trop. 2008;56(3):1063–73.PubMed

52.

Emami SA, Taghizadeh Rabe SZ, Iranshahi M, Ahi A, Mahmoudi M. Sesquiterpene lactone fraction from Artemisia khorassanica inhibits inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 expression through the inactivation of NF-κB. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol. 2010;32(4):688–95.PubMedCrossRef

53.

Fonseca LC, Dadarkar SS, Lobo AS, Mishra PB, Thakkar AD, Chandrababu S, Padigaru M. NF-κB-mediated anti-inflammatory activity of the sesquiterpene lactone 7-hydroxyfrullanolide. Eur J Pharmacol. 2011;657(1):41–50.PubMedCrossRef

54.

Fortuna AM, Juárez ZN, Bach H, Nematallah A, Av-Gay Y, Sánchez-Arreola E, Catalan C, Turbay S, Hernández LR. Antimicrobial activities of sesquiterpene lactones and inositol derivatives from Hymenoxys robusta. Phytochemistry. 2011;72(18):2413–8.PubMedCrossRef

55.

Foster JG, Cassida KA, Turner KE. In vitro analysis of the anthelmintic activity of forage chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) sesquiterpene lactones against a predominantly Haemonchus contortus egg population. Vet Parasitol. 2011;180(3):298–306.PubMedCrossRef

56.

Ghantous A, Gali-Muhtasib H, Vuorela H, Saliba NA, Darwiche N. What made sesquiterpene lactones reach cancer clinical trials? Drug Discov Today. 2010;15(15):668–78.PubMedCrossRef

57.

Gonçalves AE, Bürger C, Amoah SK, Tolardo R, Biavatti MW, de Souza MM. The antidepressant-like effect of Hedyosmum brasiliense and its sesquiterpene lactone, podoandin in mice: Evidence for the involvement of adrenergic, dopaminergic and serotonergic systems. Eur J Pharmacol. 2012;674(2):307–14.PubMedCrossRef

58.

Hwang D-R, Wu Y-S, Chang C-W, Lien T-W, Chen W-C, Tan U-K, Hsu JT, Hsieh H-P. Synthesis and anti-viral activity of a series of sesquiterpene lactones and analogues in the subgenomic HCV replicon system. Bioorg Med Chem. 2006;14(1):83–91.PubMedCrossRef

59.

Julianti T, Hata Y, Zimmermann S, Kaiser M, Hamburger M, Adams M. Antitrypanosomal sesquiterpene lactones from Saussurea costus. Fitoterapia. 2011;82(7):955–9.PubMedCrossRef

60.

Kang K, Lee HJ, Kim CY, Lee SB, Tunsag J, Batsuren D, Nho CW. The chemopreventive effects of Saussurea salicifolia through induction of apoptosis and phase II detoxification enzyme. Biol Pharm Bull. 2007;30(12):2352–9.PubMedCrossRef

61.

Kreuger MRO, Farias BG, Moreira J, Blind LZ, Amoah SKS, Leite AS, Biavatti MW, van Hoof T, D’Herde K, Cruz AB. Effects of the topical application of an ethyl acetate fraction from Vernonia scorpioides on excisional wounds infected with Staphylococcus aureus in rats. Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia. 2012;22(1):123–30.CrossRef

62.

Li X-W, Weng L, Gao X, Zhao Y, Pang F, Liu J-H, Zhang H-F, Hu J-F. Antiproliferative and apoptotic sesquiterpene lactones from Carpesium faberi. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2011;21(1):366–72.PubMedCrossRef

63.

Maas M, Hensel A, da Costa FB, Brun R, Kaiser M, Schmidt TJ. An unusual dimeric guaianolide with antiprotozoal activity and further sesquiterpene lactones from Eupatorium perfoliatum. Phytochemistry. 2011;72(7):635–44.PubMedCrossRef

64.

Mahesh A, Jeyachandran R, Cindrella L, Thangadurai D, Veerapur V, Muralidhara Rao D. Hepatocurative potential of sesquiterpene lactones of Taraxacum officinale on carbon tetrachloride induced liver toxicity in mice. Acta Biol Hung. 2010;61(2):175–90.PubMedCrossRef

65.

Merfort I. Perspectives on sesquiterpene lactones in inflammation and cancer. Curr Drug Targets. 2011;12(11):1560–73.PubMedCrossRef

66.

Aquino I, Perazzo FF, Maistro EL. Genotoxicity assessment of the antimalarial compound artesunate in somatic cells of mice. Food Chem Toxicol. 2011;49(6):1335–9.PubMedCrossRef

67.

Gething PW, Patil AP, Smith DL, Guerra CA, Elyazar IR, Johnston GL, Tatem AJ, Hay SI. A new world malaria map: Plasmodium falciparum endemicity in 2010. Malar J. 2011;10(1):1–16.CrossRef

68.

Fischedick JT, Standiford M, Johnson DA, De Vos RC, Todorović S, Banjanac T, Verpoorte R, Johnson JA. Activation of antioxidant response element in mouse primary cortical cultures with sesquiterpene lactones isolated from Tanacetum parthenium. Planta Med. 2012;78(16):1725–30.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

69.

Heinrich M, Ankli A, Frei B, Weimann C, Sticher O. Medicinal plants in Mexico: Healers’ consensus and cultural importance. Soc Sci Med. 1998;47(11):1859–71.PubMedCrossRef

70.

Bach SM, Fortuna MA, Attarian R, de Trimarco JT, Catalán C, Av-Gay Y, Bach H. Antibacterial and cytotoxic activities of the sesquiterpene lactones cnicin and onopordopicrin. Nat Prod Commun. 2011;6(2):163–6.PubMed

71.

Berger TG, Dieckmann D, Efferth T, Schultz ES, Funk J-O, Baur A, Schuler G. Artesunate in the treatment of metastatic uveal melanoma-first experiences. Oncol Rep. 2005;14(6):1599–603.PubMed

72.

Buskuhl H, de Oliveira FL, Blind LZ, de Freitas RA, Barison A, Campos FR, Corilo YE, Eberlin MN, Caramori GF, Biavatti MW. Sesquiterpene lactones from Vernonia scorpioides and their in vitro cytotoxicity. Phytochemistry. 2010;71(13):1539–44.PubMedCrossRef

73.

Chew AL, Bashir SJ, Hawk JL, Palmer R, White IR, McFadden JP. Contact and photocontact sensitization in chronic actinic dermatitis: a changing picture. Contact Dermatitis. 2010;62(1):42–6.PubMedCrossRef

74.

Choi J-H, Lee K-T. Costunolide-induced apoptosis in human leukemia cells: involvement of c-jun N-terminal kinase activation. Biol Pharm Bull. 2009;32(10):1803–8.PubMedCrossRef

75.

Cotugno R, Fortunato R, Santoro A, Gallotta D, Braca A, De Tommasi N, Belisario M. Effect of sesquiterpene lactone coronopilin on leukaemia cell population growth, cell type‐specific induction of apoptosis and mitotic catastrophe. Cell Prolif. 2012;45(1):53–65.PubMedCrossRef

76.

Büchele B, Zugmaier W, Lunov O, Syrovets T, Merfort I, Simmet T. Surface plasmon resonance analysis of nuclear factor-κB protein interactions with the sesquiterpene lactone helenalin. Anal Biochem. 2010;401(1):30–7.PubMedCrossRef

77.

Khan M, Yi F, Rasul A, Li T, Wang N, Gao H, Gao R, Ma T. Alantolactone induces apoptosis in glioblastoma cells via GSH depletion, ROS generation, and mitochondrial dysfunction. IUBMB Life. 2012;64(9):783–94.PubMedCrossRef

78.

Pratheeshkumar P, Kuttan G. Modulation of cytotoxic T lymphocyte, natural killer cell, antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, and antibody-dependent complement-mediated cytotoxicity by Vernonia cinerea L. and vernolide-A in BALB/c mice via enhanced production of cytokines IL-2 and IFN-γ. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol. 2012;34(1):46–55.PubMedCrossRef

79.

Dey A, Tergaonkar V, Lane DP. Double-edged swords as cancer therapeutics: simultaneously targeting p53 and NF-κB pathways. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2008;7(12):1031–40.PubMedCrossRef

80.

Neto A, Costa J, Belati C, Vinholis A, Possebom L, Da Silva FA, Cunha W, Carvalho J, Bastos J, e Silva M. Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of a crude root extract of Pfaffia glomerata (Spreng) Pedersen. J Ethnopharmacol. 2005;96(1):87–91.PubMedCrossRef

81.

Deraedt R, Jouquey S, Delevallée F, Flahaut M. Release of prostaglandins E and F in an algogenic reaction and its inhibition. Eur J Pharmacol. 1980;61(1):17–24.PubMedCrossRef

82.

Dirig DM, Isakson PC, Yaksh TL. Effect of COX-1 and COX-2 inhibition on induction and maintenance of carrageenan-evoked thermal hyperalgesia in rats. J Pharm Exp Ther. 1998;285(3):1031–8.

83.

Bley KR, Hunter JC, Eglen RM, Smith JA. The role of IP prostanoid receptors in inflammatory pain. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 1998;19(4):141–7.PubMedCrossRef

84.

Oliveira RR, Góis RM, Siqueira RS, Almeida JR, Lima JT, Nunes XP, Oliveira VR, Siqueira JS, Quintans-Júnior LJ. Antinociceptive effect of the ethanolic extract of Amburana cearensis (Allemão) AC Sm., Fabaceae, in rodents. Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia. 2009;19(3):672–6.CrossRef

85.

do Amaral JF, Silva MIG, de Aquino Neto MRA, Neto PFT, Moura BA, de Melo CTV, de Araújo FLO, de Sousa DP, de Vasconcelos PF, de Vasconcelos SMM. Antinociceptive effect of the monoterpene R-(+)-limonene in mice. Biol Pharm Bull. 2007;30(7):1217–20.PubMedCrossRef

86.

Dalal A, Tata M, Allegre G, Gekiere F, Bons N, Albe-Fessard D. Spontaneous activity of rat dorsal horn cells in spinal segments of sciatic projection following transection of sciatic nerve or of corresponding dorsal roots. Neuroscience. 1999;94(1):217–28.PubMedCrossRef

87.

Khatun A, Imam MZ, Rana MS. Antinociceptive effect of methanol extract of leaves of Persicaria hydropiper in mice. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2015;15(1):1.CrossRef

88.

Oyadeyi A, Ajao F, Afolabi A, Udoh U, Azeez O. The formalin test in African toad (Bufo regularis)-a novel pain model in amphibians. Am-Eurasian J Sci Res. 2007;2(1):24–8.

89.

Al Amin M, Chowdhury IA, Mahbub K, Sattar M, Shahriar M, Kuddus MR, Rashid MA. Anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of Asteracantha longifolia Nees. Bangladesh Pharm J. 2012;15(2):171–6.CrossRef

Title: Sesquiterpene lactone! a promising antioxidant, anticancer and moderate antinociceptive agent from Artemisia macrocephala jacquem
Authors: Mohammad Shoaib
Ismail Shah
Niaz Ali
Achyut Adhikari
Muhammad Nawaz Tahir
Syed Wadood Ali Shah
Saiqa Ishtiaq
Jahangir Khan
Shahzeb Khan
Mohammad Naveed Umer
Publication date: 01-12-2017
Publisher: BioMed Central
Published in: BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies / Issue 1/2017
Electronic ISSN: 2662-7671
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-016-1517-y

At a glance: The ONWARDS insulin icodec trials

Springer Medicine

Sesquiterpene lactone! a promising antioxidant, anticancer and moderate antinociceptive agent from Artemisia macrocephala jacquem

Abstract

Background

Methods

Results

Conclusion

At a glance: The ONWARDS insulin icodec trials

Springer Medicine

Abstract

Background

Methods

Results

Conclusion

Please log in to get access to this content

Other articles of this Issue 1/2017

Effect of solvents extraction on phytochemical components and biological activities of Tunisian date seeds (var. Korkobbi and Arechti)

Electroacupuncture at LI11 promotes jejunal motility via the parasympathetic pathway

The effects of freeze-dried Ganoderma lucidum mycelia on a recurrent oral ulceration rat model

Correction to: Ficus sycomorus extract reversed behavioral impairment and brain oxidative stress induced by unpredictable chronic mild stress in rats

Kudiezi injection mitigates myocardial injury induced by acute cerebral ischemia in rats

Adding Chinese herbal medicine to conventional therapy brings cognitive benefits to patients with Alzheimer’s disease: a retrospective analysis